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PubMed1980

Drinking in rhesus monkeys: role of presystemic and systemic factors in control of drinking.

The effect of 24-hr water deprivation and subsequent drinking on systemic fluid balance was determined in rhesus monkeys prepared with indwelling cardiac catheters. Significant intracellular and extracellular depletions, as indicated by increased plasma sodium concentrations, osmolality, and plasma protein concentrations, resulted from the deprivation. An early attenuation in rehydrational drinking rate (2--4 min) was not associated with changes in systemic fluid balance, which suggests presystemic influences on behavior at this time. When drinking terminated (10 min), however, plasma dilution was significant. In experiments in which monkeys were sham drinking (open gastric cannula), water but not isotonic saline infusions, given through an intestinal cannula, reduced drinking rate and produced significant plasma dilution. Intravenous water infusions reduced drinking to only a comparable extent despite more rapid and substantial plasma dilution. Thus, systemic absorption does not account entirely for the effect of intestinal water infusions on drinking. It is concluded that stimulation of mechanisms both presystemically (within the intestine or the hepatic portal circulation) and systemically is important in the control and termination of rehydrational drinking in this species.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Drinking habits and prevalence of heavy drinking among primary health care outpatients and general population.

AIMS: To identify the target group for brief alcohol intervention in primary health care and to compare the prevalence of heavy drinking in two different primary health care populations and the general population in the same geographical area. DESIGN: Drinking data were collected from outpatients of primary health care by a questionnaire containing the CAGE test and quantity-frequency alcohol consumption questions and from a sample of the general population by a telephone survey, including the CAGE. The index of heavy drinking was for men three, and for women two, affirmative answers in CAGE which though not specifically a consumption questionnaire is a good marker of heavy drinking. SETTING: Two different primary health care populations (primary health care clinic and occupational health care clinic) and the general population in a Finnish health care area. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive 1861 primary health care clinic and 2942 occupational health care clinic outpatients and 544 randomly selected adults in the general population, contacted by telephone. FINDINGS: The primary health care clinic patients drank significantly more per occasion than the patients of the occupational health care clinic (75 vs. 66 g. in men; 33 vs. 27 g. in women) and fewer times per week (0.8 vs. 0.9 in men; 0.5 vs. 0.6 in women). The patients in the primary health care clinic also reported drinking more per week (76 vs. 67 g. in men; 23 vs. 19 g. in women); among women the difference was significant. Among men the prevalences of heavy drinking in the primary health care clinic, occupational health care clinic and general population were 20%, 17% and 16%, respectively (p > or = 0.05). Among women the corresponding figures were 9%, 6% and 13% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of heavy drinking found in the study confirms the importance of brief intervention by general practitioners. The study also indicates that prevalence and drinking habits depend on the type of clinic and heavy drinkers in general may not be over-represented in primary health care. This study raises the question, especially among women, of how to reach and to provide health advice to those heavy drinkers who do not attend primary health care facilities.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Drink tests in functional dyspepsia: which drink is best?

BACKGROUND: Drinking capacity is often reduced in functional dyspepsia. Drink tests may therefore have diagnostic potential. A simple drink test in combination with ultrasonography was applied in this study, the aim being to find the best drink for this test. METHODS: On separate days, 10 patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and 10 healthy controls (C) drank three different test meals (Nutridrink 150 kcal/100 mL, meat soup 4 kcal/100 mL and water) at a rate of 100 mL/min until maximal drinking capacity. Intragastric volume at maximal drinking capacity was determined using 3-dimensional ultrasonography. RESULTS: Drinking capacity (P < 0.05) and intragastric volume (P < 0.01) were significantly lower in patients than in the controls with the meat soup meal, but not with Nutridrink or water. Gastric emptying distinguished significantly (P < 0.05) between patients and controls only with Nutridrink. Gastric emptying of Nutridrink was significantly correlated to the rate by which nausea was induced (P = 0.02), while gastric emptying of meat soup was significantly negatively correlated to the rate by which fullness was induced (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that optimal discrimination between patients and controls was obtained by the combined test results of symptoms per intragastric volume using meat soup as the test meal. CONCLUSION: For the non-invasive diagnosis of functional dyspepsia by a rapid drink test in combination with ultrasonography, a meat soup meal is preferable compared to Nutridrink or water.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The impact of alcohol-specific rules, parental norms about early drinking and parental alcohol use on adolescents' drinking behavior.

BACKGROUND: The present study explores the role of having rules about alcohol, parental norms about early alcohol use, and parental alcohol use in the development of adolescents' drinking behavior. It is assumed that parental norms and alcohol use affect the rules parents have about alcohol, which in turn prevents alcohol use by adolescent children. METHODS: Longitudinal data collected from 416 families consisting of both parents and two adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years) were used for the analyses. RESULTS: Results of structural equation modeling show that having clear rules decreases the likelihood of drinking in adolescence. However, longitudinally alcohol-specific rules have only an indirect effect on adolescents' alcohol use, namely through earlier drinking. Analyses focusing on explaining the onset of drinking revealed that having strict rules was related to the postponement of drinking initiation of older and younger adolescents. Further, parental norms about adolescents' early drinking and parental alcohol use were associated with having alcohol-specific rules. Parental norms were also related to adolescents' alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is one of the first using a full family design to provide insight into the role of alcohol-specific rules on adolescents' drinking. It was shown that having strict rules is related to postponement of drinking, and that having alcohol-specific rules depends on other factors, thus underlining the complexity of the influence of parenting on the development of adolescents' alcohol use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Reflecting adult drinking culture: prevalence of alcohol use and drinking situations among Japanese junior high school students in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Japanese adolescents' alcohol use in Japan and the situations surrounding their drinking. METHOD: A general population self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 5,240 Japanese junior high school students obtained from 12 representative schools of the Chiba Prefecture in Japan. RESULTS: Almost 80% of the boys and 75% of the girls reported having consumed an alcoholic beverage on at least one occasion. Consumption occurred most frequently on a ceremonial occasion (52.4%), followed by drinking with family (39.0%), with peers (20.6%), after a bath (9.7%) and at ritual parties among friends (9.3%). In this sample, a greater percentage of students in a higher grade reported a drinking occasion after a bath, at parties among friends, or with peers. However, this trend was not observed for drinking on ceremonial occasions or with family in the evening. A gender difference was observed for the prevalence of drinking after a bath. A majority of students agreed with the statement that minors' use of alcohol was "acceptable depending on the situation." This was in sharp contrast with their perception of cigarette smoking and solvent use (16.3% and 3.8%, respectively, endorsing the same statement). CONCLUSIONS: By sometime in their first year of junior high school (when most students are age 12 years), more than 75% of Japanese adolescents have tried alcohol. Prevalence rates and trends across grades are different depending on the occasions of drinking. The findings on situational drinking among adolescents of this age group appear to reflect that assimilation into Japanese drinking culture takes place early on in family or traditional settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Readiness to change drinking among heavy-drinking college students.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine motivation to reduce alcohol consumption among heavy-drinking college students. Specific goals were to test the factor structure of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES); present normative SOCRATES data for collegiate heavy drinkers; present a heuristic, using SOCRATES scales to determine stage of readiness to change heavy-drinking; and compare students at different stages of change on demographic and drinking variables. METHOD: Participants were 278 (187 female) undergraduates who reported at least one episode of heavy drinking within the past 3 months. Students completed the SOCRATES and other questionnaires that assessed current and past drinking and demographics. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis provided modest support for the SOCRATES factor structure. Students were classified according to the transtheoretical model of change (67% Precontemplation, 20% Contemplation and 13% Action). Contemplators drank more often, consumed more alcohol, reported more heavy drinking episodes and experienced more alcohol consequences than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Two thirds of the heavy-drinking college students did not recognize a need to reduce their alcohol consumption, despite evidence of tolerance and negative drinking consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Negative consequences of intercollegiate athlete drinking: the role of drinking motives.

OBJECTIVE: Intercollegiate athletes consume more alcohol and experience more negative alcohol-related consequences than nonathletes. The purpose of this study was to determine if drinking motives accounted for variability among intercollegiate athletes in experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences, and to analyze how the strength and patterns of the relationship between individual drinking motives and negative consequences varied among the different consequences. METHOD: Self-report data were analyzed on 206 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes (55% female), selected from a large, midwestern university, who reported drinking alcohol in the past year. Participants completed the Drinking Motives Measure and the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey. RESULTS: Drinking motives accounted for variability in experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. Drinking for coping reasons displayed the strongest relationship with most of the negative consequences, but for some consequences social and enhancement motives displayed relationships with the consequences that were either similar to or stronger than those of the coping motives. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrated that drinking motives in general are useful predictors of negative alcohol-related consequences among a yet unstudied population, intercollegiate athletes. The findings suggest that drinking for negatively reinforcing reasons (i.e., coping motives) is generally the strongest motivational predictor of alcohol-related consequences, although the relative strength of individual motives in predicting consequences can vary depending upon the content of an individual consequence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Religiosity, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives and their interaction in the prediction of drinking among college students.

OBJECTIVE: Several different mechanisms have been proposed to account for the consistent but moderate inverse relationship between religiosity and drinking, ranging from the direct proscriptions against alcohol in various faiths to social learning based on parental upbringing. Alcohol expectancies and drinking motives may be more proximal cognitive mechanisms that influence this relationship. METHOD: The present study, using 265 college undergraduates, gathered self-report data using the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol questionnaire, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised and the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised. RESULTS: Of religiosity measures, intrinsic religiosity most closely related to quantity of alcohol consumption. Participants in conservative religious denominations had higher negative expectancies and lower drinking motives. Several positive and negative expectancies as well as drinking motives partially mediated the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that individuals' religious beliefs have influences on their alcohol consumption through several separate mechanisms. Religiosity may have direct effects that reduce drinking, as well as indirect effects via expectancies and motivations to drink. Negative expectancies, in particular, may serve as a buffer to promote abstinence and to reduce drinking in individuals with greater religiosity.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Drinking in the year after treatment as a predictor of three-year drinking outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggests that abstinence from alcohol during the first year posttreatment for alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) is an important, independent predictor of longer-term alcohol consumption and related functioning. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abstinence during the first year posttreatment initiation predicts alcohol use at Months 37-39. A second aim of this study was to explore the relationship between "moderate" drinking in the first year and drinking at Months 37-39. METHOD: Secondary data analyses were conducted on the outpatient Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity) sample (N = 952 at baseline and 802 at Months 37-39). For these analyses, participants were classified first as abstainers, moderate drinkers, or heavy drinkers based on their alcohol use in the first year posttreatment initiation. RESULTS: Analyses of covariance showed that the first-year drinker classification predicted both percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day at Months 37-39. Subsequent analyses showed that the abstainers functioned significantly better than (1) both of the other drinker groups combined and (2) either of the other two groups, which did not differ from each other on either measure of alcohol use. A third set of exploratory analyses evaluated first-year abstinence and heavy drinking as continuous variables and showed an essentially linear relationship between them and drinking at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the strong relationship between first-year abstinence and later drinking but did not show that participants who engaged in moderate drinking during the first year had positive alcohol-use outcomes at 3 years. The clinical implications of the findings, their generalizability to different populations of individuals presenting for specialty alcohol treatment, and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Drinking patterns and drinking problems among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders.

Researchers are increasingly investigating the drinking behavior and associated consequences among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders (APIs) in the United States. Among adolescents, APIs generally have lower rates of alcohol consumption and appear to be at lower risk for alcohol abuse compared with other ethnic groups. Similarly, the rates of drinking and heavy drinking have been found to be lower among API college students than among other ethnic groups. Among adult Asian-Americans, Japanese-Americans have the highest and Chinese-Americans have the lowest lifetime prevalence of drinking and heavy drinking. Southeast Asians (e.g., Vietnamese) living in the United States appear to be at high risk for heavy drinking. Numerous factors help determine the drinking patterns of APIs, including their economic status, educational attainment, and degree of acculturation as well as genetic and environmental factors, such as drinking norms and alcohol availability.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1986

Schedule constraint on the average drink burst and the regulation of wheel running and drinking in rats.

Two experiments compared predictions of a molar-pattern model and a general molar behavior regulation model by requiring rats to wheel run for access to water. In both experiments schedule parameters constrained the baseline average burst length of drinking without constraining total drinking. Five levels of schedule constraint were imposed on time spent per drinking burst (Experiment 1) or the number of drinks per burst (Experiment 2). The results of both experiments supported the general molar behavior regulation view but not the molar-pattern model by showing no increase in total wheel running and no decrease in total drinking under schedule constraint. However, both experiments also showed local effects of drink burst constraint, including a direct relation between the degree of constraint and the local rate of drinking, and an approximation of the temporal distribution of baseline drinking under all degrees of schedule constraint. Most local changes support the view that rats defend the baseline temporal distribution of responding under schedule constraint, though some changes appear related to disruption of local response pattern characteristics.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Heavy drinking across the transition to college: predicting first-semester heavy drinking from precollege variables.

Parents, public health officials, college personnel, and society at-large continue to be concerned about the increase in heavy drinking that occurs across the transition to college, prompting alcohol researchers to continue the search for effective interventions. In this report we use data from a large (N=3720) prospective study to (1) estimate how predictable heavy drinking in the first semester of college is on the basis of information obtained prior to college and (2) identify precollege variables that are important predictors of heavy drinking in the first semester. We found that first-semester heavy drinking is highly predictable, primarily because of continuity from precollege heavy drinking, but also from precollege peer drinking norms, precollege other substance use (esp. tobacco use), and precollege party motivation for attending college. These findings have implications for both the timing and targets of interventions. Interventions timed to occur prior to college and/or in the early months of college may disrupt the momentum of previously established drinking behavior. Furthermore, interventions may be most effective if they target conjoint alcohol and tobacco use, college party motivation, and self-selection into heavy-drinking social environments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Binge-drinking-related consequences in college students: role of drinking beliefs and mother-teen communications.

The present research contrasted theoretical models depicting the nature of the relation among drinking beliefs, drinking tendencies, and behavioral consequences in 266 incoming freshman college students. It also examined the theoretical relations between mother-teen communications and drinking beliefs relevant to behavioral consequences. The findings revealed direct relations between binge-drinking consequences and the drinking beliefs: Alcohol can make positive transformations, can enhance social behavior, and can increase negative affect and normative approval. Direct relations were not observed between consequences and the drinking beliefs regarding physical risk and health orientation. Finally, the present research found consistent support for the relation between mother-teen communications and drinking beliefs relevant to binge-drinking consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The validity of the CAGE scale to screen for heavy drinking and drinking problems in a general population survey.

BACKGROUND: The CAGE scale is a short test developed in the 1970s to screen for alcoholism or covert drinking problems. The reliability and validity of the scale has been demonstrated in the majority of studies conducted in clinical settings, but the validity of the scale in general population surveys has not yet been shown conclusively. AIMS: The goal of this study was to assess the criterion validity of the CAGE scale in a general population survey. METHOD: Data from a large general health survey conducted in 1992 in the province of Quebec (Canada) (N = 23,564) were used to define various measures of heavy drinking and drinking problems and to calculate, for male and female drinkers separately, standard measures of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value at different cutoff scores on the CAGE. FINDINGS: With respect to both male and female drinkers, with all operational definitions of heavy drinking and useful cutoff scores on the CAGE, the scale was shown to be unable to discriminate between heavy drinkers and non-heavy drinkers. Prevalence of drinking problems among CAGE positive drinkers was also very low. CONCLUSION: These results do not support the use of the CAGE as a screening tool for heavy drinking and drinking problems in a general population survey or as a tool to estimate the prevalence of drinking problems in the population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Drinking, binge drinking, and other drug use among southwestern undergraduates: three-year trends.

This study examined substance use patterns and consequences in college students over a three year period. Students were surveyed at a large, southwestern university, allowing for a diverse sample that included a large percentage of minority respondents. Students (total N = 2710) in 1994, 1995, and 1996 responded anonymously to the Core Survey of Alcohol and Drugs. Over 80% of students at each time point were current drinkers, and over one-third at each time period reported binge drinking. Binge drinking was associated with greater weekly drinking and with a range of negative consequences. Underage drinking was prevalent at all time points, and underage drinkers reported drinking in a range of on- and off-campus situations. Hispanic students reported higher rates of binge drinking than other ethnic groups. Nonwhite, non-Hispanic students reported greater rates of abstinence than other students. Although other drug use was much less prevalent, drug use in combination with drinking was associated with more problematic patterns of drinking and more negative consequences. Results are discussed in terms of implications for interventions with college students.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Early adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking: person- and variable-centered analyses of binge drinking trajectories.

BACKGROUND: Many studies of the consequences of binge drinking take a variable-centered approach that may mask developmentally different trajectories. Recent studies have reported qualitatively different binge drinking trajectories in young adulthood. However, analyses of developmental trajectories of binge drinking have not been examined for an important period of drinking development: adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine young adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking using an approach that combines person-centered and variable-centered methods. METHODS: Data were from the Seattle Social Development Project, an ethnically diverse, gender balanced sample (n = 808) followed prospectively from age 10 to age 21. Semiparametric group-based modeling was used to determine groups of binge drinking trajectories in adolescence. Logistic regression was used to examine how well the trajectory groups predicted young adult outcomes after demographics, childhood measures, and adolescent drug use were considered. RESULTS: Four distinct trajectories of binge drinking during adolescence were identified: Early Highs, Increasers, Late Onsetters, and Nonbingers. These trajectories significantly predicted positive and negative outcomes in adulthood after controlling for demographic characteristics, early proxy measures of the outcome, and adolescent drug use. CONCLUSIONS: This integrated person- and variable-centered approach provides more information about the effects of specific patterns of binge drinking than studies that employ variable-centered methods alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Learning and meal-associated drinking: meal-related deficits produce adjustments in postprandial drinking.

Two experiments examined the effect of meal-related water deficits on the distribution of meal-associated drinking. In the first procedure free-feeding rats received 10-, 20-, or 30-min delays between the end of a meal and the subsequent availability of postprandial water. Each delay condition remained in effect for 10 consecutive days. The primary effect of the delay was to postpone the intake of postprandial drinking. None of the delay conditions produced an increase in preprandial drinking. However, when the rats were returned to baseline following the delay conditions a pronounced rebound effect was obtained in the proportion of postprandial drinking. The second experiment followed the same general procedure except that 5-min access to water was always presented after each meal and before the postprandial water restrictions. Under this procedure the rats increased their water intake during the 5-min period when the postprandial restrictions were imposed. These findings show that meal-related water deficits can affect the timing and proportion of postprandial drinking, but provide no evidence that meal-related deficits increase preprandial drinking. The results suggest that the anticipation of meal-related water deficits may play a role in shaping the rat's postprandial drinking pattern.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Using a drinking motivation scale to predict degrees of problematic drinking.

Much of the recent interest in the role of cognitive factors in decisions to drink has focused on alcohol beliefs and drinking motivations. In this study, male alcoholics in treatment, untreated problem drinkers and non-problem drinkers were studied using a variation of the Mulford and Miller Definitions of Alcohol Scale, which assesses personal-deficiency and social/celebratory reasons for drinking. The three groups of drinkers differed significantly on their mean level of endorsement of items comprising each drinking motivation subscale. The alcoholics scored highest on both personal-deficiency and social/celebratory reasons for drinking, followed by the problem drinkers and then non-problem drinkers. The problem drinkers and non-problem drinkers, relative to the alcoholics, rated their social/celebratory reasons for drinking stronger than their personal-deficiency reasons. A multiple discriminant analysis yielded a function which was moderately successful in classifying the alcoholics (70% correctly classified) and non-problem drinkers (67%). The problem drinkers were much more difficult to correctly classify (32% were classified as alcoholic, 49% as non-problem drinkers). The findings suggest that potentially important differences exist in drinkers' motivations to consume alcohol, motivations that vary as a function of problem drinking severity. These are results which might productively be used in assessment and treatment endeavors.

Adult↗