Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Waste Disposal, Fluid”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Water recovery in space.

In the absence of recycling, water represents over 90% of the life-support consumables for a manned spacecraft. In addition, over 90% of the waste water generated can be classified as moderately or slightly contaminated (e.g. shower water, condensate from the air-conditioning system, etc.). The ability to recover potable water from moderately contaminated waste water hence enables significant savings to be made in resupply costs. A development model of such a water-recovery system, based on membrane technology has been produced and tested using "real waste water" based on used shower water Results indicate some 95% recovery of potable water meeting ESA standards, with total elimination of microbial contaminants such as bacteria, spores and viruses.

Ecological Systems, Closed↗
PubMed2002

Fate of bacterial indicators, viruses and protozoan parasites in a wastewater multi-component treatment system.

The extent of reduction in selected microrganisms was tested at a multi-component wastewater treatment plant that treats sewage for a potential re-use in agriculture. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate possible reciprocal correlation among the different microrganisms and to compare the removal of two encysted pathogenic protozoa with that of microbial indicators, Clostridium perfringens spores, enteroviruses and bacteriophages. Samples collected included the raw wastewater, the chlorinated effluent and the effluent after an ultraviolet light treatment. All of the raw sewage samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, as well as for the other microorganisms tested but the bacteriophage B40-8. The data obtained confirm the removal efficiency of the entire process for indicator bacteria but also show the low and variable removal efficiency for the other microbial parameters, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, enteroviruses and Clostridium perfringens spores. Reciprocal correlation between Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts and the other microbial groups was not demonstrated. The results confirm the resistance of Clostridium perfringens spores, enteroviruses and protozoa to chlorination and demonstrate the relative persistence of these organisms in the effluents even during the ultraviolet light treatment. The yields also emphasise the influence of the analytical method for the determination of protozoan parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Overall design and proof-test of an integrated environmental control and life support system (ECLSS) for demonstration and verification].

Objective. To test and demonstrate embryonic form of our future space station ECLSS, which will also form an advanced research and test ground facility. Method. The following functions of the system were tested and demonstrated: integrated solid amine CO2 collection and concentration, Sabatier CO2 reduction, urine processing thermoelectric integrated membrane evaporation, solid polymer water electrolysis O2 generation, concentrated ventilation, temperature and humidity control, the measurement and control system, and other non-regenerative techniques. All of these were demonstrated in a sealed adiabatic module, and passed the proof-tests. Result. The principal technical requirements of the system and each regenerative subsystem were met. The integration of system general and each subsystem was successful, and the partial closed loop of the system's integration has been realized basically. Conclusion. The reasonableness of the project design was verified, and the major system technical requirements were satisfied. The suitability and harmonization among system general and each subsystem were good, the system operated normally, and the parameters measured were correct.

Amines↗
PubMed2004

Pilot study of a fluidized-pellet-bed technique for simultaneous solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening in a sewage treatment plant.

A fluidized-pellet-bed separator with movable sludge hoppers was applied in pilot scale for the separation and thickening of activated sludge mixture liquid. Under the condition of suspension SS around 4,000 mg/L, polymer (CJX103, cationic, MW 5 x 10(6)) dose at a dry solid ratio of 0.003 and upward flow rate at 5.4 m/hr, the fluidized pellet bed performed solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening well. The SS concentration of the treated water was about 5 mg/L on average and the moisture content of the sludge after screening for 5 min was less than 94%, which is much lower than that after conventional settling and thickening and easy to be finally disposed. At a higher upward flow rate of 7.2 m/hr, similar results could also be obtained but higher polymer dose (solid ratio of 0.004) was required. The morphological characteristics and density-size relationship of the granular particles formed in the fluidized pellet bed were also investigated by image analysis and settling velocity measurement of individual particles. The two-dimensional fractal dimension was evaluated to be 1.6-1.8, showing a good quasi-spherical morphology of the granular particles with their density much higher than the conventional flocs. The results of the pilot study indicate a possible way to innovate the conventional secondary settling and gravitational thickening processes for solid/liquid separation and sludge handling, especially for small scale wastewater treatment plants to reach the goal of space saving and higher treatment efficiency.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Integrated, long term, sustainable, cost effective biosolids management at a large Canadian wastewater treatment facility.

The Greater Moncton Sewerage Commission's 115,000 m3/d advanced, chemically assisted primary wastewater treatment facility located in New Brunswick, Canada, has developed an integrated, long term, sustainable, cost effective programme for the management and beneficial utilization of biosolids from lime stabilized raw sludge. The paper overviews biosolids production, lime stabilization, conveyance, and odour control followed by an indepth discussion of the wastewater sludge as a resource programme, namely: composting, mine site reclamation, landfill cover, land application for agricultural use, tree farming, sod farm base as a soil enrichment, topsoil manufacturing. The paper also addresses the issues of metals, pathogens, organic compounds, the quality control program along with the regulatory requirements. Biosolids capital and operating costs are presented. Research results on removal of metals from primary sludge using a unique biological process known as BIOSOL as developed by the University of Toronto, Canada to remove metals and destroy pathogens are presented. The paper also discusses an ongoing cooperative research project with the Université de Moncton where various mixtures of plant biosolids are composted with low quality soil. Integration, approach to sustainability and "cumulative effects" as part of the overall biosolids management strategy are also discussed.

Calcium Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Sustainable sludge management in developing countries.

Worldwide, unsanitary conditions are responsible for more than three million deaths annually. One of the reasons is the low level of sanitation in developing countries. Particularly, sludge from these regions has a high parasite concentration and low heavy metal content even though the available information is limited. Different issues needed to achieve a sustainable sludge management in developing nations are analysed. Based on this analysis some conclusions arise: sludge management plays an important role in sanitation programs by helping reduce health problems and associated risks; investments in sanitation should consider sludge management within the overall projects; the main restriction for reusing sludge is the high microbial concentration, which requires a science-based decision on the treatment process, while heavy metals are generally low; adequate sludge management needs the commitment of those sectors involved in the development and enforcement of the regulations as well as those that are directly related to its generation, treatment, reuse or disposal; current regulations have followed different approaches, based mainly on local conditions, but they favour sludge reuse to fight problems like soil degradation, reduced crop production, and the increased use of inorganic fertilizers. This paper summarises an overview of these issues.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Overview of the water and wastewater reuse crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

Many countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region have very limited water resources. The situation will worsen in the future as populations grow and demands rise, and water/wastewater reuse will become imperative. This paper reviews the current situation in the Region as regards water use/reuse and management, and gives suggestions for how to ensure sufficient water resources for the future

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the guideline for groundwater recharge with reclaimed water].

Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water is the most beneficial way to extend reuse applications, and has the vast development foreground. In this paper, the domestic and international applications and guidelines for groundwater recharge with reclaimed water were summarized. Based on the quality of reclaimed water and the conditions of hydrological geology, the reclaimed water quality criteria for groundwater recharge was suggested including 22 basic controlling items and 52 selective controlling items, and the control technology was presented.

Cities↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment performance of submerged membrane bioreactor treating brewery wastewater].

Under the condition of keeping the influent COD: TN: TP = 100:5:1, submerged MBR has an excellent treatment performance for COD and NH4+ -N, and the removals for COD and NH4+ -N are both beyond 90% under steady state, in addition, MBR has a strong adaptation ability for shock organics loading rate. When the organic loading rate was increased from 0.27g/(g x d) to 0.54g/(g x d) suddenly, there was no big fluctuation for COD in effluent. According to the results of GC/MS, the remaining organics in effluent was mainly alkyl hydrocarbon, and the membrane modules played a main role in stabling permeation quality. When the sludge in MBR was at the multiplication stage, the system has a removal of about 40% for TN because of biosynthesis and simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification, in addition, a certain removal for TP was also observed. When the sludge was at the steady stage, the removal for TN decreased to about 30% due to simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification, whereas, the removal efficiency for TP was very little, and sometimes even below zero.

Beer↗
PubMed2005

[Comparison of nutrient removal ability between Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides in constructed wetlands].

In order to compare the nutrient removal ability of Cyperus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides, a 17.0 m2 subsurface flow wetland covered with Cyperus alternifolius and another 13.3 m2 one covered with Vetiveria zizanioides were constructed for piggery wastewater treatment, and the biomass as well as the N, P, Cu and Zn contents in the root and shoot of the plants was measured by the end of each season. The results showed that the below-ground biomass of V. zizanioides was greater than that of C. alternifolius. By the contrary, the above-ground biomass of C. alternifolius was greater than that of V. zizanioides. The annual biomass yield of C. alternifolius was 2.3 times higher than that of V. zizanioides,which was 3406.47 g x m(-2) and 1483.88 g x m(-2), respectively. The N concentration in C. alternifolius tissue was higher than that in V. zizanioides tissue, being 22.69 mg x g(-1) and 15.44 mg x g(-1) respectively, and similarly, the P concentration in C. alternifolius tissue was higher than that in V. zizanioides tissue, being 6.09 mg x g(-1) and 5.47 mg x g(-1) respectively. The Cu and Zn concentrations in C. alternifolius tissue were a little higher than those in V. zizanioides. 68.72 g N x m(-2) and 18.49 g P x m(-2) were removed by harvesting C. alternifolius vegetation, while 8.93 g N x m(-2) and 3.69 g x P m(-2) were removed by harvesting V. zizanioides vegetation. It was concluded that the removals of N, P, Cu and Zn by harvesting vegetation were 4-7 times higher in C. alternifolius wetland than in V. zizanioides wetland.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Combined effect of US/PFS on the black liquor of making paper.

The reed pulping black liquor is used as a sample. Researches of (1) combined effect of ultrasound( US)/polyferric sulphate (PFS)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); (2) effects of the horn tip areas; (3) effect of dose of PFS were carried. Extrapolation of these experiments indicated treatment results are possibly related to complex chemical compositions in the reed pulping black liquor.

Ferric Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Re-use of biologically treated wastewater of a brewery.

Despite excessive rainfalls, Flanders is dealing with a water deficiency. A rational use of water is a necessity. Apart from the prevention principle, the re-use of biologically treated wastewater (bio-effluent) is increasingly considered. From earlier research it is known that reverse osmosis (RO) is necessary for the elimination of salts and low molecular compounds from the bio-effluent. A thorough pretreatment is necessary to remove drastically the suspended solids, which are harmful to the reverse osmosis modules. This case study describes the experiments performed by SEGHERSbetter technology for Water N.V. on the treatment of wastewater effluent from a brewery. A comparative study between sand filtration (SF), in-line coagulation with sand filtration and ultrafiltration (UF) as a pretreatment was made. UF proved to be the best pretreatment for RO for the treatment of brewery bio-effluent. Finally, an economic evaluation of the membrane system (UF followed by RO) was made. The calculated total cost for the system is 0.26 Euros per m3 produced water. Investment costs and operation cost are also discussed.

Beer↗
PubMed2001

A new process for integrated treatment of industrial wastewater at municipal wastewater treatment plants.

A new process for integrated treatment of industrial wastewater at a municipal WWTP is presented. The process uses the ability of heterotrophic bacteria of rapid substrate uptake and storage. The excess sludge from the municipal treatment line is fed to a contact tank, which receives the industrial wastewater via a separate pipeline. The contact tank is aerated to such a degree that secures complete substrate uptake but minimises oxygen consumption due to instant substrate degradation. The sludge from the contact tank is mechanically pre-thickened and then fed to an anaerobic digester. Hence, the major portion of the incoming COD load of the industrial wastewater is transferred to the anaerobic digester, where it contributes to an increased biogas production. The back load of the industrial wastewater treatment process to the municipal treatment line is very low.

Austria↗