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PubMed1996

NREM delta stimulation following MK-801 is a response of sleep systems.

1. We have previously shown that noncompetitive blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-gated cation channel with ketamine or Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) increases the intensity of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) delta during subsequent sleep. This delta increase [measured as integrated amplitude (IA) in 1- to 4-Hz electroencephalogram (EEG)] occurs in the 12-h period following intraperitoneal injection. However, the 12 h after drug injection is also the period in which these drugs induce neurotoxic changes, raising the possibility that the increased delta represents toxic EEG slowing rather than an increase in the physiological delta waves of NREM sleep. 2. We hypothesized that the time course of delta stimulation could be separated from the time course of neurotoxicity. We tested this hypothesis by injecting 0.3 mg/kg MK-801 at the start of the dark period (DP) and depriving rats of sleep until the onset of the light period (LP) 12 h later. 3. There were two control groups: one received MK-801 at the start of the DP with no further manipulation, and the second received a saline injection at DP onset followed by 12 h of sleep deprivation. The dependent variable was the amount of delta IA in the LP, whose onset was 12 h after MK-801 injection. Total IA in the LP was significantly greater in rats that received MK-801 followed by sleep deprivation than in rats that received sleep deprivation alone or MK-801 alone. 4. This finding indicates that delta stimulation by MK-801 is maintained over 12 h of waking, indicating that the delta increase is not due to toxic EEG slowing or persisting MK-801. Instead, NMDA channel blockade by MK-801 increases the homeostatic need for delta or else directly alters sleep regulatory systems. We speculate that these effects are mediated by hypothalamic sleep centers through control of neuroendocrine pulses that produce both NREM and rapid-eye-movement sleep. 5. Imposing a period of waking between drug administration and sleep onset may prove a generally useful strategy for determining whether a drug affects the homeostatic need for sleep or acutely stimulates sleep systems. This strategy can also help distinguish between toxic and physiological increases in delta EEG.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Mitochondrial receptor complex protein. The intermembrane space domain of yeast MAS17 is not essential for its targeting or function.

MAS17 (MAS22) is an essential component of the import receptor complex in the yeast mitochondrial outer membrane. MAS17 consists of three distinct domains: the N-terminal cytosolic domain, the internal membrane-spanning domain, and the C-terminal intermembrane space domain. In the present study, we examined the roles of the C-terminal domain of MAS17, which is rich in acidic amino acids, in protein import into mitochondria both in vivo and in vitro. Cells expressing MAS17 delta 120-152, a mutant MAS17 lacking the C-terminal acidic domain, could grow as fast as those expressing wild-type MAS17, while cells expressing MAS17 delta 97-152, a mutant MAS17 lacking both the intermembrane space and the membrane-spanning domains, stopped growing as soon as wild-type MAS17 was depleted. MAS17 delta 120-152 was correctly integrated into the mitochondrial outer membrane like wild-type MAS17. Mitochondria containing MAS17 delta 120-152 instead of wild-type MAS17 could import both authentic and artificial mitochondrial precursor proteins nearly as efficiently as wild-type mitochondria in vitro. These results suggest that the C-terminal intermembrane space domain of MAS17 is not essential for targeting or functions of MAS17.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

A new integrated ultrasound system for shockwave lithotripsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inline ultrasound monitoring requires good image quality for accurate stone localization, as well as low shockwave shadowing and a robust transducer. In general, conventional transducers designed for another purpose, such as abdominal scanning, are employed. The distance between the transducer and the SWL focus can be varied by a mechanical drive. The drawback is reduced fragmentation at short distances and poor imaging at long distances. This paper introduces a new approach using a specially designed transducer without a mechanical drive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A transducer prototype with optimized beam focusing (B-K Medical, Herlev, Denmark) was integrated into a modified Compact Delta II therapy head (Dornier MedTech, Wessling, Germany). Image quality was tested at two clinical sites, where 40 kidney and 14 ureteral stones were treated. The shockwave was characterized by model stone tests and fiberoptic hydrophone measurements. RESULTS: Both kidney and ureteral stone treatments could be monitored reliably. Despite the long distance to the SWL focus, the transducer could be operated with relatively high frequencies (3.5-6 MHz), so that high image resolution was obtained. Model stone tests yielded the same fragmentation as the standard Compact Delta II without a transducer. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the concept of an integrated transducer distant from the shockwave focus is feasible. Transducer elevation, which is accompanied by shockwave shadowing and early transducer failure, is avoided by employing a dedicated transducer design.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Singular statistics.

We consider the statistical distribution of zeros of random meromorphic functions whose poles are independent random variables. It is demonstrated that correlation functions of these zeros can be computed analytically, and explicit calculations are performed for the two-point correlation function. This problem naturally appears in, e.g., rank-1 perturbation of an integrable Hamiltonian and, in particular, when a delta-function potential is added to an integrable billiard.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The effect of transient and continuous drought on yield, photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

Stable carbon isotope discrimination (delta13C), photosynthetic performance (A), dry matter accumulation (DW), and sucrose yield (Y(s)) of sugar beet were evaluated in a glasshouse experiment under transient (TS) and permanent (PS) water stress. A was significantly reduced under drought, to an extent depending on stress duration. The reduced A was strictly associated with a low DW and Y(s), the later being 42% lower in PS than control plants (C). Restoring water steeply increased A and the associated leaf traits (RWC, leaf water potential etc.), but the increase of Y(s) was negligible. Therefore, the negative effects of severe water stress in the early growth period, though reversible on gas-exchange and most leaf traits, can drastically reduce Y(s) of sugar beet. Furthermore, A seems not to be effective in predicting sucrose accumulation, although it was very effective in detecting the occurrence of plant water stress. The A/C(i) model was used to assess the photosynthetic adjustments to continuous or transient drought by calculating the photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax and then compared with delta13C. Mesophyll conductance (g(m)) was estimated by comparing delta13C measured on soluble sugars and gas-exchange data. This approach confirmed the expectation that g(m) was limiting A and that there was a significant drop in [CO2] from the substomatal cavities and the chloroplast stroma both in favourable and drought conditions. Therefore, the carbon concentration at the carboxylation site was overestimated by 25-35% by conventional gas-exchange measurements, and Vcmax was consistently underestimated when g(m) was not taken into account, especially under severe drought. Root delta13C was found to be strictly related to sucrose content (brix%), Y(s) and root dry weight, and this was especially clear when delta13C was measured on bulk dry matter. By contrast, leaf delta13C measured in soluble sugars (delta(s)) and bulk dry matter (delta(dm)) were found to correlate weakly to brix% and yield, and this was not surprising as the integration time-scale of leaf delta(s) and delta(dm) were found to be shorter than that of root delta13C in bulk dry matter. The effect of water stress on diffusive and biochemical limitations with different integration times ranged from 1 d (leaf delta(s)) to more than 1 month (root delta(dm)).

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1997

A neuronal transition probability model for the evolution of power in the sigma and delta frequency bands of sleep EEG.

Although the time-courses of power in the delta and sigma frequency bands over the NREM episode in the human sleep EEG have been studied for several years, and their detailed forms have been well measured, no mathematical model has yet been formulated to account for the relation between them. The model presented here attempts to explain the form and relative timing of these curves by a consideration of the behavior of the thalamocortical neuronal populations that are believed to play a part in their generation. The model applies the mathematics of the cascade radioactive decay process, adapted to a finite population of thalamocortical neurons oscillating initially in the beta mode. At the beginning of the NREM episode, each neuron of this population is assumed to acquire a constant probability of transitionning to the sigma oscillation mode and, at the same time, each neuron of the newly created sigma population is assumed to acquire a constant probability of transitionning to the delta oscillation mode. This simple model is sufficient to explain the main characteristics of the first half of the time-courses of the sigma and delta powers: the initial positive correlation as they increase together, followed by the sigma peak and the subsequent negative correlation. At the end of this first phase, the model initiates an identical, but reverse, process that reproduces the observed delta maximum and sigma plateau, followed by the concomitant fall of both sigma and delta power. The time-course of the beta power and the overall negative correlation between beta and delta are also reproduced as integral consequences of the model.

Delta Rhythm↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in color between fired porcelain and shade guides.

The inaccuracy of premixed porcelain shades may cause errors when color matching porcelain crowns. Most brands of porcelain are labeled to match shades of the Vita shade guide, but produce slightly different colors from this guide upon firing. The purpose of this study was to quantify in CIE delta E* units the color differences between the Vita shade guide colors and four commercial porcelains for metal ceramic crowns. Two operators prepared shade-guide teeth from six shades of four brands of porcelain. Opaque, body, and incisal layers were fired in the form of shade-guide teeth on Vita ceramic carriers used for making custom shade-guide teeth. The colors of these teeth were measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The average delta E* values for the differences between the colors of the Vita shade guide and the fired porcelains for each of the brands were 3.1, 2.9, 4.1, and 2.0, respectively, for the first operator and 4.1, 2.6, 2.8, and 1.6, respectively, for the second operator. The color difference between the custom shade-guide teeth and the Vita master shade guide were significantly affected by both brands and shades. The overall average error resulting from the differences in colors between the Vita shade guide and fired porcelains was 3.0 for the first operator and 2.8 for the second operator. The mean delta E* between the teeth prepared by the two operators was 3.6. The color difference between the teeth made by the two operators was not significantly affected by brands or shades.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Transport of substrates and metabolites and their effect on cell metabolism (in butyric-acid and methylotrophic fermentations).

The two components, delta pH and delta psi, of the membrane protonmotive force (delta p) effect and are affected by the transport of many substrates and metabolites. Because the integrity (or restoration) of the delta p requires the expenditure of metabolic energy, such transport processes affect the overall cell bioenergetics. However, the transport or high concentrations of certain substrates and metabolites can have more serious effects on cell metabolism because they partially or completely abolish either or both the delta pH and delta psi. If the cells cannot eventually restore the collapsed component(s) of the delta p, complete growth inhibition and cell death become inevitable. In the butanol/acetone fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum, the transport and the presence of key metabolites (acetic and butyric acids, and butanol) have serious and some necessary effects on the delta p. Acetic and butyric acids act as uncouplers of the delta pH, thereby reducing the internal pH. Using other acid uncouplers (such as acetoacetate, which is metabolized by the cells, or FCCP, which is not metabolized by the cells), we found that a lower pHo combined with the metabolic-energy drain of the uncoupling effect and high internal acid concentrations are implicated in the mechanism(s) of solventogenesis. Thus, the production or presence (or both) of the two acids (acetic and butyric) is beneficial to the initiation of solvent production. The transport mechanisms of CH3OH, CH2O, and HCOOH in obligate CH3OH utilizers (methylotrophs) were also discussed in detail. We showed that CH3OH is actively transported by the cells at the expense of metabolic energy and that its transport significantly affects the dynamics of continuous bioreactors. The accumulation of CH2O was found to be driven by the membrane delta p. Finally, formate was accumulated by the delta pH according to the general transport mechanism of short-chain fatty acids. The inhibition of growth by formate was explained by its uncoupling effect on the cells. Growth inhibition by CH3OH appeared to be related to the severe reduction of the membrane delta pH and cell pHi by relatively low CH3OH concentrations.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1990

Membrane capacitance in frog cut twitch fibers mounted in a double vaseline-gap chamber.

In experiments on cut muscle fibers mounted in a double Vaseline-gap chamber, electrical measurements are usually made by measuring the voltage V1(t) in one end pool and by passing current I2(t) from the other end pool to the central pool, which is usually clamped to earth potential. The voltage in the current-passing end pool is denoted by V2(t). This article describes how the value of the holding current, Ih, and the values of delta V2(infinity)/delta V1(infinity) and delta I2(infinity)/delta V1(infinity) that are associated with a small change in V1(t) can be used to estimate the linear cable parameters rm, ri, and re in a cut fiber that has been equilibrated with a Cs-containing internal solution. rm, ri, and re represent, respectively, the resistance of the plasma membranes, the internal longitudinal resistance, and the external longitudinal resistance under the Vaseline seals, all for a unit length of fiber. The apparent capacitance, Capp, of the preparation is defined to equal integral of infinity 0 delta I2,tr(t) dt/delta V1(infinity), in which delta I2,tr(t) represents the transient component of current that is associated with a change in V1(t) of amplitude delta V1(infinity). A method is described to estimate cm, the capacitance of the plasma membranes per unit length of fiber, from Capp and the values of rm, ri, and re. In experiments carried out with a tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA.Cl) solution at 13-14 degrees C in the central pool, cm remained stable for as long as 3-4 h. The values of cm, 0.19 microF/cm on average, and their variation with fiber diameter are similar to published results from intact fibers. This article also describes the different pathways that are taken by the current that flows from the current-passing end pool to the central pool. Approximately two-thirds of delta I2,tr(t) flows across the capacitance of the plasma membranes in the central-pool region. The rest flows either across plasma membranes that are under the two Vaseline seals or directly from the current-passing end pool to the central pool, across the external longitudinal resistance under the Vaseline seal. [There is also a current that flows directly from the voltage-measuring end pool to the central pool but this does not contribute to delta I2,tr(t).]

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Extrachromosomal element delta in Drosophila melanogaster. IX. Induction of delta-retaining chromosome lines by mutation and gene mapping.

[Delta b], symbolized as [delta(b)], is retained by S(b) chromosome lines and transmitted through the females to their progeny. Transmission through the males is not directly demonstrable (Minamori 1969a). [delta r], symbolized as [delta(r)], is retained by S(r) chromosome lines and transmitted biparentally (Minamori 1971). The multiplication of delta is suppressed at low temperature. All descendant lines derived from S(b)-carrying or S(r)-carrying flies in which the presence of delta cannot be demonstrated gradually accumulate their specific delta factors over many generations (Minamori 1969b, 1972). The delta factors and the sensitive chromosomes are inseparably associated. This observation led to the assumption that delta may be a copy of a chromosomal gene or a certain agent integrated into the chromosome (Minamori 1972). This assumption was examined in the present study by experiments designed to induce delta-retaining sensitive chromosomes, and to map the gene(s) responsible for delta-retention and/or for sensitivity to the killing action of delta factor. One sensitive chromosome which retained [delta(b)] (S(b) chromosome) was obtained in the presence of [delta(b)] out of 2492 insensitive chromosomes which retained no delta; in addition one S(b) chromosome was obtained in the presence of [delta(r)] out of 2131 insensitives. The latter finding suggests that S(b) might be induced by a mutation caused by [delta(b)] or [delta(r)], but not by integration of either delta into the chromosome. Four S(b) chromosomes and one sensitive chromosome which retained [delta(r)] (S(r) chromosome) were obtained out of 1970 insensitives when males carrying the chromosome were fed an alkylating mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The location of delta-retaining genes was examined by crossing-over experiments employing eight S(b) and five S(r) chromosomes. The genes on these chromosomes were found to be located in the same region or near one another. The gene for [delta(b)], symbolized as Da(b), and the gene for [delta(r)], symbolized as Da(r), are assumed to be multiple alleles of a locus at 2-24.9. The sensitivity of the chromosomes was modified appreciably by recombination; hence, the genes controlling this trait are assumed to be a polygenic system. The findings obtained in this study lead to the hypothesis that delta may be produced by a chromosomal gene (Da) and transmitted extrachromosomally.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Binding to mu and delta opioid sites but not kappa sites is inhibited by Fab fragments from a monoclonal antibody directed against the opioid receptor.

Fab fragments from a monoclonal antibody, OR-689.2.4, directed against the opioid receptor selectively inhibited opioid binding to rat and guinea pig neural membranes. In a titrable manner, the Fab fragments noncompetitively inhibited the binding of the mu selective peptide, [3H][D-Ala2, MePhe4, 2Gly-ol5] enkephalin (DAGO) and the delta selective peptide, [3H][D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE), to neural membranes. The binding of [125I-Tyr27] beta-endorphin was also blocked by the Fab fragments. In contrast, kappa opioid binding, as measured by the binding of [3H]bremazocine to rat neural membranes and guinea pig cerebellum in the presence of mu and delta blockers was not significantly altered by the Fab fragments. When mu sites were blocked with DAGO, the Fab fragments suppressed the binding of [3H]DPDPE to the same degree as when the mu binding sites was not blocked. The Fab fragments also inhibited binding to the mu site regardless of whether or not the delta site was blocked. This monoclonal antibody is directed against a 35,000 dalton protein. Since the antibody is able to inhibit mu and delta binding but not kappa opioid binding, it appears that the 35,000 dalton protein is an integral component of mu and delta opioid receptors but not kappa receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of mu and delta but not kappa opioid binding to membranes by Fab fragments from a monoclonal antibody directed against the opioid receptor.

Fab fragments from a monoclonal antibody, OR-689.2.4, directed against the opioid receptor, selectively inhibited opioid binding to rat and guinea pig neural membranes. In a titratable manner, the Fab fragments noncompetitively inhibited the binding of the mu selective peptide [D-Ala2,(Me)Phe4,Gly(OH)5][3H] enkephalin and the delta selective peptide [D-Pen2,D-Pen5] [3H]enkephalin (where Pen represents penicillamine) to neural membranes. In contrast, kappa opioid binding, as measured by the binding of [3H]bremazocine to rat neural membranes and guinea pig cerebellum in the presence of mu and delta blockers, was not significantly altered by the Fab fragments. In addition to blocking the binding of mu and delta ligands, the Fab fragments displaced bound opioids from the membranes. When mu sites were blocked with [D-Ala2,(Me)Phe4,Gly(OH)5]enkephalin, the Fab fragments suppressed the binding of [D-Pen2,D-Pen5][3H]enkephalin to the same degree as when the mu binding site was not blocked. The Fab fragments also inhibited binding to the mu site regardless of whether or not the delta site was blocked with [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin. This monoclonal antibody is directed against a 35,000-dalton protein. Since the antibody is able to inhibit mu and delta binding but not kappa opioid binding, it appears that this 35,000-dalton protein is an integral component of mu and delta opioid receptors but not kappa receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Altered responses of heart rate, renal sodium handling and plasma growth hormone to clonidine in type II diabetic patients].

The aim of the present study is to explore whether the renal and cardiovascular response to clonidine in type II diabetic patients is different from that in control subjects, and to clarify the role of central alpha 2-receptor in the regulation of cardiovascular response and sodium handling in type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Thirty-five diabetic inpatients aged 30-71 years (54.1 +/- 9.7) and ten control subjects (N) were enrolled in this study after their fasting plasma glucose had been improved. To evaluate the peripheral sympathetic nerve activity, 24-hour urinary catecholamine was measured, and pulse rate (PR) responses to a 30-second standing test was determined. On another day, blood pressure (BP), PR, plasma norepinephrine (PNE), cyclic AMP (p-cAMP), renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PAC) and growth hormone (p-GH) were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes following the oral administration of clonidine (150 micrograms). Type II DM were classified as DM with hyper-response (DM-HR, n = 12) when their PR decreased after clonidine more than that of N, and if not, they were classified as DM with normal response (DM-NR, n = 23). Urinary catecholamine excretions in type II DM were within the normal range. BP, PNE and p-cAMP were markedly decreased with clonidine in similar fashion in DM-NR, DM-HR and N. The percent changes of PNE were correlated positively with the changes of p-cAMP in both N and DM-NR (r = 0.660 and 0.449, respectively), but not in DM-HR. No significant difference in the changes of p-GH (delta p-GH) and integral of GH (the area under the curve) following clonidine administration was observed in the three groups. The decrease in PR was correlated with neither delta p-GH (N: r = 0.082, DM-NR: r = -0.400, DM-HR: r = 0.242) or integral of GH (N: r = 0.191, DM-NR: r = 0.382, DM-HR: r = 0.162). The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) decreased in N (p < 0.01), increased in DM-NR (p < 0.05) and did not change in DM-HR. The changes of FENa were not correlated with those of PRA and PAC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Integration of heterologous genes into the chromosome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a delta sequence of yeast retrotransposon Ty.

Distribution of a delta (delta) sequence of the Ty element on a chromosome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. More than 100 copies of the delta sequence were nonrandomly distributed on the chromosome. Using the delta sequence as a recombination site, mouse alpha-amylase and human beta-endorphin genes were introduced into the chromosomal DNA. The integration occurred on a particular chromosome in each case and the copy number was estimated as three to five. It was also found that single- or multi-copy integration occurred at a single or multiple sites on the particular chromosome. The integrants secreted alpha-amylase and beta-endorphin by three-to fivefold compared with single-copy integrants. This type of integration was mitotically stable over a period of 50 generations under non-selective conditions.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1989

FLP-FRT mediated intrachromosomal recombination on a tandemly duplicated YEp integrant at the ILV2 locus of chromosome XIII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A YEp chimaeric plasmid carrying SMR1 and URA3 genetic markers was integrated into chromosome XIII at the ilv2-delta 1 locus in a [cir (o)] background. The 1.5 kb BglII deletion of ilv2-delta 1 allowed the clear identification of an integrant structure which consisted of a direct tandem duplication (TD) of the chimaeric plasmid. Within the integrant structure, a single copy of the plasmid sequence was flanked by a direct duplication of the 2 microns site-specific recombinase (FLP) recognition target (FRT). Isogenic [cir (o)] and [cir+] diploids formed by crossing the [cir (o)] TD strain to complementary haploids were analyzed for plasmid marker loss and chromosomal DNA alterations in the presence and absence of selection pressure for the URA3 and SMR1 plasmid borne markers. [cir (o)] diploids showed no plasmid marker loss and maintained the TD structure. In the absence of selection pressure, the [cir+] diploid underwent FLP-FRT mediated unequal interchromatid recombination, resulting in the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle and homozygotization of chromosome XIII (Rank et al. 1988). Maintenance of selection pressure for the centromere distal plasmid URA3 marker selected against FLP-FRT interchromatid recombinants so that the effects of site specific recombinase on intrachromatid recombination could be evaluated. Intrachromatid recombination at the directly duplicated FRT sites of the TD structure resulted in the loss of a diagnostic internal fragment. These results show that in the presence of FLP, FRT sites separated by up to 13.3 kb of chromosomal DNA function as substrates for intra and interchromatid recombination.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1990

Spontaneous changes of systolic blood pressure as predictors of future fatal events. Italian Research Group of the Seven Countries Study.

Three cohorts of men aged 40 to 59 at entry, for a total of 2480 subjects, were examined for the measurement of some cardiovascular risk factors and then followed-up for 20 years. Changes of systolic blood pressure (SBP) over the first 10 years in 2088 men and computed by an integral-like procedure (delta-SBP) were used as possible predictors of fatal events recorded in the second 10 years of follow-up. Men who had a relative increase of systolic blood pressure in the first 10 years showed an excess risk of death as compared to those who had a relative decrease of systolic blood pressure (adjusted for age and for SBP at entry levels). The relative risk between the two groups was 1.38 for all causes of mortality (ALL), 1.50 for the pool of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mortality (ACVD), 1.68 for coronary heart disease deaths (CHD) and 1.19 for stroke deaths (STR). These relative risks are all statistically significant except for strokes. The Cox model was solved using the same four end-points as dependent variables (ALL, ACVD, CHD, STR, separately) and as covariates some risk factors measured at entry examination (age, cigarettes smoked per day, body mass index, serum cholesterol, physical activity at work, systolic blood pressure) and, in addition, the indicator of SBP changes (delta-SBP). By adding delta-SBP the predictive power of the model was significantly improved and the coefficient of delta-SBP proved to be statistically significant (P less than .05). This was true for all end points except stroke.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908 expressing the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: strain construction and safety and immunogenicity in humans.

rcsp, encoding amino acids 21-398 of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), under control of tacP was integrated into the chromosomal delta aroC locus of attenuated delta aroC, delta aroD Salmonella typhi CVD 908. By immunoblot and ELISA, rCSP expression was greater from a multicopy plasmid than from the single chromosomal gene. CVD 908 omega (delta aroC1019::tacP-rcsp) was well tolerated by 10 volunteers who were fed two doses of 5 x 10(7) organisms 8 days apart. Seven subjects excreted the vaccine strain for 1-3 days. All subjects developed serologic responses to O and H antigens of the live vector, whereas 3 vaccinees responded to the foreign antigen: 1 developed an 80-fold rise in serum anti-sporozoite antibody, another had a 4-fold rise in antibody to a recombinant portion of CSP (residues 309-345), while a third vaccinee developed CSP-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. This is the first report of attenuated S. typhi eliciting a human serologic or a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to a foreign protein. Improved foreign gene expression should enhance immunogenicity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Sugarcane Cultivars under Salinity.

Physiological features associated with differential resistance to salinity were evaluated in two sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) cultivars over an 8-week period during which greenhouse-grown plants were drip-irrigated with water or with NaCI solutions of 2, 4, 8, or 12 decisiemens (dS) m-1 electrical conductivity (EC). The CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and shoot growth rate (SGR) began to decline as EC of the irrigation solution increased above 2 dS m-1. A, g, and SGR of a salinity-resistant cultivar (H69-8235) were consistently higher than those of a salinity-susceptible cultivar (H65-7052) at all levels of salinity and declined less sharply with increasing salinity. Carbon isotope discrimination ([delta]) in tissue obtained from the uppermost fully expanded leaf increased with salinity and with time elapsed from the beginning of the experiment, but [delta] was consistently lower in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar at all levels of salinity. Gas-exchange measurements suggested that variation in [delta] was attributable largely to variation in bundle sheath leakiness to CO2 ([phi]). Salinity-induced increases in [phi] appeared to be caused by a reduction in C3 pathway activity relative to C4 pathway activity rather than by physical changes in the permeability of the bundle sheath to CO2. A strong correlation between [delta] and A, g, and SGR permitted these to be predicted from [delta] regardless of the cultivar and salinity level. [delta] thus provided an integrated measure of several components of physiological performance and response.

Journal Article↗