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PubMed2004

Correlation of endogenous free polyamine levels with root nodule senescence in different genotypes in Vigna mungo L.

Endogenous free polyamines, nitrogenase (EC 1.1.8.6.1, acetylene reduction), and leghaemoglobin (pyridine-hemochrome assay) levels were compared among five genotypes of developing Vigna root nodules grown under field conditions. Nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin level attained a peak at the flowering stage and gradually declined thereafter. Individual and total polyamine also followed the same pattern. Ranking on the basis of legume yield and other morphometric attributes was PDU-2 > UH-28 > UH-82 > T-9 > Sardhomash. Except spermine, the levels of putrescine, spermidine, and total polyamine showed significant differences (p<0.05) amongst the genotypes, particularly from flowering to mid-pod development stage. Genotype, development stage, and their interaction between the two had significant (p<0.01) effects on individual as well as total polyamines. Moreover, significant high linear correlations were found between total free polyamine and putrescine with conventional nodule senescence marker like nitrogenase (R2 = 0.94 and R2 = 0.92, respectively). Putrescine had an overall positive correlation with high legume yield. The results strongly suggest a relationship between polyamine and nodule senescence. Endogenous free polyamine and putrescine may be considered as genotypic markers for nodule senescence in field grown V. mungo. It is suggested that the flowering stage is more suitable for selection.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of chemical and microbiological methods in the estimation of methionine in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds.

1. Meals were prepared from the seeds of fifteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), one of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and one of yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), and their methionine content was determined by six different methods. 2. Total methionine content was determined by two chemical methods (ion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric procedure) and by two microbiological methods. The 'available' methionine content was determined by microbiological assay with Streptococcus zymogenes. 3. All the different methods for total methionine determination gave similar results, with much the same high extent of precision. 4. The value for 'available' methionine content were similar to or marginally higher than the corresponding microbiological assay value for total methionine content. There was no indication that the methionine in any of the test samples was not completely available.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1985

The use of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in improving a popular Nigerian weaning food.

A weaning food commonly used in Nigeria was simulated by mixing processed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with skim-milk powder (830: 170, w/w). Replacing 310 g/kg sorghum with processed cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) resulted in an increase in protein content from 96 to 113 g/kg and an increase in biological value of the protein from 0.74 to 0.87. The two mixtures were compared with an established commercial baby food by a panel of Nigerian mothers and all three foods were found to be equally acceptable. Processing the cowpeas by pressure cooking followed by roller-drying reduced the trypsin-inhibitor content to minimum levels. It is concluded that the protein and quality of the weaning mixture popularly used in Nigeria could be improved by partially replacing the sorghum with cowpeas.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in Ibadan.

1. Sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of Ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. The subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors). 2. The results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. However, the requirements for vitamin A, thiamin and iron were met. 3. Between 30 months and 3 years of age, cowpeas contributed 36.2 and 30.3% of protein intake for nonreactors and reactors respectively. Corresponding values for energy intake were 17.3 and 17.2% respectively. Lower percentages were contributed by the diets of 4- to 6-year-olds. 4. Irrespective of the classification system used, some of the subjects were found to be suffering from mild to moderate malnutrition, with a few severe cases.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Nutritional evaluation of the trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) inhibitor from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.).

The effect of feeding rats purified cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) inhibitor in a semi-synthetic high-quality diet based on lactalbumin (10 g inhibitor/kg) for 10 d was a moderate reduction in the weight gain of rats in comparison with controls, despite an identical food intake in the two groups. The reduction in the growth rate was about 20% on a live weight basis. However, the corresponding value calculated from the weight of dry carcasses was less, only about 7%, probably because the water content of the body of the two groups of rats was different. Although most of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) was rapidly broken down in the digestive tract, its inclusion in the diet led to a slight, though significant, increase in the nitrogen content of faeces but not of urine. Accordingly, the net protein utilization of rats fed on inhibitor-containing diets was also slightly depressed while their energy expenditure was elevated. In agreement with results obtained for the protease inhibitors of soya bean, the slight anti-nutritional effects of CpTI were probably due mainly to the stimulation of the growth and metabolism of the pancreas. Thus, the nutritional penalty for increased insect-resistance after the transfer of the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene into food plants is slight in the short-term.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of raw and heat-treated bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) on the performance and body composition of growing broiler chicks.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterannea)--a leguminous root nut, which grows in the tropics and subtropics--was used in an experiment to test its effect on the performance of growing broiler chicks. Performance was measured by monitoring growth, measuring nutrients and energy balances and also by determining nutrient accretion. Twelve-day old broiler chicks, kept in individual metabolic cages, were used in an experiment in which birds were equally allotted (n = 10) into a control (fed high performance diet made up principally of wheat and soybean meal) and 6 test groups fed diets containing 19, 76 and 95% raw or autoclaved bambara groundnuts. All diets were similar in energy, nitrogen and total lipid contents. Diets were also balanced for amino acids, vitamins and minerals in accordance to the specific requirements of the birds. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Growth performance was monitored over 15 days. Nutrient and energy balances were measured by use of TiO2 as marker. The comparative slaughter technique was implored for the determination of energy and nutrient accretion. The results showed that the level of raw or autoclaved bambara had no significant influence on feed intake. Increasing the bambara level in the diets caused a general linear drop in the performance of the broilers. However, with up to 95% bambara in the diet, the general performance was still above 75% compared to the control. Increasing levels of bambara groundnut caused a decrease in the metabolizability of energy and efficiency of utilisation of ME for BWG. The animals retained more water with increasing levels of raw bambara in the diets while autoclaving increased their DM content to levels comparable to the control. The protein composition of gain was comparable at all levels of inclusion. In general autoclaving improved the performance of bambara.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Theoretical model of the three-dimensional structure of a disease resistance gene homolog encoding resistance protein in Vigna mungo.

Plant disease resistance (R) genes, the key players of innate immunity system in plants encode 'R' proteins. 'R' protein recognizes product of avirulance gene from the pathogen and activate downstream signaling responses leading to disease resistance. No three dimensional (3D) structural information of any 'R' proteins is available as yet. We have reported a 'R' gene homolog, the 'VMYR1', encoding 'R' protein in Vigna mungo. Here, we describe the homology modeling of the 'VMYR1' protein. The model was created by using the 3D structure of an ATP-binding cassette transporter protein from Vibrio cholerae as a template. The strategy for homology modeling was based on the high structural conservation in the superfamily of P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase in which target and template proteins belong. This is the first report of theoretical model structure of any 'R' proteins.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2000

Effect of cooking and supplementation with different kinds of meats on the nutritional value of mash (Vigna mungo).

The study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of mash (Vigna mungo) in raw and cooked forms and as effected by supplementation with different kind of meat, i.e. poultry, mutton and beef at 10, 15 and 20% levels. Nutritional assessment of all mash-containing diets (without or with supplementation) was made by chemical analysis as well as through rat assay. Mash contained 23.83% protein. Cooking resulted in minor changes in nutrients. Mash had 1.79% lysine which was reduced by 35% on cooking. All other amino acids also showed losses during cooking. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of diet containing raw mash was 1.9% and cooking improved it to 2.8%. True digestibility (TD) also showed a significant improvement. Supplementation of mash with different kinds of meat did not improve the PER significantly over unsupplemented diet containing cooked mash only. TD, however, was improved from 74.89% in cooked to 75.58-87.06% in supplemented diets. Similarly net protein utilization (NPU), as a result of meat supplementation, improved from 43.54% in cooked to 42.88%-51.96%. Higher PER, TD and NPU values were observed in diets containing mash supplemented with 20% level of different meats.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

Degradation kinetics of folic acid in cowpea (Vigna catjang L.) during cooking.

Kinetics of folic acid degradation in cowpea (Vigna catjang L.) as well as in pure folic acid solutions at initial concentrations present in cowpea over a temperature range of 50-120 degrees C (isothermal conditions) followed first order reaction kinetics, where the rate constant increased with an increase in temperature. The temperature dependence of degradation was adequately modeled by Arrhenius equation. The degradation was also evaluated in normal open pan cooking, pressure-cooking and a newly developed and patented fuel-efficient Eco Cooker (non-isothermal heating process). A mathematical model was developed using the isothermal kinetic parameters obtained to predict the losses of folic acid from the time-temperature data of the non-isothermal heat processing method. The results obtained indicate the folic acid degradation is of a similar order of magnitude in all the methods of cooking.

Cooking↗
PubMed1986

Chemistry and technology of green gram (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek).

Green gram or mung bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) is an important food legume grown under tropical and subtropical conditions. It is an excellent source of protein and is almost free from flatulence-causing factors. Because of this, green gram seeds are preferred for feeding babies and those convalescing. The seeds contain a higher proportion of lysine than any other legume seeds. The seeds are processed and consumed as cooked whole beans or splits (dhals), sprouts, immature seeds, and flour and are used in various recipes. The proposed work will incorporate available information on nutritional composition, processing, and utilization of green gram. The results reported in the literature on the above aspects of green gram will be analyzed critically, and future research needs will be defined to improve the utilization of green gram as human food.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Cloning and characterization of two novel lipid transfer protein I genes in Vigna radiata.

Two full-length lipid transfer protein (LTP) cDNAs were isolated from mungbean (Vigna radiata) and designated Vrltp1 and Vrltp2. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the two highly conserved pentapeptides characteristic of plant LTPIs suggesting these Vrltps belong to the LTPI gene family. Vrltp1 mRNA was detected in developing seeds, but Vrltp2 mRNA was not. Within the vegetative tissues, the Vrltp1 and Vrltp2 mRNAs were present only in leaves and stems, but not root tips. Salt and dehydration stresses and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments resulted in increased mRNA levels of both Vrltps in leaves. We suggest that these unique Vrltps are specific to growing shoot tissues, and may play an important role in plant acclimation to water stress.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Orthophosphate is a non-essential activator of Vigna radiata flavokinase.

The ATP-dependent phosphorylation of riboflavin to FMN by flavokinase from Vigna radiata was activated by orthophosphate (Pi) in a concentration dependent manner. Pi affected both the K(m) and Vmax, indicating that it is a non-essential, mixed type activator. The extent of activation by Pi was dependent on the cation (Mg2+ or Zn2+). Activation by other anions could be correlated to similarity to Pi in molecular size and structure. These observations suggest the presence of a binding site(s) for a phosphate-like anion on flavokinase.

Anions↗
PubMed2001

Cotyledon cells of Vigna mungo seedlings use at least two distinct autophagic machineries for degradation of starch granules and cellular components.

alpha-Amylase is expressed in cotyledons of germinated Vigna mungo seeds and is responsible for the degradation of starch that is stored in the starch granule (SG). Immunocytochemical analysis of the cotyledon cells with anti-alpha-amylase antibody showed that alpha-amylase is transported to protein storage vacuole (PSV) and lytic vacuole (LV), which is converted from PSV by hydrolysis of storage proteins. To observe the insertion/degradation processes of SG into/in the inside of vacuoles, ultrastructural analyses of the cotyledon cells were conducted. The results revealed that SG is inserted into LV through autophagic function of LV and subsequently degraded by vacuolar alpha-amylase. The autophagy for SG was structurally similar to micropexophagy detected in yeast cells. In addition to the autophagic process for SG, autophagosome-mediated autophagy for cytoplasm and mitochondria was detected in the cotyledon cells. When the embryo axes were removed from seeds and the detached cotyledons were incubated, the autophagosome-mediated autophagy was observed, but the autophagic process for the degradation of SG was not detected, suggesting that these two autophagic processes were mediated by different cellular mechanisms. The two distinct autophagic processes were thought to be involved in the breakdown of SG and cell components in the cells of germinated cotyledon.

Autophagy↗
PubMed1976

Ultrastructure of mitosis in the cowpea rust fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. Vignae.

Aspects of the ultrastructure of mitotic nuclei of the fungus Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae are described from both intercellular hyphae in the cowpea host and infection structures induced to differentiate in vitro. The interphase nucleus-associated organelle (NAO) consists of two trilamellar acircular disks connceted by an osmiophilic bar. The intranuclear spindle develops between these disks when they separate. The spindle contains pole to pole, interdigitating, chromosomal, and fragmentary microtubules arranged to form a central bundle along the surface of which lie the metaphase chromosomes. No metaphase plate is found. There are up to three microtubules per kinetochore and approximately 14 chromosomes on the haploid spindle. Telophase elongation appears to involve extension of pole to pole microtubules with no evidence for the remaining presence of interdigitating microtubules. Concomitantly, numerous cytoplasmic microtubules develop from each NAO disk where few or none are present in other phases. Reformation of the interphase NAO involves the formation of a sausage-shaped intermediate at late telophase. The nuclear envelope remains intact and the nucleolus persists throughtout division. Various aspects of the spindle and NAOs appear to be evolutionary intermediates between Ascomycetes and higher Basidiomycetes, thus supporting the theory of Basidiomycete evolution from the former group and demonstrating an encouraging correlation between mitotic characteristics and other phylogenetic markers.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2002

Regulation of rhizosphere acidification by photosynthetic activity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp.) seedlings.

In contrast to cereals or other crops, legumes are known to acidify the rhizosphere even when supplied with nitrates. This phenomenon has been attributed to N2 fixation allowing excess uptake of cations over anions; however, as we have found previously, the exposure of the shoot to illumination can cause rhizosphere acidification in the absence of N2 fixation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). In this study, we examined whether the light-induced acidification can relate to photosynthetic activity and corresponding alterations in cation-anion uptake ratios. The changes of rhizosphere pH along the root axis were visualized using a pH indicator agar gel. The intensity of pH changes (alkalization/acidification) in the rhizosphere was expressed in proton fluxes, which were obtained by processing the images of the pH indicator agar gel. The uptake of cations and anions was measured in nutrient solution. The rhizosphere was alkalinized in the dark but acidified with exposure of the shoots to light. The extent of light-induced acidification was increased with leaf size and intensity of illumination on the shoot, and completely stopped with the application of photosynthesis inhibitor. Although the uptake of cations was significantly lower than that of anions, the rhizosphere was acidified by light exposure. Proton pump inhibitors N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodimide and vanadate could not stop the light-induced acidification. The results indicate that light-induced acidification in cowpea seedlings is regulated by photosynthetic activity, but is not due to excess uptake of cations.

Anions↗
PubMed2004

Morphological features and inheritance of Foliaceous Stipules of primary leaves in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The presence of connate foliaceous stipules of primary leaves and their inheritance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotype EC394736 is reported for the first time. METHODS: The development of foliaceous stipules (FS) and their persistence were examined throughout the growth and developmental stages of the plants of the genotype EC394736. The shape, size, colour, texture and other parameters were examined in the field during the period 15-50 d after sowing. The area of FS was measured using image analysis software. The inheritance of FS was studied by making a cross between the genotype EC394763 with rudimentary stipules (RS) and the genotype EC394736, which has connate foliaceous stipules of primary leaves. The presence or absence of FS in plants of the F1, F2 and F3 generations was recorded. KEY RESULTS: The stipules developed along with the primary leaves in the genotype EC394736. One stipule of each primary leaf fused with the adjacent stipule of the other primary leaf forming a foliaceous structure. These stipules persisted on the plants for >50 d, even after the primary leaves had withered off. The F1 plants showed an absence of FS indicating the rudimentary stipules to be dominant over foliaceous stipules. The F2 segregation into 15 (RS) : 1 (FS) indicated that duplicate recessive genes controlled the presence of the FS. This was confirmed from the segregation pattern in the F3 generation. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of FS is a unique feature in cowpea genotype EC394736 and duplicate recessive genes govern it. The FS can be used as a morphological marker for identification of cowpea varieties.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2006

Citrate transporters play a critical role in aluminium-stimulated citrate efflux in rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Aluminium (Al) stimulates the efflux of citrate from apices of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. This response is delayed at least 3 h when roots are exposed to 50 microm Al, indicating that some inducible processes leading to citrate efflux are involved. The physiological bases responsible for the delayed response were examined here. METHODS: The effects of several antagonists of anion channels and citrate carriers, and of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM) on Al-stimulated citrate efflux and/or citrate content were examined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or an enzymatic method. KEY RESULTS: Both anion channel inhibitors and citrate carrier inhibitors can inhibit Al-stimulated citrate efflux, with anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C, an anion channel inhibitor) and phenylisothiocyanate (PI, a citrate carrier inhibitor) the most effective inhibitors. A 6 h pulse of 50 microm Al induced a significant increase of citrate content in root apices and release of citrate. However, the increase in citrate content preceded the efflux. Furthermore, the release of citrate stimulated by the pulse treatment was inhibited by both A-9-C and PI, indicating the importance of the citrate carrier on the mitochondrial membrane and the anion channel on the plasma membrane for the Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CHM (20 microm) also significantly inhibited Al-stimulated citrate efflux, confirming that de novo protein synthesis is required for Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the activation of genes possibly encoding citrate transporters plays a critical role in Al-stimulated citrate efflux.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of resistance to three bruchid species (Callosobruchus spp., Coleoptera, Bruchidae) in cultivated rice bean (Vigna umbellata).

Resistance of wild and cultivated rice bean (Vigna umbellata [Thunberg] Ohwi and Ohashi) to three bruchid species, Callosobruchus chinensis L., Callosobruchus maculatus F., and Callosobruchus analis F., was evaluated. All but three accessions of cultivated, and all wild rice bean accessions tested, exhibited complete resistance to all three bruchid species. Rice bean seeds with seed coat removed also showed complete resistance to the three bruchid species. Results indicate that physical attributes and/or chemical(s) present in the seed coat of rice bean are not the main factors responsible for resistance. Feeding tests were performed by using artificial beans prepared with varying proportions of rice bean (resistant) and azuki bean (susceptible) flour. Number of bruchid adults that emerged decreased, and larval developmental period (days) was extended, when artificial beans with an increasing proportion of rice bean flour were used. These tests revealed that a chemical compound(s) contained in the cotyledon of rice bean has an inhibitory effect on the growth of these bruchid species. The results also indicate that the chemical(s) in rice bean cotyledon is most effective against C. maculatus.

Animals↗