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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Discrepancies between mothers' and fathers' perceptions of sons' and daughters' problem behaviour: a longitudinal analysis of parent-adolescent agreement on internalising and externalising problem behaviour.

One hundred and ninety-eight adolescents and their mothers (N = 189) and fathers (N = 136) participated in a 4-year longitudinal study. Adolescent problem behaviour was assessed by the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In addition, parental stress and marital adjustment were determined. Results showed that mothers and fathers showed high agreement, especially about their daughters, whereas parents and adolescents showed little agreement. Agreement was higher for internalising than for externalising behaviours. In general, adolescents reported more symptomatology than their parents did. However, mothers' ratings of their children's behaviours were significantly correlated with adolescents' self-ratings, but fathers' ratings were not. Statistical tests of correlations showed that mothers experiencing stress caused by marital problems perceived more problem behaviours in their children. Fathers' perceptions were relatively unaffected by personal adjustment. However, poor marital adjustment perceived by both parents showed a significant negative relation to adolescent externalising problem behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The cannabinoid agonist HU 210 modifies rat behavioural responses to novelty and stress.

Experiments were performed on groups of rats after acute and sub-chronic treatment (once daily for 9 days) with the cannabinoid agonist HU 210 (25-100 microg kg(-1), i.p.) as well as 24 h and 7 days after the last drug injection. The animals underwent three behavioural tests in novel environments. In the observation cages (Test 1), rat locomotor activity was found to be dose-dependently reduced after acute and sub-chronic treatment at all doses and virtually unchanged during abstinence; grooming was potently inhibited by acute treatment but potentiated by the sub-chronic one at doses of 50 and 100 microg kg(-1), the effect of the higher dose persisting after 24 h and 7 days abstinence. Vocalization in animals in response to a tactile stimulus was highest after HU 210 at 100 microg kg(-1) in all experimental modes except after 7 days abstinence. In the X-maze (Test 2), sub-chronic HU 210 dose- dependently enhanced rat natural aversion for open arms, and this behaviour persisted during abstinence after the highest dose. Grooming in the X-maze was completely absent in rats acutely injected with HU 210 but potentiated in those sub-chronically treated or abstinent. In the swimming test (Test 3) rats sub-chronically treated at 50 and 100 pg kg(-1) displayed relevant wall-hugging and the same occurred 24 h after last injection. On the whole, our results are indicative of an anxiogenic-like effect of sub-chronic HU 210 at high doses and reflect the persistence of enhanced emotional response to novel environments when the treatment is discontinued.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Plasma concentrations of alpha-melanotropin in the rat during the acquisition and extinction of conditioned avoidance behaviour and during the acquisition of maze learning behaviour.

Concentrations of immunoassayable alpha-melanotropin in plasma were increased above control levels during the acquisition of conditioned avoidance behaviour but not during the extinction of this behaviour. There were no significant variations in levels of alpha-melanotropin in plasma during the acquisition of reward motivated maze learning behaviour. Throughout the latter test hormone concentrations were increased above normal levels. Non-specific stress was thought to be an important factor in the production of increases in concentrations of alpha-melanotropin in plasma. Acute physical stress, such as that caused by the electric foot shock of the avoidance studies, produced the greatest increases, while the smaller increase noted during maze learning was attributed to the stress of the chronic food deprivation schedule used in this test. The data did not support a role for systemic melanotropin in the processes of learning and memory as there were no consistent correlations between levels of alpha-melanotropin in plasma and the parameters of learning in the tests. Although a role for stress-induced alpha-melanotropin release from the pituitary gland in the enhancement of attention was thought possible, actions of exogenous melanotropins on behaviour could be due to effects on melanotropin-containing systems present within the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Two selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonists, WAY-100 635 and NDL-249, stimulate locomotion in rats acclimatised to their environment and alter their behaviour: a behavioural analysis.

The aim was to study firstly, the motor effects of a new 5-HT1A antagonist, NDL-249 [(R)-3-(N-cyclopentyl-N-propylamino)-8-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyra n-5-carboxamide hydrochloride] and of the reference 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100 635 [N-(2-(1-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl))ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide trihydrochloride], in comparison to the 5-HT1A agonist (+/-)-8-OH-DPAT [(8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin, hereafter 8-OH-DPAT], in rats acclimatised to the automated activity cages; secondly, to study whether the behavioural effects of NDL-249 and 8-OH-DPAT are sensitive to the 5-HT depleting effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA); thirdly, to characterise the nature of the antagonist-induced activation seen in the automatic activity cages with the aid of a behavioural observation analysis; fourthly, to examine the interaction between the 5-HT1A receptors mediating the behavioural effects and dopamine (DA) receptors. NDL-249 was found to bind in vitro to rat hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors with high affinity and selectivity. In second messenger studies, it was devoid of agonist-like effects. In the locomotor activity studies, each antagonist significantly increased the incidence of horizontal activity, peripheral activity and rearing. 8-OH-DPAT, while significantly increasing peripheral and horizontal activities, decreased the incidence of rearing. PCPA blocked the motor effects of NDL-249 but did not affect those of 8-OH-DPAT. Observational analyses indicated that NDL-249 induced significant increases at one or more doses in sniffing, rearing and locomotion together with a significant reduction in stillness. WAY-100 635 significantly increased the incidence of rearing, intense grooming and vacuous chewing. The significant increases in sniffing, grooming and intense grooming and the significant decrease in stillness induced by the DA D1 agonist, SK&F 38393 [(+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride], were not altered by concomitant pre-treatment with NDL-249. Pre-treatment of rats with either the DA D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol) or the DA D2 antagonist, raclopride, blocked the reduced stillness and increased sniffing and rearing induced by NDL-249. In conclusion, 5-HT1A antagonists including the new selective antagonist, NDL-249, induce mild behavioural activation in rats, which is mediated probably indirectly via DA systems.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1998

Double dissociation of the behavioural effects of R(+) 7-OH-DPAT infusions in the central and basolateral amygdala nuclei upon Pavlovian and instrumental conditioned appetitive behaviours.

Dopaminergic cell bodies located within the ventral mesencephalon innervate the amygdaloid complex, a region critically involved in the attribution of affective significance to environmental stimuli. Recently, we have shown that post-session intra-amygdala administration of a D3 dopamine receptor agonist enhances selectively the acquisition of an appetitive conditioned response. In the present study, we have investigated the potential involvement of the central nucleus and the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala in mediating this effect. Thus, rats were trained to associate an arbitrary stimulus (CS+) with the availability of 10% sucrose reward. Post-session infusions of the D3 receptor-preferring agonist, R(+) 7-OH-DPAT, were made into either the central nucleus or basolateral nuclei. Acquisition of a conditioned approach response was enhanced by R(+) 7-OH-DPAT infusions within the central nucleus, but not within the basolateral nuclei. Drug infusions into either region failed to affect approach behaviour elicited by presentation of a control stimulus (CS-), explicitly unpaired with sucrose reward. The effects of pre-test infusions of R(+) 7-OH-DPAT on the instrumental properties of the stimuli were then determined. Rats were presented with two novel levers, depression of one lever resulted in presentation of the CS+, while presentation of the CS- was contingent upon depression of the other lever. Rates of response upon each lever as well as the ability of the conditioned stimuli subsequently to elicit conditioned approach behaviour were recorded. Data revealed a double dissociation of the effects of R(+) 7-OH-DPAT on the expression of the Pavlovian and instrumental properties of the reward-related stimulus. Thus, within the central nucleus R(+) 7-OH-DPAT dose-dependently attenuated expression of the conditioned approach response, but had no effect upon instrumental responding maintained by the conditioned reward. In contrast, within the basolateral nuclei, R(+) 7-OH-DPAT had no effect upon expression of conditioned approach behaviour, but abolished selectively the ability of the reward-associated stimulus to support the acquisition of a novel instrumental response. Hence, these data indicate that distinct regions of the amygdaloid complex process distinct aspects of conditioned appetitive behaviours.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1989

A controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural and behavioural treatment of anorexia nervosa.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether a cognitive-behavioural treatment procedure was superior to a standard behavioural treatment, in the outpatient therapy of patients with anorexia nervosa. The two treatments were also compared with a control treatment procedure consisting of routine outpatient management. Each group consisted of eight subjects. All the groups showed some improvement, but the findings did not provide support for the prediction that cognitive-behavioural treatment, designed specifically to manipulate both attitudes and behaviour, was superior to the other types of treatment. The implications of the findings are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Operant-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain.

Fifty-eight outpatients with chronic low back pain were randomly allocated to one of six experimental conditions. Four conditions were designated as treatment conditions and two as control conditions. The four treatment groups consisted of: cognitive treatment (either with or without relaxation training) and behavioural treatment (either with or without relaxation training). The cognitive and behavioural groups also received physiotherapy. The two control conditions consisted of: attention (physiotherapy plus discussion sessions) and no-attention (physiotherapy-only) conditions. All conditions, including the two controls, received the same physiotherapy back-education and exercise program. For the sample as a whole, improvements were obtained on measures of affective distress, functional impairment, medication use, pain-related dysfunctional cognitions and use of active coping strategies. These improvements were generally maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. The combined psychological/physiotherapy treatment conditions improved significantly more than the physiotherapy-only conditions from pre to posttreatment on measures of pain intensity, self-rated functional impairment and pain-related dysfunctional cognitions. However, these differences were only weakly maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. The behavioural conditions improved significantly more than the cognitive conditions from pre to posttreatment on the self-rated measure of functional impairment, but this difference was not maintained at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Progressive relaxation training was found to make little contribution to either cognitive or behavioural treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Rotational behaviour in rats with unilateral striatal kainic acid lesions: a behavioural model for studies on intact dopamine receptors.

Rotational behaviour can be induced in rats with unilateral kainic acid induced degeneration of the neostriatum and adjacent regions by means of dopaminergic drugs. Kainic acid lesioned rats, when challenged with apomorphine or the ergot compounds elymoclavine, lergotrile and bromocriptine, perform dose-related turning towards the lesioned side. Blockade of the rotations by a number of dopamine receptor antagonists indicates dopaminergic involvement. Since kainic acid treatment had previously been shown to reduce the number of dopamine receptors in the injected brain regions, ipsilateral turning behaviour elicited by dopaminergic drugs after these lesions seems to be due to intact receptors on the contralateral hemisphere. Comparison of rotation data from experiments at intact dopamine receptors with those from experiments at supersensitive dopamine receptors revealed: (1) A marked decrease of the threshold dose for induction of rotational behaviour in the 6-OHDA lesioned rats. This decrease is particularly pronounced for lergotrile and bromocriptine. (2) A higher peak activity of rotations in rats with supersensitive dopamine receptors. (3) A considerable increase in the slope values of logits plots following denervation of dopamine receptors. Thus, the present report suggests: (a) that a behavioural model for studies of drugs acting at intact dopamine receptors can be obtained by unilateral neostriatal kainate injections and (b) that development of dopaminergic supersensitivity involves increased affinity of the receptors for dopamine receptor agonists and an increase in the coupling to its biological effector mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. I. Hippocampal EEG correlates of gross motor behaviour.

It was shown that rewarding spectral shifts (i.e. increase in amplitude or peak frequency of the hippocampal EEG) causes a solitary dog to show increased motor behaviour. Rewarded spectral shifts concurred with a variety of behavioural transitions. It was found that statistically significant modulations occur in the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG correlated with: (1) the transition from walking to standing; (2) the transition from standing while eating to walking away from the food dish; (3) the increase in speed of a walking dog, caused by rewarding the animal; and with (4) each head movement in a learned series of head movements. Thus behavioural transitions to a more active state are accompanied by an increase of amplitude, frequency and rhythmicity in the theta band of the hippocampal EEG; behavioural transitions to a less active state show the inverse relationship with the hippocampal EEG. A close relationship between modulations of the dog's hippocampal EEG activity and elementary motor acts is stressed. The hypothesis is put forward that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect the degree to which a number of motor and sensory structures in the limbic midbrain and brain stem are active.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. III. Hippocampal EEG correlates of stimulus-response tasks and of sexual behaviour.

A dog was trained to perform a spatial sound discrimination. The hippocampal EEG correlates and the movement correlates of correct trials were compared with those of incorrect trials and of 'pressings in between'. Correct and wrong responses on a place learning task were compared both with respect to the hippocampal EEG correlates and to the motor behaviour. Where significant differences in EEG correlates were found, the motor behaviour differed significantly as well. The same was found for 2 behavioral states with different motor behavioural qualities which occurred during copulation. The data support the hypothesis that the spectral properties of the hippocampal EEG reflect in a predictable but non-specific way the intensity of motor behaviour. They question the postulated correlations between hippocampal EEG and 'internal processes', on the ground that unambiguous experimental verification of such hypothesis appears to be very difficult.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A microcomputer technique for the detailed behavioural, and automatic statistical, analysis of animal behaviour.

In view of the intense concentration and time investment required for the detailed assessment of animal behaviour, various strategies have been employed to facilitate the quantitative description of movements and postures of animals. In a recent communication, we outlined a microcomputer technique which enabled individual operators to record frequency and duration of a large number of behavioural elements. However, this method required the manual collation and transcription of summary data in order to effect statistical analysis, an operation which involved avoidable and time-consuming repeated data handling. The present communication details a microcomputer technique which aids the recording of frequency, real-time duration and real-time latency measures. Further, this program automatically collates, transcribes and executes statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney) without involving manual data manipulation, other than at the initial behavioural analysis level and thus, represents an aid to reducing the total time investment required to effect complete behavioural analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Health-endangering behaviours among Japanese college students: a test of psychosocial model of risk-taking behaviours.

Adolescents' health-endangering behaviours receive attention because they are presumed to threaten the health of individuals in either the short or long term. The present study examined the role of psychosocial determinants on adolescents' health-endangering behaviours using elements of a biopsychosocial model proposed by Irwin and Millstein (1986). It was hypothesized that egocentrism, self-esteem, and perceived social environment affect the onset of risk-taking behaviours, mediating risk perception. Eight hundred and eight Japanese college students completed questionnaires. Results from a structural equation analysis partly supported the hypothesized model. Egocentrism contributes directly to health-endangering behaviours while influences of self-esteem and perceived social norms are mediated by risk perception.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Patterns of emotional and behavioural disturbance associated with autistic traits in young people with severe intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours.

Emotional and behavioural disturbance was assessed in 82 individuals with severe intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour using the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II). Levels of disturbance were compared firstly in individuals with and without features of autism as assessed by the DASH-II, and secondly in individuals with varying severities of autism. In both cases levels of ability and overall severity of behaviour disorder were comparable across groups. Individuals with autistic features were found to have significantly higher scores than nonautistic individuals on the DASH-II organic disorder, anxiety, mania, PDD/autism and stereotypies subscales. When participants with autistic features were separated into groups of severe and moderate autism and compared with nonautistic participants, significant effects of group were found for scores on the anxiety, mood, mania, PDD/autism, schizophrenia and stereotypies subscales. Scheffé tests were conducted to further evaluate between-group differences. Item analysis showed seven DASH-II items to have a 30% or more difference between levels of endorsement in autistic and nonautistic individuals, with six further items showing a 20% or greater difference in levels of endorsement. Findings are compared to those from previous research and implications for the conceptualisation of emotional and behavioural disorders in individuals with autism are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Anabolic androgenic steroid affects competitive behaviour, behavioural response to ethanol and brain serotonin levels.

The present study investigated whether anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) treatment (daily subcutaneous injections during 2 weeks with nandrolone decanoate; 15 mg/kg) affects competitive behaviour, and locomotor activity response to a sedative dose of ethanol (0.5 g ethanol/kg). In addition, levels of brain monoamines were assessed. The results showed that AAS treated animals exhibited enhanced dominant behaviour in the competition test compared to controls. The AAS groups' locomotor activity was not affected by ethanol in contrast to the controls who showed a sedative locomotor activity. AAS animals had significant lower levels of serotonin in basal forebrain and dorsal striatum compared to controls. These findings further strengthen the fact that AAS affects behaviour, as well as biochemical parameters. Based on previous studies and results from the present study, we hypothesize that AAS abuse may constitute a risk factor for disinhibitory behaviour, partly by affecting the serotonergic system.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1997

Health behaviour and risk behaviour: socioeconomic differences in an Austrian rural county.

The aim of this study is to illustrate the impact of socioeconomic differences on two basic kinds of health-related behaviour defined as health behaviour (HB) and risk behaviour (RB). We analysed data derived from a health survey on health-related behaviour and self-reported morbidity in relation to demographic and socioeconomic factors. The survey consists of a random sample of 27,344 individuals taken from 79 communities from the rural population of Styria (Austria). Using directly standardised indicators both HB and RB revealed clear but inverse associations with education, SES and gender. HB rises and RB falls with years of schooling completed. HB is higher in women (103.5 versus 95.0, p < 0.01) whereas RB is higher in men (128.9 versus 80.1, p < 0.01). Different patterns of association with age were found. We conclude that both HB and RB should be considered as mediating factors between SES and health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Validation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire parent version (DEBQ-P) in the Italian population: a screening tool to detect differences in eating behaviour among obese, overweight and normal-weight preadolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Parent version (DEBQ-P) in the Italian population and investigate the differences in eating behaviour among Italian normal-weight, overweight and obese preadolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional validation study. Participants were measured and the approved translation of the questionnaire was administered to their parents. SETTING: : Three school communities in the province of Bergamo, Northern Italy. SUBJECTS: A total of 312 preadolescents (mean age 12.9 y; s.d. 0.8, both sexes) from three secondary schools of the province of Bergamo, Northern Italy, and their parents were invited to participate to the study. Informed written consent was obtained from each subject and their parents. Students were measured and their parents filled in the approved translation of the DEBQ-P. Recruitment was opportunistic and school based. RESULTS: Factor and internal consistency analysis confirmed the factor structure of the DEBQ-P and the high internal consistency of its three scales. Variance analysis showed that eating behaviour of Italian normal-weight, overweight and obese preadolescents differs significantly only in regards to the 'restrained eating' scale (F 19.29, P < 0.001), with overweight and obese scoring higher. CONCLUSIONS: The DEBQ-P can be used for screening projects regarding eating behaviour in the Italian population. The association between restrained eating and weight status was confirmed for both sexes, but the relationship between external eating and emotional overeating and overweight requires further exploration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Behavioural treatment for sleep problems in children with severe learning disabilities and challenging daytime behaviour: effect on sleep patterns of mother and child.

Children with sleep problems present serious management problems to their parents. Such children are also more likely to have additional problems, behavioural disturbance being particularly common. This randomized controlled trial of behavioural interventions for the children's sleep problems was conducted to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of treatment in children with the most extreme forms of problems: severe learning disabilities, severe sleep problems and severe daytime challenging behaviour. Fifteen index families received behavioural advice for the child's sleep problem and compared with 15 matched controls who received no such advice. Repeat assessments of the children's and mothers' sleep were made by parental report as well as actometry. Objective changes in the children's sleep quality and quantity were not seen after treatment. However, mothers in the treatment group reported improvements in the children's sleep problems and had an increased sleeping time themselves following treatment. The results indicate that sleep problems can be successfully treated in this group of children, although the mechanisms of treatment may not be as direct as supposed. This has implications for understanding of sleep problems in children with learning disabilities and also for clinical practice, when considering ways of offering help to these highly 'challenged' families.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Study of the effect of information, motivation and behavioural skills (IMB) intervention in changing AIDS risk behaviour in female university students.

This study has perhaps for the first time in the Indian context made an attempt to use a psychosocial model for a HIV/AIDS intervention programme. In line with the same, the main objective of the research was to study the effect of the information, motivation and behavioural skills (IMB) model-based intervention on a group of female college/university students. Purposive sampling was used to select 200 participants; pre-testing of these participants revealed that they did not have adequate information on issues related to HIV transmission and prevention. Further, neither were they motivated nor possessed appropriate behavioural skills to engage in HIV preventive behaviours. Following this, 100 participants were assigned to the experimental group and the remaining 100 to the control group. Post-testing showed a significant increase in the level of information, motivation and behavioural skills of the experimental group participants who underwent the three-session intervention programme as compared to the control group participants.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗