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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Is it inherently prejudicial to try a juvenile as an adult?

Given only information that a youth who could have been tried as either an adult or as a juvenile was being tried as an adult for murder, 218 undergraduate mock jurors were able to form consistent impressions of the defendant. A very high percent of our mock jurors included a criminal or juvenile justice history as part of that impression. A very large majority of the mock jurors also said that knowledge of that criminal history would be relevant to their vote of guilty. Almost all mock jurors said they would be influenced toward voting guilty by knowledge of a previous criminal history. Few of the other components of the impression were so closely correlated with a judgment of relevance, or with a judgment that they would be influenced toward voting guilty by the knowledge of that component of the stereotype. The effect is relatively specific to knowledge of a previous criminal history. The study has limited ecological validity. Nonetheless, we raise questions about whether the fact that a youth is put on trial as an adult is inherently prejudicial, and violates the Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with painless bulbar-conjunctival ulcer and central retinal artery occlusion.

Herein an unusual case of Wegener's granulomatosis with a painless, bulbar-conjunctival ulcer in the right eye is reported. Rapid disease progression occurred with central retinal artery occlusion in the fellow eye. Biopsy of the diseased conjunctiva confirmed the clinical diagnosis. The clinical and histopathological findings are discussed.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗
PubMed2006

Importance of health care issues in 2005 presidential elections in Croatia.

Health and health care provision are among the most important and politically sensitive public service areas. Politicians carefully incorporate health care program changes in their political agendas to gain votes. However, knowing health care priorities of the electoral body is not useful only to politicians, but also to health policy makers, as it enables them to target the most problematic areas in health care. We conducted a telephone survey of representative sample of voters (n=643) immediately before the presidential elections in Croatia in 2005, to determine the possible differences in health care priorities between left-wing and right-wing voters, and found a high level of homogeneity in their opinions. Health care organization, corruption, and financing issues were identified as the top priorities by both left- and right-wing voters. This agreement in voters' expectations, probably caused by a similar frame of mind of Croatian citizens inherited from pre-democratic times of self-government, could be used by health policy makers to rationally invest the means and efforts in dealing with the most problematic health care issues.

Croatia↗
PubMed2002

The pros and cons of human therapeutic cloning in the public debate.

Few issues linked to genetic research have raised as much controversial debate as the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to create embryos specifically for stem cell research. Whereas European countries unanimously agree that reproductive cloning should be prohibited there is no agreement to be found on whether or not research into therapeutic cloning should be permitted. Since the UK took the lead and voted in favour of regulations allowing therapeutic cloning the public debate has intensified on the Continent. This debate reflects the wide spectrum of diverse religious and secular moralities that are prevalent in modern multicultural European democratic societies. Arguments range from putting forward strictly utilitarian views that weight the moral issues involved against the potential benefits that embryonic stem cell research may harbour to considering the embryo as a human being, endowed with human dignity and human rights from the moment of its creation, concluding that its use for research is unethical and should be strictly prohibited. Given the current state of dissension among the various European states, it is difficult to predict whether 'non-harmonisation' will prevail or whether in the long run 'harmonisation' of legislation that will allow stem cell research will evolve in the EU.

Cloning, Organism↗
PubMed2004

[The French legislation against smoking].

Smoking is one most common threat of public health around the world. One of the best way to fight it is legislation. The French legislation is probably one of the more sharp and precise for the non-smokers or youths protection. Historically, the law "Veil" voted for in 1976 has defined the French basis of this sort of prevention. The law "Evin" voted for in 1991 has reinforced the non-smokers protection by the ban of smoking in public places, has decided the ban of advertising and has allowed very significant tobacco prices increases. Following European directives, new health warning appeared on cigarettes boxes in France in 2003. They are more strict, visible than they were before. It's because the law is implemented and because it's in continuous evolution that the French smoking prevalence will have the right evolution.

Europe↗
PubMed1997

Reassessing Oregon's Death With Dignity Act.

In 1994 the state of Oregon made people all over the country sit up and take notice when its citizens voted to enact the Death with Dignity Act. This year, after the Supreme Court of the United States declined to address the Act's constitutionality, citizens will again address the issue, deciding whether terminally ill patients will be able to ask their physicians to help them die.

Hospices↗
PubMed1996

FDA panel finds mifepristone safe and effective.

At a July 19 hearing, the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory Committee for Reproductive Health Drugs found mifepristone to be safe and effective in inducing abortions early in pregnancy and recommended that the drug be approved for marketing in the US. With a 6-0 vote with two abstentions, the eight-member panel found that mifepristone's benefits were greater than its risks; agreed, 7-0, with one abstention, that it is safe; voted 6-2 to accept data from a French study as sufficient to recommend use in this country; and decided unanimously to reconvene if results from US clinical trials differ significantly from those from France. While the FDA is not required to follow the panel's advice, it is highly uncommon for it to do otherwise. The advisory panel scheduled the hearing in response to an application filed this spring by the Population Council, the nonprofit organization that owns the US patent rights to the drug. The meeting began with a presentation by the Population Council on the results of an American mifepristone trial that involved more than 2000 women and a discussion of the data from studies and practical use in France. The second session brought public testimony from 33 speakers, the majority of whom spoke in favor of the drug's approval. A company plans to manufacture mifepristone once it is approved but refuses to reveal its identity out of concern that it will be a target for anti-choice protests and boycotts. The drug would be marketed by Advances in Health Technology, Inc., an enterprise designated by the Population Council as the exclusive US distributor of mifepristone--the abortifacient marketed as RU486 in France and used by nearly 200,000 women in Europe and elsewhere.

Americas↗
PubMed2005

[Legal action instituted by an association to protect animals--a pleading].

Initiated by the development of the European Law inside Germany a debate has started to implement legal actions instituted by associations. In this connection Schleswig-Holstein drafted a legislative initiative for voting at the Federal Council. This initiative contains a brought legal action instituted by accepted associations, the participation of these associations in specific administrative proceedings, and a wide title to disclose. This legal suggestion includes a determination of the mandate given by the constitution (para. 20a GG) to protect animals.

Animal Rights↗
PubMed2006

Chinese workers and labor conditions from state industry to globalized factories: how to stop the race to the bottom.

This article discusses administrative obstacles in China that hinder the full integration of the rural population into the mainstream of development during a period of rapid industrialization. The Chinese household registration only for urban residents with its golden contents of cradle-to-grave security has become a formidable stumbling block that perpetuates the status of rural migrants as second-class citizens in their own country. Rural migrant workers are excluded from certain types of jobs and are not eligible for many benefits that urbanites have, such as health, education, and unemployment protection. These workers must also pay a number of fees and work for lower minimum wages than the local residents. With a precarious legal existence in urban areas, they are easy prey to unscrupulous officials and employers. Because they are not allowed to form independent trade unions, their best option is to vote with their feet and leave the firms with the worst conditions; this is exactly what they did from 2004. Given this situation, the debate on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) took a new turn with not only nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) pushing it but with a wider range of employers and, of late, Chinese officials promoting their version of CSR. In the campaign to promote minimum labor standards, the norms set down in the Social Accountability 8000 were included in the CSR, recognizing the right to free collective bargaining and free trade unions but were excluded in the Chinese version even though the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements recognized these rights.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Addressing the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by voting by persons with dementia.

This article addresses an emerging policy problem in the United States participation in the electoral process by citizens with dementia. At present, health care professionals, family caregivers, and long-term care staff lack adequate guidance to decide whether individuals with dementia should be precluded from or assisted in casting a ballot. Voting by persons with dementia raises a series of important questions about the autonomy of individuals with dementia, the integrity of the electoral process, and the prevention of fraud. Three subsidiary issues warrant special attention: development of a method to assess capacity to vote; identification of appropriate kinds of assistance to enable persons with cognitive impairment to vote; and formulation of uniform and workable policies for voting in long-term care settings. In some instances, extrapolation from existing policies and research permits reasonable recommendations to guide policy and practice. However, in other instances, additional research is necessary.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1994

Political attitudes and religiosity levels of Israeli psychotherapy practitioners and students.

This study investigated the political attitudes (PA) and religiosity level (RL) of a practitioners sample, comprising 82 psychiatrists, 222 clinical psychologists, and 113 psychiatric social workers, and a students sample comprising 69 B.A. and 65 M.A. students in psychology, and 73 B.A. students in social work, who intended to practice psychotherapy. PAs were measured by the subjects' voting intentions, self-definition, and attitudes toward Capitalism-Socialism and the occupied territories. RL was judged by special measures developed for the Jewish population in Israel, which were adapted for secular psychotherapists. Subjects also defined both themselves and their parents regarding PA and RL. The results are similar to findings of previous studies, indicating that psychotherapists support the political left and conduct a secular way of life. No significant differences were found between practitioners and students regarding PA and RL. A significant decrease in subjects' right-wing attitudes and RL relative to their parents was found. It is suggested that the similarity between practitioners and students regarding PA and RL could imply that supporting the political left and low RL preceded the decision to practice psychotherapy. The therapeutic implications of the differences between therapists and clients regarding PA and RL are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A debate on the ultimate self-determination.

An act to be voted on this November in California could set the precedent for the rest of the country: will terminally ill, competent adults legally be able to ask their doctors to help them die? This initiative would allow patients and physicians to take a more active role in deciding the time and place of death.

California↗
PubMed1991

Tube feeding and the permanently unconscious: the Supreme Court's decision in Cruzan.

In the recent case of Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, a majority of the United States Supreme Court voted to affirm a Missouri decision rejecting the request of guardians for removal of tubes used to provide nutrition and hydration to a woman in a persistent vegetative state. This article analyzes the Court's decision, focusing specifically on the concurring and dissenting opinions in the case, and discusses the implications of this decision for the states.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Social participation and community orientation in health services].

The community participation in the health systems is a concept that develops from the health policy proposals that have led the World Health Organization and that they highlight the fundamental role of health promotion and of primary care to answer to the health challenges from the middle of the XXth century. Its development has encountered big obstacles that have become major from the increasing trend of introduction of healthcare marketing. This explains partly its scanty advance in the developed countries, though there exist very interesting experiences that are based especially on the effort of professionals and social organizations. The fundamental dilemma is one in the option among the assumption of the role like consumers or clients that it supports a relation subordinated of the patients with a major dependence of the consumption, or on the contrary to give voice and vote for the citizens incorporating them into the productive process and turning them into producers of health. There are analyzed also the existing practices of community participation in Spain and offers are realized for its impulse and development.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2000

Health care systems: the emperor has no clothes.

Stand-alone hospitals are becoming something of a rarity on the American landscape. While hospital boards have repeatedly voted to form systems in the last 10 to 20 years, they have been just as likely to neglect to identify specific, measurable benefits that a merger would bring to their institution. An even if they did, they frequently discontinued evaluating whether system formation brought the hoped-for benefits, thereby justifying ongoing system participation. It is an incumbent fiduciary obligation to continually ask the question: Does continued participation make sense; that is, are we appropriately exercising stewardship over the hospitals' or system's assets by participating in this system? In a sense, boards are in danger of becoming like the emperor in the children's fairy tale, believing they have done the right thing without taking a hard look at today's reality.

Contract Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The political economy of healthy system reform in Israel.

On June 15, 1994, the Israeli Parliament voted to enact the National Health Insurance bill (NHI). The bill marks the end of a process that lasted for virtually as long as Israel's almost 50 year history. Israel's attempts at health reform began long before the current spate of reforms in many Western countries. Faced with many of the same problems of access, equity and cost control common to many of its counterparts, Israel initiated a reform process based on the recommendations of a prominent State Commission of Inquiry into the Israeli Health System (the Netanyahu Commission) which reported to the Government in 1990. The Commission's proposals were based on a diagnosis indicating that the major problems of the system stem from the lack of clarity regarding the rights of citizens to health care, the lack of a clear allocation of responsibility and accountability among government, insurance or sick funds, and providers in the system, and undue centralization of system operations. This diagnosis led to three major planks for reform: (1) enactment of national health insurance legislation granting a basic package of care to each citizen and hence bringing most of the system's finance under public auspices; (2) divesting the Government from the organization, management and provision of care; hence integrating the management of preventive and psychiatric services provided by the government with the primary and other services provided by sick funds, and granting financial and operational independence to at least government hospitals; and (3) restructuring the Ministry of Health. As is often the case in public policy, more consensus surrounds the diagnosis than the solutions. As a result, nearly four years of implementation efforts have only recently resulted in a major breakthrough. In this paper we make an effort to outline the inherent weaknesses of the Israeli health care system that have led to the crisis in the mid 1980s, summarize the recommendations of the State Commission for structural change in the system, and review the politics of implementing the recommended reforms.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗