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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs) selectively bind acylated anthocyanins in Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) suspension culture.

Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs) appear as dark red-to-purple spheres of various sizes in vacuoles of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspension culture due to their interaction with anthocyanins. AVIs were purified and the bound anthocyanins extracted and analysed by HPLC from two lines of V. vinifera isolated from the same callus accumulating anthocyanin in the dark, yet varying in their anthocyanin profiles and accumulation. An intermediate-pigmented line (FU-1) with a 1.3:1 ratio of acylated:non-acylated anthocyanins, a colour value of 0.84 units and cyanidin and peonidin as the dominant species was compared with a high-pigmented line (FU-2) with a 1.2:1 ratio of acylated:non-acylated anthocyanins, a colour value of 3.72 units and malvidin predominating. The profile of AVI-bound anthocyanins showed an increase in acylated anthocyanins in both lines of approx. 28-29%, with no apparent preference for anthocyanin species. This resulted in a ratio of acylated:non-acylated anthocyanins of 6.2:1 for FU-1 and 4.9:1 for FU-2. The reasons for the selectivity of the AVIs for acylated (specifically p-coumaroylated) species compared with the whole cell profile are discussed.

Acylation↗
PubMed2003

Manipulating anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera suspension cultures by elicitation with jasmonic acid and light irradiation.

Jasmonic acid altered the accumulation of major anthocyanins in Vitis vinifera cell culture. Peonidin 3-glucoside content at day three was increased from 0.3 to 1.7 mg g(-1) dry cell wt while other major anthocyanins were increased by smaller increments. By day 14, the content of methylated and acylated anthocyanins (peonidin 3-p-coumaroylglucoside and malvidin 3-p-coumaroylglucoside) was 6.3 mg g(-1) DCW, in response to treatment with jasmonic acid, and comprising approximately 45% (w/w) of total anthocyanins. In comparison, the untreated control culture contained 1.2 mg g(-1) DCW which made up approximately 32% (w/w) of total anthocyanins. Light further enhanced anthocyanin accumulation induced by jasmonic acid elicitation. The content of peonidin 3-glucoside at day 3 was 6.6 mg g(-1) DCW, 22-fold higher than control cultures while the content in response to light irradiation alone was 0.6 mg g(-1) DCW. When a highly pigmented cell line was elicited with jasmonic acid total anthocyanins increased from 9.2 to 20.7 mg g(-1) DCW, but there was no change in the anthocyanin composition.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2003

Endothelium-dependent vasodilatory effect of vitisin C, a novel plant oligostilbene from Vitis plants (Vitaceae), in rabbit aorta.

We investigated the pharmacological properties of vitisin C, a novel plant oligostilbene from Vitis plants. Vitisin C (1-10 microM) dose-dependently inhibited the contractile responses of endothelium-intact rabbit thoracic aorta induced by phenylephrine (1 microM). These inhibitory effects were abolished in the presence of N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 300 microM), a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, but not atropine (1 microM), a non-selective muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist. In endothelium-denuded rabbit aorta, vitisin C was ineffective in attenuating phenylephrine-induced contraction. Moreover, vitisin C (10 microM) increased cGMP production in endothelium-intact, but not endothelium-denuded, aorta, and this increase was abolished in the presence of L-NAME (300 microM). To assess Ca(2+) movement across the endothelial cell membrane induced by vitisin C, we further investigated (45)Ca(2+) influx into cultured rabbit aortic endothelial cells in the presence of vitisin C (3 microM), carbachol (1 microM) or A23187 (10 nM). Vitisin C and carbachol significantly enhanced (45)Ca(2+) influx, which was inhibited by nifedipine (10 microM), a blocker of L-type Ca(2+) channels. In the presence of SK&F96365, a blocker of receptor-operated Ca(2+) channels, (45)Ca(2+) influx induced by carbachol was significantly inhibited, whereas that induced by vitisin C was not affected. On the other hand, A23187 enhanced (45)Ca(2+) influx in the presence and absence of nifedipine and SK&F96365. These results suggest that vitisin C evokes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through enhancing nitric oxide release, which is facilitated by Ca(2+) influx into endothelial cells via nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Oedema protective properties of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Folia vitis viniferae) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. A 6-week observational clinical trial.

The characteristic components of the pure plant-based extract AS 195 (Folia vitis viniferae) are flavon(ol)-glycosides and glucuronides with quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (main flavonoid) and isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-beta-glycoside; a secondary flavonoid). In previous clinical studies AS 195 (hard gelatine capsules) has shown oedema-preventing and subjective symptoms alleviating properties in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The aim of the present open-label, multicentre, observational trial was to assess tolerability and efficacy of AS 195 (Antistax film-coated tablets). The reduction of the subjective CVI-related symptoms was measured on a 10-cm visual analogue scale. For the global assessment of efficacy and tolerability by the patient and the investigator a 4-point verbal rating scale was used. Sixty-five male and female patients aged 25-82 years with CVI grade I or II (Widmer classification) received AS 195, two film-coated tablets once daily for 42 days (360 mg/day). At the end of the study, all subjective symptoms of CVI (tired, heavy legs, sensation of tension in the legs, tingling sensations in the legs, pain in the legs) were statistically significantly improved. The global assessment of efficacy by the patients and by the investigators was rated as good or satisfactory in most of the patients. AS 195 filmcoated tablets were very well tolerated during the whole trial, as their global tolerability was assessed for most patients as good or satisfactory by both the patients and investigators. Six patients experienced adverse events potentially causally related to trial medication. Four of them reported gastrointestinal problems. The present study showed a marked improvement of subjective symptoms associated with CVI grade I or II, as well as a good or satisfactory global assessment of efficacy and tolerability by the patients and the investigators. Thus, AS 195 film-coated tablets can be considered as effective and safe in patients with CVI grade I or II.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Procyanidins from Vitis vinifera seeds inhibit the respiratory burst of activated human neutrophils and lysosomal enzyme release.

The inhibitory properties of procyanidins (a standardized oligomeric catechin fraction) from Vitis vinifera L. seeds on the respiratory burst and on the release of granule components myeloperoxidase, beta-glucuronidase and elastase were studied in activated human neutrophils. Procyanidins strongly inhibit superoxide generation with an IC(50) of 7.2 microM, through a direct scavenging of superoxide and prevent the release from calcium ionophore activated neutrophils of beta-glucuronidase (IC(50) = 13.9 microM), myeloperoxidase (IC(50) = 7.2 microM) and elastase (IC(50) = 5.4 microM). In addition they dose-dependently inhibit the activity of myeloperoxidase released from calcium ionophore-stimulated cells with an IC(50) value of 2 microM. The monomeric constitutive unit (+)-catechin was far less active than procyanidins in all the models tested. These results evidence that procyanidins efficiently restrain the inflammatory response of activated neutrophils in vitro and whenever absorbed in vivo can prevent their oxidative discharge at the site(s) of their adhesion.

Biflavonoids↗
PubMed2005

New stilbenoid glucosides isolated from Vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon).

Three new monomeric stilbenoid glucosides, (Z)- and (E)-resveratrol 3,5- O-beta-diglucosides (1 and 2, respectively) and (Z)-resveratrol 3,5,4'- O-beta-triglucoside (3), were isolated from an extract of Vitis vinifera cell cultures (Cabernet Sauvignon) together with the known (E)- and (Z)-piceids and (E)- and (Z)-resveratrol 3,4'- O-beta-diglucosides that have already been identified in a Gamay cell culture extract. The structure determinations were based on spectroscopic data analysis.

Cell Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Crystallochemical characterization of calcium oxalate crystals isolated from seed coats of Phaseolus vulgaris and leaves of Vitis vinifera.

Calcium oxalate crystals are a major biomineralization product in higher plants. Their biological function and use are not well understood. In this work, we focus on the isolation and crystallochemical characterization of calcium oxalate crystals from seed coats of Phaseolus vulgaris (prisms) and leaves of Vitis vinifera (raphides and druses) using ultrastructural methods. A proposal based on crystal growth theory was used for explaining the existence of different morphologies shown by these crystals grown inside specialized cells in plants.

Calcium Oxalate↗
PubMed2002

Allometric relationships to estimate seasonal above-ground vegetative and reproductive biomass of Vitis vinifera L.

A procedure is described for obtaining allometric regression equations to estimate non-destructively and in a cost-effective manner the current year's above-ground vegetative and reproductive biomass of Vitis vinifera L. Merlot' throughout the growing season. Significant relationships were obtained over a 3-year period (1998-2000) between the dimensions of an individual shoot per vine (i.e. diameter and length) and dry weights of its primary stem, primary leaves and lateral growth. The dry mass of a grape was best estimated from measurements of the basal diameter of the bunch peduncle. Introducing cumulative degree-days as an additional explanatory variable in the equations allowed them to be used irrespective of year and growth stage. Multi-year regressions were used to quantify in detail the seasonal evolution of mature grapevine biomass under the climatic conditions of the Bordeaux area, France, and for differing levels of soil nitrogen.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Shoot development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is affected by the modular branching pattern of the stem and intra- and inter-shoot trophic competition.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Shoot architecture variability in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) was analysed using a generic modelling approach based on thermal time developed for annual herbaceous species. The analysis of shoot architecture was based on various levels of shoot organization, including pre-existing and newly formed parts of the stem, and on the modular structure of the stem, which consists of a repeated succession of three phytomers (P0-P1-P2). METHODS: Four experiments were carried out using the cultivar 'Grenache N': two on potted vines (one of which was carried out in a glasshouse) and two on mature vines in a vineyard. These experiments resulted in a broad diversity of environmental conditions, but none of the plants experienced soil water deficit. KEY RESULTS: Development of the main axis was highly dependent on air temperature, being linearly related to thermal time for all stages of leaf development from budbreak to veraison. The stable progression of developmental stages along the main stem resulted in a thermal-time based programme of leaf development. Leaf expansion rate varied with trophic competition (shoot and cluster loads) and environmental conditions (solar radiation, VPD), accounting for differences in final leaf area. Branching pattern was highly variable. Classification of the branches according to ternary modular structure increased the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of branch development. The rate and duration of leaf production were higher for branches derived from P0 phytomers than for branches derived from P1 or P2 phytomers. Rates of leaf production, expressed as a -function of thermal time, were not stable and depended on trophic competition and environmental conditions such as solar radiation or VPD. CONCLUSIONS: The application to grapevine of a generic model developed in annual plants made it possible to identify constants in main stem development and to determine the hierarchical structure of branches with respect to the modular structure of the stem in response to intra- and inter-shoot trophic competition.

Models, Statistical↗
PubMed2004

Interaction between Vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera: changes in root tissue during nodosity formation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The interaction between the gall-forming grapevine parasite, phylloxera, and the susceptible grapevine species Vitis vinifera was investigated. METHODS: Phylloxera and grapevines were cocultivated using both potted and micropropagated grapevines. Development of nodosities on primary roots was studied by microscopy and histochemistry, and nodosities were analysed for biochemical changes and changes in gene expression. KEY RESULTS: Within a nodosity, phylloxera fed at a site in the root cortex. Nodosity development was characterized by swelling of the root tissue distal to the feeding site, lack of development of a suberized endodermis, and starch and amino acid accumulation, and was eventually followed by root necrosis. No evidence of a defence response was observed in pre-necrotic nodosities, but defence-type responses were observed in tissue adjacent to necrotic regions. Changes in gene expression were not detected by northern hybridization using DNA probes encoding a range of V. vinifera transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: Nodosities on V. vinifera potentially function as nutrient reservoirs, and defence responses to phylloxera attack were not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Branch development controls leaf area dynamics in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) growing in drying soil.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Soil water deficit is a major abiotic stress with severe consequences for the development, productivity and quality of crops. However, it is considered a positive factor in grapevine management (Vitis vinifera), as it has been shown to increase grape quality. The effects of soil water deficit on organogenesis, morphogenesis and gas exchange in the shoot were investigated. METHODS: Shoot organogenesis was analysed by distinguishing between the various steps in the development of the main axis and branches. Several experiments were carried out in pots, placed in a greenhouse or outside, in southern France. Soil water deficits of various intensities were imposed during vegetative development of the shoots of two cultivars ('Syrah' and 'Grenache N'). KEY RESULTS: All developmental processes were inhibited by soil water deficit, in an intensity-dependent manner, and sensitivity to water stress was process-dependent. Quantitative relationships with soil water were established for all processes. No difference was observed between the two cultivars for any criterion. The number of leaves on branches was particularly sensitive to soil water deficit, which rapidly and strongly reduced the rate of leaf appearance on developing branches. This response was not related to carbon availability, photosynthetic activity or the soluble sugar content of young expanding leaves. The potential number of branches was not a limiting factor for shoot development. CONCLUSIONS: The particularly high sensitivity to soil water deficit of leaf appearance on branches indicates that this process is a major determinant of the adaptation of plant leaf area to soil water deficit. The origin of this particular developmental response to soil water deficit is unclear, but it seems to be related to constitutive characteristics of branches rather than to competition for assimilates between axes differing in sink strength.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2006

The photoprotective role of epidermal anthocyanins and surface pubescence in young leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Depending on cultivar, surfaces of young leaves of Vitis vinifera may be glabrous-green ('Soultanina') or transiently have anthocyanins ('Siriki') or pubescence ('Athiri'). A test is made of the hypothesis that anthocyanins and pubescence act as light screens affording a photoprotective advantage to the corresponding leaves, and an assessment is made of the magnitude of their effect. METHODS: Measurements were made on young leaves of the three cultivars in spring under field conditions. Photosynthetic gas-exchange and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments were analysed by HPLC. KEY RESULTS: Compared with glabrous-green leaves, both anthocyanic and pubescent leaves had greater dark-adapted PSII photochemical efficiency and net photosynthesis. In leaves possessing either anthocyanins or pubescence, the ratio of xanthophyll cycle components to total chlorophyll, and mid-day de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle were considerably smaller, than in glabrous-green leaves. These differences were more evident in pubescent leaves, probably indicating that trichomes were more effective in decreasing light stress than anthocyanins in the epidermis. CONCLUSIONS: Light screens, especially in the form of pubescence, decrease the risk of photoinhibition whilst allowing leaves to maintain a smaller content of xanthophyll cycle components and depend less on xanthophyll cycle energy dissipation. This combination of photoprotective features, i.e. decreased photon flux to the photosynthetic apparatus and lower xanthophyll cycle utilization rates may be particularly advantageous under stressful conditions.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2007

Quantitative analysis of the phenotypic variability of shoot architecture in two grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plant architecture and its interaction with agronomic practices and environmental constraints are determinants of the structure of the canopy, which is involved in carbon acquisition and fruit quality development. A framework for the quantitative analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) shoot architecture, based on a set of topological and geometrical parameters, was developed for the identification of differences between cultivars and the origins of phenotypic variability. METHODS: Two commercial cultivars ('Grenache N', 'Syrah') with different shoot architectures were grown in pots, in well-irrigated conditions. Shoot topology was analysed, using a hidden semi-Markov chain and variable-order Markov chains to identify deviations from the normal pattern of succession of phytomer types (P0-P1-P2), together with kinematic analysis of shoot axis development. Shoot geometry was characterized by final internode and individual leaf area measurements. KEY RESULTS: Shoot architecture differed significantly between cultivars. Secondary leaf area and axis length were greater for 'Syrah'. Secondary leaf area distribution along the main axis also differed between cultivars, with secondary leaves preferentially located towards the basal part of the shoot in 'Syrah'. The main factors leading to differences in leaf area between the cultivars were: (a) slight differences in main shoot structure, with the supplementary P0 phytomer on the lower part of the shoot in 'Grenache N', which bears a short branch; and (b) an higher rate and duration of development of branches bearing by P1-P2 phytomers related to P0 ones at the bottom of the shoot in 'Syrah'. Differences in axis length were accounted for principally by differences in individual internode morphology, with 'Syrah' having significantly longer internodes. This trait, together with a smaller shoot diameter, may account for the characteristic 'droopy' habit of 'Syrah' shoots. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the architectural parameters involved in the phenotypic variability of shoot architecture in two grapevine cultivars. Differences in primary shoot structure and in branch development potential accounted for the main differences in leaf area distribution between the two cultivars. By contrast, shoot shape seemed to be controlled by differences in axis length due principally to differences in internode length.

Kinetics↗
PubMed2003

Spermidine and related-metabolic inhibitors modulate sugar and amino acid levels in Vitis vinifera L.: possible relationships with initial fruitlet abscission.

The relationships between free polyamines (PAs), sugar and amino acid status were investigated in cuttings from two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., Pinot noir (PN), a low abscising cultivar and Merlot (MRT), a high abscising one. In both cultivars free PAs decreased in inflorescences, but more drastically in MRT plants. Upon anthesis, this was associated with a decreased sugar content, especially sucrose, and an increase in total free amino acids. Thereafter, sucrose and amino acids showed opposite trends. In addition, darkening the PN plants at full flowering resulted in a dramatic decrease of PAs and sugars in inflorescences, but an increase in amino acid content, followed by high abscission. The concept that initial fruitlet abscission might be regulated by free PAs through changes in primary metabolites was hypothesized. Hence, the application of exogenous spermidine (Spd), but not putrescine (Put), prior to flowering markedly inhibits abscission. The Spd treatment also increased soluble sugar content but reduced amino acids in both leaves and inflorescences, while Put had no significant effect. By contrast, cyclohexylamine and beta-hydroxyethylhydrazine, as potent inhibitors of Spd synthase and PA-oxidases, respectively, exerted inverse effects on sugar, amino acid and abscission levels. Sucrose and free proline seemed to be highly sensitive to these treatments. This study suggests that Spd could regulate fruitlet abscission in grapevine by modulating, in a reverse way, the levels of sugars and amino acids in inflorescences.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Both xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the antioxidant system are up-regulated in grape (Vitis labrusca L cv Concord) leaves in response to N limitation.

One-year-old grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord) were supplied with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM nitrogen (N) in a modified Hoagland's solution twice weekly for 4 weeks. As leaf N decreased in response to N limitation, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) decreased linearly whereas leaf absorptance declined curvilinearly. Compared with high N leaves, low N leaves had lower quantum efficiency of PSII as a result of both an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and an increase in closure of PSII reaction centres at midday under high photon flux density (PFD). Both the xanthophyll cycle pool size on a Chl basis and the conversion of violaxanthin (V) to antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) at noon increased with decreasing leaf N. NPQ was closely related to A+Z expressed either on a Chl basis or as a percentage of the xanthophyll cycle pool. As leaf N increased, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity on a Chl basis decreased linearly; activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) on a Chl basis increased linearly; activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) expressed on the basis of Chl decreased rapidly first, then gradually reached a low level. In response to N limitation, the contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DAsA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased when expressed on a Chl basis, whereas the ratios of both AsA to DAsA and GSH to GSSG decreased. It is concluded that, in addition to decreasing light absorption by lowering Chl concentration, both xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal energy dissipation and the antioxidant system are up-regulated to protect low N leaves from photo-oxidative damage under high light.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

A carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from Vitis vinifera L.: functional characterization and expression during grape berry development in relation to C13-norisoprenoid accumulation.

A potential Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase (CCD) gene was identified among a Vitis vinifera L. EST collection and a full-length cDNA (VvCCD1) was isolated. Recombinant expression of VvCCD1 confirmed that the gene encoded a functional CCD. Experimental evidence was obtained that VvCCD1 cleaves zeaxanthin symmetrically yielding 3-hydroxy-beta-ionone, a C(13)-norisoprenoidic compound, and a C(14)-dialdehyde. Expression of the gene was studied by real-time PCR at different developmental stages of grape berries from Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz cultivars. A significant induction of the gene expression approaching véraison was observed in both cultivars. In parallel, the C(13)-norisoprenoid level increased from véraison to maturity in both cultivars.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) tissues subjected to herbicide stress.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry analysis was used to examine for the first time the effect of a herbicide (flumioxazin) on a crop species (Vitis vinifera L.) at the proteome level. Examination of 2-D maps derived from chemically stressed tissues revealed the presence of 33 spots displaying a differential expression pattern. The presence of stress responsive proteins in the different plant organs analysed suggests that flumioxazin could act systemically. Among the responsive proteins, some photosynthesis-related proteins, including several fragments of the enzyme Rubisco, were identified. This effect suggests that photosynthesis could be impaired by the herbicide. The induction of several enzymatic antioxidant systems was also observed, probably as a result of an oxidative stress. Moreover, the photorespiration pathway was stimulated, as suggested by the induction of some key enzymes involved in this process. Changes in carbon metabolism-associated proteins presumably reflect altered patterns of carbon flux in response to impaired photosynthesis and an increased need for osmotic adjustment in affected tissues. Finally, plant defences were stimulated as revealed by the induction of a set of proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related 10 class, suggesting that they could play an essential role in cell defence mechanisms against flumioxazin.

Antioxidants↗