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PubMed1978

Computed tomographic diagnosis of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome).

Two cases of excessive fat deposition in the abdomen, confused clinically as massive ascites, are reported. Computed tomography (CT) has proven useful in making a definitive diagnosis of fat deposition in the abdominal and retroperitoneal space and has made further clinical studies unnecessary. No prior cases of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome) have been reported in the radiologic literature despite the specificity of CT diagnosis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Purification and some properties of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from viscera of green crab (Scylla serrata).

Beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase was purified from viscera of green crab (Scylla serrata) by extraction with 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.2 M NaCl, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and then chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose (DE-32). The purified enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the specific activity was determined to be 7990 U/mg. The molecular weight of the whole enzyme was determined to be 132.0 kD, and the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits with molecular mass of 65.8 kD. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (pNP-NAG) were found to be at pH 5.6 and at 50 degrees C, respectively. The study of its stability showed that the enzyme is stable in the pH range from 4.6 to 8.6 and at temperatures below 45 degrees C. The kinetic behavior of the enzyme in the hydrolysis of pNP-NAG followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km of 0.424 +/- 0.012 mM and Vmax of 17.65 +/- 0.32 micromol/min at pH 5.8 and 37 degrees C, and the activation energy was determined to be 61.32 kJ/mol. The effects of some metal ions on the enzyme were surveyed, and the results show that Na+ and K+ have no effects on the enzyme activity; Mg2+ and Ca2+ slightly activate the enzyme, while Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Al3+ inhibit the enzyme to different extents.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1983

Further investigation on the hypothesis of meridian-cortex-viscera interrelationship.

The hypothesis of Meridian-Cortex-Viscera Interrelationship maintains: 1. Meridian channel system is an independent system connected with the nerves to the cortex; 2. It acts through the nerves; 3. The nervous action is realized by humoral agents. This article gives preliminary-experimental supports for the above criteria.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1989

Peripheral reflex pathways involving abdominal viscera: transmission of impulses through prevertebral ganglia.

In neurophysiological terms, divergence describes the transmission of impulse traffic from a single afferent line, through an integrating nervous system, and out into multiple efferent lines. This feature has been ascribed to the vertebrate central nervous system and invertebrate ganglionic systems but has not yet been associated with the autonomic nervous system in mammals. Therefore, this study investigated the degree of divergence of afferent impulse traffic through a mammalian autonomic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea pig. Multiunit discharges were recorded extracellularly from the peripheral nerves, which emerge from the IMG, to determine the lines of efferent outflow (i.e., divergence) of impulse traffic generated by stimulating central efferent and peripheral afferent nerves. Pathways interrupted by a cholinergic ganglion synapse were identified by using hexamethonium. Pathways running directly through the IMG were identified by studying the effects of dividing nerves surgically. A complex arrangement of ascending and descending pathways was revealed, showing a neural network that interconnects the upper gastrointestinal tract, distal colon, and pelvic viscera via prevertebral ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dual presentation of extranodal marginal B-cell lymphoma involving the skin, viscera and bones.

A 65-year-old man presented with an erythematous indurated plaque on the scalp and forehead. A low-grade marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma with small cells and kappa-chain monoclonality was diagnosed. Radiotherapy was initiated. He soon developed abdominal pain and hematemesis. A high-grade marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma with large cells and lambda-chain predominance was disclosed infiltrating the stomach and lungs. Bone localizations were also found. There was no evidence for lymph node and bone marrow involvement. The distinct cytological and immunophenotypic presentations in the skin and viscera are a puzzling finding.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Quantification of particles of lethal mercury in mouse viscera: high-resolution study of mercury in cells and tissues.

To investigate the early visceral distribution of mercury (Hg), we have intraperitoneally injected a lethal dose of HgCl2 that killed BALB/c mice within 2-4 min. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-XRM) was used to detect and quantify Hg in situ in different organs. The highest density of Hg was seen in the liver (60.9+/-24.9 Hg particles per mm2 of tissue); this density was three and six times higher than those of renal or splenic Hg, respectively. Hg was scarce in the lungs and absent in the brain. Considering the relative weights of mouse viscera, our quantitative data show that the liver captured 89% of the visceral Hg; the kidneys captured 8.5% and the spleen just 1.7%. SEM-XRM revealed that most of the visceral Hg was associated with resident macrophages, a few Hg dots being detected on the surface of erythrocytes. We conclude that: (i) most intraperitoneally injected Hg was captured by liver Kupffer cells within minutes of injection; (ii) a 10-fold lower density of Hg particles was observed in the kidneys, and a 50-fold lower deposition of Hg was found in the spleen; (iii) SEM-XRM is an adequate method to quantify microparticles of Hg in tissues and cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Simultaneous measurement of metabolic flux in portally-drained viscera, liver, spleen, kidney and hindquarter in the conscious pig.

A method was developed to measure metabolic fluxes simultaneously across the portally-drained viscera (PDV), liver, spleen, kidney and hindquarter (HQ) in the conscious pig (20-25 kg). For this purpose, sampling catheters were implanted in the abdominal artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, splenic vein, renal vein and caval vein. Further, two extra infusion catheters were implanted in the splenic vein and abdominal artery. These allow continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), providing a method for estimating the plasma flow of the liver, PDV, spleen, kidney and HQ. To minimize the postoperative recovery period of the pigs, great attention was paid to the housing conditions. After a recovery period of seven days, pigs were used for experiments twice a week. During the three weeks experimental period, food intake, body temperature, weight gain, blood gas data and plasma flow were monitored. Mean plasma flow was: liver 52 +/- 6, PDV 40 +/- 5, HQ 20 +/- 2, spleen 4 +/- 1 and kidneys 15 +/- 2 ml/kg body weight/min. These data were characteristic for a pig in a conscious normal resting and unstressed state. The long-term patency rate of the sampling catheters was very high (ranging from 75% to 100%). This was probably due to the prevention of catheter-related infections using a gentamicin (20 mg/ ml), alpha-chymotrypsin (225 U/ml) solution as catheter filling. We conclude that this model enables simultaneously liver, PDV, intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and HQ flux measurement of many metabolic substances in the conscious pig.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗
PubMed1995

[Relationship between the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and the susceptibility of the vector mollusk. III. Mortality, body and viscera weight].

The relationship between the development of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, body weight and mortality rate and the degree of susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila at which infective cercariae developed was studied. The study utilized Swiss mice, SPF, as definitive hosts and populations of snails genetically selected for character susceptibility as intermediate hosts. Low body weight and smaller viscera were observed in infected mice with cercariae originating from snails that showed a high degree of susceptibility. The higher susceptibility of molluscs infected with S. mansoni corresponded to a lower survival of the infected mice. These results lead to the conclusion that the higher degree of adaptation of the parasite to its intermediate hosts, evidenced by the high indexes of susceptibility, leads to different behaviour on the part of this parasite in its definitive host.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Net absorption of amino acids by portal-drained viscera and hind half of beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet.

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effect of level of feed intake on net amino acid absorption by portal-drained viscera of six beef heifers with catheters in a mesenteric vein, portal vein and iliac artery (Exp. 1) and to evaluate intrajugular infusion of insulin or glucose on amino acid uptake by hind half of four beef steers with catheters in posterior aorta and vena cava (Exp. 2). Experiment 1 was a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design. Treatments were calculated intakes of 84, 157 or 225 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg.75 live weight. Treatments in Exp. 2 were control (no infusion), insulin infusion (1.4 IU/min for 90 min) and glucose infusion (2.5 mmol/min for 90 min) in that order. Mean live weight of animals +/- SE was 295 +/- 4 kg (Exp. 1) and 345 +/- 15 kg (Exp. 2). The diet used in both experiments was pelleted, 85% concentrate (2.9 Mcal ME/kg dry matter). Blood flow (BF) was measured by dilution of a primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid into the mesenteric vein (Exp. 1) or the posterior aorta (Exp. 2). Net uptake or absorption was the product of BF times portal-arterial (Exp. 1) or arteriovenous (Exp. 2) differences in amino acid concentrations in blood. Increased feed intake caused linear (P less than .05) increases in net absorption of several amino acids, including lysine, methionine, leucine and valine (Exp. 1). Feed intake did not affect (P greater than .05) net absorption of glutamate or glutamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Vasoconstrictor systems supplying skeletal muscle, skin, and viscera.

Stimulation of afferent inputs from the body surface and from the interior of the body elicits distinct reflex patterns in post- and preganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons supplying skeletal muscle, skin and viscera of the cat. These patterns are due to characteristic organizations of the vasoconstrictor systems in the neuraxis and may serve as functional labels for the neurons but also as conceptual leads in experimental investigations of the vasoconstrictor systems in the neuraxis. These systems may be generally organized in a hierarchical manner. The lowest level of the hierarchy consists of separate common final sympathetic pathways, the pre-postganglionic channels, with some integrating processes in the ganglia. Then there is the spinal level with the spinal sympathetic motor units. Different functional motor units overlap and receive their inputs from the periphery via primary afferents and from brain stem and hypothalamus via spinal descending systems. Brain stem and hypothalamus organize spinal motor units into global functional units.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Evaluation of a microcrystalline bovine collagen hemostatic agent in canine solid viscera injury using abdominal impedance plethysmography.

Bioelectric impedance as a sensitive noninvasive technique for detecting and monitoring changes in compartmental body fluid volume was used to compare the efficacy of two hemostatic agents in controlling postoperative abdominal bleeding following surgically induced solid viscera injury. Gelatin foam-oxidized cellulose sponge and bovine MCHH were both effective topical hemostatic agents. It appears that MCCH has certain advantages over conventional agents.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of cross-contamination on automatic viscera removal equipment.

Contamination of poultry carcasses by fecal or ingested material is a major problem in the processing of poultry products. It was determined that the automatic equipment used to process uncontaminated carcasses could be used to clean and reprocess contaminated carcasses and significantly reduce the manual labor required to reprocess these carcasses. The potential for cross-contamination of the automatic viscera removal equipment was tested by microbiological evaluation, and it was determined that cross-contamination by this equipment was not a problem.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of ginsenosides extracted from ginseng stem and leaves on glucocorticoid receptor in different viscera in heat-damaged rats].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ginsenosides (GSS) extracted from ginseng stem and leaves on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in different viscera in heat-damaged rats, and to find out its action mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-two male SD rats were divided into control group and experimental group, and fed 2 mg/d GSS and equal-quantity of distilled water respectively for 7 days. Eight rats of each group were exposed to (42+/-1) degrees C for one hour. The binding activities of GR in brain, thymus, lung and liver cytosols in rats were detected by radioligand binding assay. The expression levels of GR mRNA in brain and liver cytosols were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (CS) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The binding activities of GR in brain, lung and liver cytosols, and the expression levels of GR mRNA in brain and liver cytosols were all higher in the GSS-treated and heat-damaged rats than those in the untreated heat-damaged rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were no significant differences in plasma concentrations of ACTH and CS between the GSS-treated heat-damaged rats and the untreated heat-damaged rats. CONCLUSION: GSS can lessen the descending degree of the binding activity of GR in brain, thymus, lung and liver cytosols, and such efficacy of GSS may be related to improvement of the expression of GR mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of underfeeding on metabolism of portal-drained viscera in ewes.

We investigated whether short-term underfeeding could induce adaptative mechanisms in portal-drained viscera (PDV) that would allow nutrients to be spared for vital functions in adult ewes. Six ewes (three of them fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal and mesenteric veins) were fed, in a double Latin square design (2 weeks per experimental period), a regrowth of natural grassland hay at 143 (high; H), 88 (medium; M) and 51 (low; L) % of their energy maintenance requirements. The digestibility of the diet was measured in all six ewes and the net portal fluxes of nutrients in the three catheterized ewes. The organic matter content and N digestibility of the diet were not affected by underfeeding. Urinary and faecal N losses and N balance were linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentration of acetate was linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentrations of the other volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, glucose, NH3, urea and total amino acids were not affected by underfeeding. Arterial concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased with underfeeding. The portal net release of all volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NH3 were linearly related to intake. The portal net flux of both essential and non-essential amino acids, and thus total amino acids, remained unchanged between levels H and M, and decreased between levels M and L. A significant net uptake for glycine and total non-essential amino acids occurred at level L. The portal net uptake of glucose, urea, glutamate and glutamine, and the portal net release of lactate and NEFA were not affected by underfeeding. Summation of portal energy fluxes indicated that 51% of the metabolizable energy intake was recovered in the portal blood with the three levels of intake. In conclusion, no quantitative adaptation to spare energy, in terms of percentage of intake, occurred in PDV of short-term underfed ruminants, but the pattern of absorption of energetic nutrients was modified.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

[Teratosis and damage of viscera induced by microcystin in SD rat fetuses].

OBJECTIVE: To study the teratogenicity and traumatic effect of microcystin LR (MCLR) on pregnant SD rats and their fetuses. METHODS: Sixty pregnant SD rats were divided into four groups, 16 in each group: three experimental groups in which MCLR was injected into the abdominal cavity at the doses of 4 microgram/kg, 16 microgram/kg, and 62 microgram/kg respectively for 10 days, and control group injected with normal saline. Twenty days after, the pregnant rats were killed. The development, teratosis, and histology of viscera of the fetuses were examined. RESULTS: Deformities were found in the fetuses of the 62 microgram/kg group and 16 microgram/kg group with the teratogenic rate of 11.70 per thousand (2/172) and 6.76 per thousand (1/155). Petechial hemorrhage and severe hydropic degeneration in liver and maldevelopment of glomeruli and renal medulla were found in 62 microgram/kg group. Mild granular degeneration was found in the liver of fetuses in 4 microgram/kg group. CONCLUSION: MCLR passes through the placental barrier and causes damage in kidney and liver, which may be the basis of high incidence of liver cancer microgram in the fetus phase.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.

Pagrosomus major larvae were exposed to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil (corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentrations of 0, 0.17, 1.22 and 8.82 mg/L for up to 15 days. Larvae were sampled on days 9 and 15 of the experiment. Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress-superoxide dismutase(SOD), activity of selenium-dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and catalase (Ca), and the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH). On day 9 of exposure, statistically significant dose-related increases in Se-GPx and SOD activity, and GSH concentration were ohserved in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon. However, on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related response was only observed for Se-GPx activity. GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls. However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se-GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H2O2 and potential oxidative damage under long-term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons. No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se-GPx. A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to return to their control levels. These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.

Animals↗