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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The S-ROM cementless femoral stem: history and literature review.

The S-ROM femoral prosthesis, building on the foundation of the Sivash Stem, pioneered proximal modularity in total hip arthroplasty. Now with a clinical history dating back >20 years, the S-ROM has performed well in the primary and revision setting. Early concerns regarding fretting and failure at the modular junction have been overcome by basic science data and uncomplicated mid- to long-term clinical follow-up. Coupled with its clinical performance, the versatility of the stem has enabled the S-ROM to achieve a well-deserved prominence for use in complex and straightforward primary and revision total hip arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed2005

Acute compartment syndrome in lower extremity musculoskeletal trauma.

Acute compartment syndrome is a potentially devastating condition in which the pressure within an osseofascial compartment rises to a level that decreases the perfusion gradient across tissue capillary beds, leading to cellular anoxia, muscle ischemia, and death. A variety of injuries and medical conditions may initiate acute compartment syndrome, including fractures, contusions, bleeding disorders, burns, trauma, postischemic swelling, and gunshot wounds. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supplemented by compartment pressure measurements. Certain anesthetic techniques, such as nerve blocks and other forms of regional and epidural anesthesia, reportedly contribute to a delay in diagnosis. Basic science data suggest that the ischemic threshold of normal muscle is reached when pressure within the compartment is elevated to 20 mm Hg below the diastolic pressure or 30 mm Hg below the mean arterial blood pressure. On diagnosis of impending or true compartment syndrome, immediate measures must be taken. Complete fasciotomy of all compartments involved is required to reliably normalize compartment pressures and restore perfusion to the affected tissues. Recognizing compartment syndromes requires having and maintaining a high index of suspicion, performing serial examinations in patients at risk, and carefully documenting changes over time.

Compartment Syndromes↗
PubMed2006

Errors in surgical neuropathology and the influence of cognitive biases: the psychology of intelligence analysis.

CONTEXT: A significant difficulty that pathologists encounter in arriving at a correct diagnosis is related to the way information from various sources is processed and assimilated in context. OBJECTIVE: These issues are addressed by the science of cognitive psychology. Although cognitive biases are the focus of a number of studies on medical decision making, few if any focus on the visual sciences. DATA SOURCES: A recent publication authored by Richards Heuer, Jr, The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, directly addresses many of the cognitive biases faced by neuropathologists and anatomic pathologists in general. These biases include visual anticipation, first impression, and established mindsets and subconsciously influence our critical decision-making processes. CONCLUSIONS: The book points out that while biases are an inherent property of cognition, the influence of such biases can be recognized and the effects blunted.

Cognition↗
PubMed1999

Hard science versus phenomenology in reproductive immunology.

It has been suggested that studies of immunological aspects of reproduction have recently changed from the phenomenological (e.g., speculative/descriptive) to hard science (e.g., precise molecular description/ explanation). The significance of this development is explored by analysis of the contribution made by hard science that has led to a number of assertions. Does HLA-G determine maternal tolerance of her semi-allogeneic fetus? Do differences in placentation between humans, rodents, and other species make direct comparisons largely meaningless? Does membrane cofactor protein (CD46) contribute to pregnancy success by protecting sperm and fetal trophoblast from complement-mediated lysis? Does a low frequency in mice of maternal T cells specific for paternal alloantigens occur, and if so, does phenomenon explain specific maternal tolerance in pregnancy? Do placental and decidual macrophage components provide an important immediate antigen-nonspecific host defense to infection? Does the mix of bioactive molecules make the uterus an immunologically privileged site, and does the molecular melange have a pivotal role in promoting growth and development of the placenta and embryo? Does prolactin acting on receptors on lymphocytes suppress function and thereby account for remission of autoimmune disease in pregnant women? Is the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion a thorny issue that will be resolved by an ongoing funded national trial? What is a scientifically correct timeline of important discoveries and developments in reproductive immunology? It is argued that it is unprofitable to divorce phenomenology from hard science and that the timeline for developments in reproductive immunology begin with Darwin. Irrespective of whether one is dealing with phenomena or hard science data, Hippocrates was correct in his aphorism that "description is infinite and easy; explanation is limited and difficult".

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1998

Rat anterior pituitary hormone cells: responses to variable gravity.

BACKGROUND: While life science data dealing with effects of hypogravity are accumulating, relatively little is known about the effects of hypergravity at the level of either the whole animal or the individual cell. The purpose of this experiment was to compare data collected on cells of anterior pituitaries from animals centrifuged at 2G using an experimental design that was identical to that of a spaceflight experiment performed in 1989. HYPOTHESIS: Centrifugation of the animal at 2G for 14 d alters the function and morphology of cells of the anterior pituitary in subsequent in vitro tests at 1G. METHODS: Intact rats were centrifuged at twice Earth's gravity for 14 d in a specially designed animal centrifuge as part of the Cosmos 2G study. This study was designed to replicate a previous spaceflight experiment so that direct comparisons between hyper- (centrifugation, 2G) and hypogravity (spaceflight, 0.001G) could be made. Anterior pituitary cells were then evaluated for cell function and morphology in a variety of post-flight tests. RESULTS: Growth hormone cells from centrifuged animals released less bioactive, but not immunoreactive, growth hormone (GH) than cells from non-centrifuged animals. This was also true for GH released in response to provocative stimulation by a synthetic peptide (growth hormone releasing hormone, GHRH) that causes GH release after binding to cell membrane receptors. Cell morphology was also different between cells from centrifuged and control animals; cells in the experimental group were smaller and less granulated. However, another type of hormone-producing cell contained in these preparations, viz. prolactin cells, was not affected by centrifugation. CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugation of animals for 14 d alters both the in vitro release of GH and GH cell morphology relative to corresponding controls from non-centrifuged animals. Because prolactin cells are not affected by centrifugation, the response is specific to the GH cell.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cardiovascular parameters telemetrically measured during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Here we present the first report of heart rate, blood pressure, and locomotive activity of a female common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) that was moving freely in its home cage during gestation, parturition, and lactation. We collected the data by using a miniaturized telemetry and data-acquisition system (Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN) that had been adapted for marmosets (1). The parameters were recorded continually from 12 days before to 15 days after parturition. Parturition lasted about 3.5 h, during which marked changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure occurred. To obtain control values, we again measured these parameters for 13 days during a "physiologically neutral" phase (4 months after parturition), when the female was neither pregnant nor lactating. Heart rate was 200% higher, systolic blood pressure was 25% higher, and diastolic blood pressure was 75% higher during parturition than during the neutral phase.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Radiotelemetry catheter implantation: surgical technique and results in cats.

Arterial blood pressure in cats can be measured by direct or indirect techniques. Most direct measurement techniques require sedation or anesthesia, which decreases blood pressure. The restraint and human intervention needed for indirect techniques cause blood pressure to increase. These limitations make the accurate assessment of blood pressure and the response to antihypertensive medications difficult to interpret. Radiotelemetry allows for direct measurement of the arterial blood pressure and heart rate without sedation, anesthesia, or animal handling during measurement. A surgical technique for the placement of radiotelemetry catheters and the complications associated with the technique have not been described in cats. Our purpose is to provide a detailed description of the placement of the modified implant model TA11PA-C40 (Data Sciences International), with accompanying illustrations, and to discuss complications associated with the procedure. Radiotelemetry catheters were surgically placed in the left femoral artery of 12 cats. The surgical procedure was completed within 50 min, and no surgical complications occurred in any cat. The radiotelemetry catheters were used for an average of 6.5 weeks (range, 5.5 to 9.5 weeks). This technique allows for long-term monitoring of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in the research setting. This methodology is especially useful for studies of the pathophysiology of hypertension and assessment of the efficacy of antihypertensive medications.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The American Psychological Association's response to Brown v. Board of Education. The case of Kenneth B. Clark.

In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896) that was the foundation of school segregation in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Brown is arguably the most important Supreme Court decision of the 20th century in terms of its influence on American history. Moreover, it has a special significance for psychology because it marked the first time that psychological research was cited in a Supreme Court decision and because social science data were seen as paramount in the Court's decision to end school segregation. This article describes psychologist Kenneth B. Clark's role in that case and the response of the American Psychological Association to scientific psychology's moment in a great spotlight.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1972

Effects of weightlessness on astronauts--a summary.

This paper reviews the adaptive changes observed in the United States astronauts during flight programs to this date. A series of postulates are offered as to what is happening in these adaptive events. A hypothesis is proposed as to the interrelationship of events observed in the body systems and functions involved. The importance of undertaking an extensive life sciences program. including an on-orbit phase of study as well as pre- and post-flight studies is discussed. Finally, the role the Skylab flight plays in the United States Space Program in achieving the future requirements for more extensive life sciences data is summarized.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Development of a quantitative method for evaluation of the electroencephalogram of rats by using radiotelemetry.

The objective of this study was to develop a method for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) of rats by using radiotelemetry followed by automated analysis of the raw tracing by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). We surgically implanted four 4- to 5-month-old Wistar (Crl:(WI)BR) rats each with two epidural electrodes and an attached radiotransmitter (Physiotel Implant, model TA11CTA, Data Sciences International, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.). Raw EEG signals were routed to a digital storage oscilloscope (DataSys 7200, Gould Instrument Systems, Valley View, Ohio) with FFT and averaging capabilities. FFTs of raw signals were generated at baseline (predose) and after intraperitoneal dosing of the rats with atropine (30 min postdose; 6 mg/kg), caffeine (90 and 150 min postdose; 30 mg/kg), ketamine (15 and 30 min postdose; 50 mg/kg), and pentobarbarbital (60 and 90 min postdose; 40 mg/kg). For atropine, caffeine, and pentobarbital, the overall direction of the change in power across the spectrum (0 to 40 Hz) was the same as that reported previously. Relative peaks in power were consistent with those previous reports for atropine at < or =5 Hz and caffeine at approximately 7.5 Hz. Ketamine caused a shift in peak power from 5 to 10 Hz to < 5 Hz, as shown by other investigators. FFT analysis of EEG signals captured by radiotelemetry may provide a meaningful method for studying the CNS effect of novel compounds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prognostic evaluations of the medical and demographic processes].

The medical-and-demographic processes as a starting point for the planning of means and resources for the short- and average-term future are forecasted in the paper on the basis of long-term peculiarities of the natural-science data and with respect for the social-and-economic crisis now underway in the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Alzheimer's disease therapy - an update.

The 5th International Geneva/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy focused on new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease (AD) based on the latest basic science data. The two major pharmacological principles of cholinergic therapy are 1) reduction of acetylcholine hydrolysis by means of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors; and 2) direct stimulation of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors with selective agonists. Currently used AChE inhibitors are tacrine, donepezil hydrochloride, rivastigmine and metrifonate. In the area of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor modulation, studies were presented on AF-102B and AF-150(S), BIBN-99, CI-1017, RJR-2403, ABT-418, ABT-089, GTS-21 and SIB-1553A. Based on evidence of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD, selective COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of AD are a target of several pharmaceutical companies. Concerning known antiinflammatory drugs, results from controlled trials are expected soon. Estrogen replacement has been reported to produce cognitive and affective improvement in women with AD, and results from a number of studies were presented. Age-associated increases in oxidative stress may play a role in AD and thus antioxidants may also have a place in the therapy of this disease. The antioxidants vitamin E and selegiline are being investigated. Other drugs under investigation are propentofylline, Cerebrolysin, citicoline sodium, CDP-choline, memantine, Egb-761, calagualine and AIT-082. Iododoxorubicin may represent a new class of compounds able to interfere with the beta-amyloid cascade in AD and other brain amyloid diseases. Future preventive strategies in AD include genotype analysis and screening, presymptomatic diagnosis and avoidance of environmental risk factors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Geospatial indicators of emerging water stress: an application to Africa.

This study demonstrates the use of globally available Earth system science data sets for water assessment in otherwise information-poor regions of the world. Geospatial analysis at 8 km resolution shows that 64% of Africans rely on water resources that are limited and highly variable. Where available, river corridor flow is critical in augmenting local runoff, reducing impacts of climate variability, and improving access to freshwater. A significant fraction of cropland resides in Africa's driest regions, with 39% of the irrigation nonsustainable. Chronic overuse and water stress is high for 25% of the population with an additional 13% experiencing drought-related stress once each generation. Paradoxically, water stress for the vast majority of Africans typically remains low, reflecting poor water infrastructure and service, and low levels of use. Modest increases in water use could reduce constraints on economic development, pollution, and challenges to human health. Developing explicit geospatial indicators that link biogeophysical, socioeconomic, and engineering perspectives constitutes an important next step in global water assessment.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Morality and pretextuality, psychiatry and law: of "ordinary common sense," heuristic reasoning, and cognitive dissonance.

The thesis of this paper is that we will not make significant progress in understanding the tensions between the legal and mental health systems until we look carefully at a series of dissonances that affect both systems. We must consider the way that the law frequently condones pretextuality as a way of dealing with troubling or cognitively dissonant information, and the way that mental health professionals encourage a self-referential concept of morality as a way of subverting legal doctrines with which they disagree. These dissonances must be considered contextually in connection with the ways that courts generally read social science data and the ways that jurors and legislators employ such cognitive devices as "ordinary common sense" and heuristic reasoning in their judgments of cases involving mental disability questions. To ameliorate the current dilemma, we must redefine institutional and professional roles, reconsider the way we privilege expertise, recalibrate our allocation of "moral jurisdiction" over these matters, and consciously confront the way our simplifying thinking mechanisms distort the underlying social and political issues.

Forensic Psychiatry↗
PubMed1990

The role of ethanol abuse in the etiology of heroin-related death.

Toxicology analyses and other forensic science data were used to examine the mechanisms through which ethanol increased the risk for death caused by injected street preparations of heroin. The authors studied 505 victims of fatal heroin overdose and compared subjects who had concentrations of blood ethanol greater than 1000 mg/L (n = 306) with those who had concentrations less than, or equal to 1000 mg/L (n = 199). We found significant negative correlations between concentrations of ethanol and morphine (a heroin metabolite) in blood (R2 = 0.11, P = 0.0001 for log10-transformed variables) as well as between concentrations of blood ethanol and bile morphine (R2 = 0.16, P = 0.0001 for log10 bile morphine versus blood morphine). Toxicologic evidence of infrequent heroin use was more common in decedents with blood ethanol concentrations greater than 1000 mg/L than in those with lower concentrations. Our data suggest that ethanol enhances the acute toxicity of heroin, and that ethanol use indirectly influences fatal overdose through its association with infrequent (nonaddictive) heroin use and thus with reduced tolerance to the acute toxic effects of heroin.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral science and the juvenile death penalty.

Behavioral science data included in an amicus brief has been introduced into a recent Supreme Court decision (Thompson v. Oklahoma) involving the juvenile death penalty. However, a close examination of the data fails to provide support for either the pro- or antijuvenile death penalty position.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The menstrual cycle in context, I: Affective syndromes associated with reproductive hormonal changes.

In some women, mood and behavioral changes appear to be linked to the menstrual cycle. New basic science data on steroid-brain interactions have renewed interest in the menstrual cycle as a naturalistic model for assessing gonadal steroid-induced mental and behavioral changes. The authors investigate similarities and differences in affective symptoms associated with reproductive-related gonadal steroid changes that span the life cycle of women, including the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and perimenopause. Recommendations for reporting of symptoms and implications for future research are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Using science to influence the Supreme Court on the right to refuse treatment: amicus curiae briefs in Washington v. Harper.

The Supreme Court's use of empirical behavioral science data has grown dramatically in the 40 years since Brown v. Board of Education. Most of these data are submitted in amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs submitted by parties with an interest in the outcome of the significant mental health law cases coming before the court. The increasing use of such briefs raises important questions. Is there evidence that the court is actually influenced by such briefs? Can scientific/professional organizations present scientific data objectively in a clearly adversarial document? A review of the nine amicus briefs filed in Washington v. Harper, a right to refuse treatment case, and a comparison of the Court's opinion with that of the dissent demonstrate that both the majority and the dissent refer to arguments contained in the briefs, incorporate elements of these arguments, and occasionally paraphrase references cited in the briefs. It remains unclear whether the Court uses such arguments to formulate opinions or to justify them. A comparison of the briefs presented by the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association highlights the challenge to scientific objectivity inherent in participation in the amicus process.

Antipsychotic Agents↗