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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Molecular analysis of the HLA-DRB genes in two tribes of Brazilian Indians.

The HLA-DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4, and -DRB5 alleles of the Guarani and Kaingang Amerindians were characterized. Our previous serologic analyses detected three class II haplotypes among the Kaingang: DR2-DQ3, DR4-DQ3, and DR8-DQ4. In addition to these, the Guarani presented haplotype DR6-DQ3. Individuals typed serologically (67 Kaingang and 34 Guarani) were selected for molecular analyses. Using a set of 23 SSOs for hybridization of PCR products from generic DRB amplification six different haplotypes were identified, of which only three are shared by the two tribes. The oligonucleotide hybridization patterns are compatible, with haplotypes DRB1*1602-DRB5*02, DRB1*0404-DRB4*0101, DRB1*0802, and DRB1*0901-DRB4*0101 in the Kaingang tribe, and haplotypes DRB1*1602-DRB5*02, DRB1*0411-DRB4*0101, DRB1*1413-DRB3*0101, DRB1*0802, and DRB1*0901-DRB4*0101 among the Guarani. DRB1*1413 is a new allele, most closely related to DRB1*1402, which is common among South and North American Indians. At the segments analyzed, they differ solely at position 57, which is GAT (aspartic acid) in DRB1*1402 and AGC (serine) in DRB1*1413. This allele probably originated in South American Indians, resulting from a single segmental exchange event between alleles DRB1*1402 (the acceptor) and DRB1*0411.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Sex chromosome phylogenetics indicate a single transition to terrestriality in the guenons (tribe Cercopithecini).

This is the first molecular study to trace the evolutionary transition in substrate preference across a primate radiation. We surveyed 20 guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) and 4 outgroup taxa for two Y-chromosomal genes, TSPY ( approximately 2240 bp) and SRY ( approximately 780 bp), and one X-chromosomal intergenic region ( approximately 1600 bp) homologous to a fragment of human Xq13.3. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the sex chromosomal datasets consistently cluster the three terrestrial taxa, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus lhoesti, and Erythrocebus patas, into a group that is reciprocally monophyletic with a clade of arboreal Cercopithecus spp. Given that the common ancestor of the two clades was most likely an arboreal taxon, this phylogenetic pattern suggests the transition to terrestriality occurred only once among the extant guenons. This pattern also indicates that the genus Cercopithecus is paraphyletic, as presently defined, and calls for taxonomic revision so that the nomen describes a strictly monophyletic group. We outline four acceptable taxonomic schemes and suggest that the most appropriate is to reassign C. aethiops, C. lhoesti, and E. patas to the resurrected genus Chlorocebus. Finally, while the phylogeny and taxonomy of terrestrial guenons were the focus of this study, the X-chromosome sequences presented here represent the first molecular evidence to unambiguously place Allenopithecus nigroviridis as the basal lineage of the tribe Cercopithecini.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Relationships of the temperate Australasian labrid fish tribe Odacini (Perciformes; Teleostei).

The labrid tribe Odacini comprises four genera and 12 species of fishes that inhabit shallow kelp forest and seagrass areas in temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. Odacines are morphologically disparate, but share synapomorphies in fin structure and fusion of teeth into a beak-like oral jaw. A phylogenetic analysis of odacines was conducted to investigate their relationships to other labrid fishes, the relationships of species within the tribe, and the evolution of herbivory within the group. Fragments from two mitochondrial genes, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA, and two nuclear genes, Tmo4C4 and RAG2, were sequenced for seven odacine species (representing all four genera), eight species representing the other major labrid lineages, and three outgroup species. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses on the resulting 2338 bp of DNA sequence produced nearly identical topologies differing only in the placement of a clade containing the cheiline Cheilinus fasciatus and the scarine Cryptotomus roseus. The remaining clades received strong bootstrap support under maximum parsimony, and all clades in the maximum likelihood analysis received high bootstrap proportions and high posterior probabilities. The hypsigenyine labrid Choerodon anchorago formed the sister group to the odacines. Within the odacines, Odax cyanoallix+Odax pullus formed the sister to the remaining odacines, with Odax acroptilus, Odax cyanomelas, and Siphonognathus argyrophanes forming successively closer sister groups to the clade Haletta semifasciatus+Neoodax balteatus. Either herbivory evolved twice in the odacines, or herbivory evolved once with two reversions to carnivory. The latter hypothesis appears more likely in the light of odacine feeding biology.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cluster and regional influences on suicide in a Southwestern American Indian tribe.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among American Indian youth. Elevated rates of suicide in Indian communities have been attributed both to outbreaks and to regional trends. We assessed the contribution of these two factors for a single tribe, and attempted to define a profile of individuals at risk. Data came from the tribe's registry of suicide attempts and completions for 1990-1993 and analysis of death certificates for the period 1985-1996. Using combined tribal and death certificate data, the average annual (age-adjusted) rate of completed suicide among tribal members was 44.7/100,000 for 1990-1993. Within the 45 suicide deaths and serious attempts in this time period, we identified one grouping of seven cases taking place in a 40-day period. All seven involved hanging and youth (13-28 years old). Using death certificate data alone, the average annual rate of suicide death for non-natives in the surrounding county in the period 1985-1996 was 22.7/100,000. Age-adjusted to the county population, the tribal rate for the same period was not significantly different (24.6/100,000). Tribal and county suicide patterns differed by age distribution and method but not by gender. We concluded that both regional trends and clustering contribute to suicide in this community. Further prevention efforts may need to focus on both unique tribal characteristics and shared factors among non-native neighbors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used by Kunabi Tribe of Karnataka in India.

Therapeutic effects and medicinal efficacy of the wild herbs were identified and administered by the tribal people to cure various ailments. Recently, the practice of herbal medicine has been diminishing, which may lead to the loss of valuable information about healing herbs. The Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka in India is one of the rich biodiversity centers of Western Ghats. Many tribes like Gowlis, Siddis, Halakki Okkaligas and Kunabis inhabit the semi-evergreen forests of the District. The mixed marathi speaking Kunabis have migrated from Goa and settled here a long time back and are even today without modern facilities. Thus, in the way of revitalization of traditional herbal medicines, it is an effort to record the valuable ethnomedical knowledge of the tribe Kunabis of Uttara Kannada District in Karnataka. A total of 45 species of plants used by Kunabi community people are described here based on an ethnomedical field survey. These plants belong to 26 families and are used to treat a wide range of discomforts like fever, cough, skin diseases, rheumatism, snakebite, jaundice, dysentery, etc.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Coding of insertion-deletion events of the chloroplastic intergene atp beta-rbcL for the phylogeny of the Valerianeae tribe (Valerianaceae).

A preliminary analysis of the sequence alignment of the chloroplast intergene atp beta-rbcL in tribe Valerianeae reveals that insertion-deletion evolutionary events ('indels'), combined with nucleotide substitutions, have occurred in large zones in some of the studied taxa. Due to the frequent occurrence and large size of indels within this tribe, intergene length varies from 531 to 788 base pairs within the studied species. This situation poses gap coding problems that we had to tackle before phylogenetic analysis. Four methods of gap coding were used: elimination of gapped sites ('complete omission'), 'missing data', 'fifth base' and Barriel's coding method, which translates indels into new multistate characters in the data matrix. After application of these four methods of data treatment, phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony) did not lead to very different results. Three robust clades emerged in each case, corresponding to the Centranthinae subtribe (genus Centranthus), the Fediinae subtribe (genera Fedia and Valerianella), and the American species of Valeriana. The theoretical basis and biological significance of these four methods are discussed in order to apply the best ones in future studies.

Base Pairing↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of pesticide residues on museum objects repatriated to the Hupa tribe of California.

In the past, it was common practice for museum professionals and private collectors to apply a variety of pesticide agents to objects in their collections to preserve them from depredations by microorganisms, fungi, and other pests. The Native American Graves Repatriation and Protection Act allows federally recognized tribes to request that museums return objects taken from their ancestors. Given that poor records were kept on the treatment of individual objects, it is unknown whether specific objects are contaminated with these pesticide agents. Although chemical analysis represents the only reliable means to determine the types and levels of pesticides on these objects, surprisingly few publications document the extent of this contamination in museum collections. This paper reports on the determination of arsenic, mercury, and several organic pesticides on 17 objects that were recently repatriated to the Hupa tribe in northern California. Four samples were taken from each object: two for arsenic and mercury analysis via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and two for organic pesticide analysis via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Percent levels (wt/wt) of mercury were detected on many samples, and 0.001 to 0.183% (wt/wt) levels of p-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, thymol, lindane, and/or DDT were detected on many of the samples. These results indicate that Hupa tribal members should not wear these objects in religious ceremonies, proper precautions should be followed when dealing with potentially contaminated objects, and that more serious consideration should be given to this issue at a national level.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2002

A cladistic analysis of the tribe Labiostrongylinea Beveridge, 1983 (Nematoda: Cloacinidae) parasitic in macropodoid marsupials (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea), with a redescription of Parazoniolaimus collaris Johnston & Mawson, 1939.

Morphological characters of both adult and juvenile representatives of the genera comprising the Labiostrongylinea (Strongylida: Cloacinidae: Cloacininae) were examined to prepare an amended description of Paralabiostrongylus bicollaris, a redescription of Parazoniolaimus collaris and a cladistic analysis of the tribe. A cluster of Wallabinema spp., with a fleshy collar on which amphids and deirids are borne, was used as the outgroup for the analysis. The 50% consensus tree, bootstrapped through 1000 replicates, derived from the cladistic analysis had a basal polytomy of Dorcopsinema and Paralabiostrongylus; and a crown polytomy of Labiosimplex, Labiomultiplex, Parazoniolaimus, Labiostrongylus and Potorostrongylus. This analysis provided reasonable evidence for considering all 7 clades as being of generic status and amended diagnoses were prepared. The morphology of the cephalic end of fourth stage juveniles, cephalic papillae and amphids lying posterior to the lips, gave support to the contentions that a fleshy collar is a plesiomorphic character and that Dorcopsinema is the most primitive genus within the group. There was, however, insufficient support from morphological data to provide a robust resolution of generic relationships. Host and biogeographical data were indicative of Paralabiostrongylus and Labiosimplex having been derived from ancestral Dorcopsinema, then Labiostrongylus, Labiomultiplex and Parazoniolaimus derived from ancestral Labiosimplex, and Potorostrongylus from ancestral Labiomultiplex. Additional data, derived from molecular sequencing, is needed to help resolve the relationships within the tribe.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A novel HLA-A24 (A*2420) allele identified in the Atayal tribe of Taiwan.

The Taiwan indigenous population groups are classified into different tribes according their linguistic classification and cultural anthropology. One of the tribes, the Atayal, showed a high frequency of A24 alleles by SSOP analysis. High-resolution sequencing based typing identified a A*2402 variant "A*2420" which was found in 6 unrelated individuals. High-resolution typing is required to identify HLA polymorphism in the Taiwanese minority groups.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

New DR5 sequences: a novel DRB1*11122 allele identified in Paiwan tribe members of Taiwan and a corrected sequence for the DRB1*1201 allele.

We report herein the identification of a new DRB1 allele using sequence-based typing (SBT). This novel allele, HLA-DRB1*11122, was found in an aboriginal individual (SWP71) from the Paiwan tribe in the southern part of Taiwan. This individual was typed by SBT method as having an HLA genotype of HLA-A*24021/24021, HLA-B*4001/4002, HLA-DRB1*11122/15011, HLA-DRB3*0202, and HLA-DRB5*01011. This new allele differs from DRB1*1112 in the polymorphic exon 2 only at codon 34 (CAA-->CAG; both specify glutamine) and from DRB1*1110 in the exon 2 sequence only at codon 32 (CAT-->TAT; H32T). The most likely candidate allele which is found in the aboriginal populations of Taiwan and which may mutate into this new allele is DRB1*11011. DRB1*11122 allele differs from DRB1*11011 allele in the polymorphic exon 2 at both codon 34 (CAA-->CAG) and codon 37 (TAC-->TTC; T37F). This novel HLA-DRB1*11122 allele was also found in another aboriginal individual (SWP90) from the same Paiwan tribe. This SWP90 individual was typed by SBT method as having an HLA genotype of HLA-A*24021/24021, HLA-B*4002/5502, HLA-DRB1*11122/1201, and HLA-DRB3*01011/0202. However, the original DRB1*1201 sequence from HERLUFF was found to be erroneously reported and the corrected sequence from SWP90 is now presented herein.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

Unusual HLA-B alleles in two tribes of Brazilian Indians.

The Kaingang and Guarani are culturally and linguistically distinct tribes of southern Brazil. Like all Amerindian groups they show limited HLA polymorphism, which probably reflects the small founder populations that colonized America by overland migration from Asia 11,000-40,000 years ago. We find the nucleotide sequences of HLA-B alleles from the Kaingang and Guarani to be distinct from those characterized in caucasian, oriental and other populations. By comparison, the HLA-A and C alleles are familiar. These results and those reported in the accompanying paper on the Waorani of Ecuador reveal that a marked evolution of HLA-B has occurred since humans first entered South America. New alleles have been formed through recombination between pre-existing alleles, not by point mutation, giving rise to distinctive diversification of HLA-B in different South American Indian tribes.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

Extensive mitochondrial diversity within a single Amerindian tribe.

Sequencing of a 360-nucleotide segment of the mitochondrial control region for 63 individuals from an Amerindian tribe, the Nuu-Chah-Nulth of the Pacific Northwest, revealed the existence of 28 lineages defined by 26 variable positions. This represents a substantial level of mitochondrial diversity for a small local population. Furthermore, the sequence diversity among these Nuu-Chah-Nulth lineages is greater than 60% of the mitochondrial sequence diversity observed in major ethnic groups such as Japanese or sub-Saharan Africans. It was also observed that the majority of the mitochondrial lineages of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth fell into phylogenetic clusters. The magnitude of the sequence difference between the lineage clusters suggests that their origin predates the entry of humans into the Americas. Since a single Amerindian tribe can contain such extensive molecular diversity, it is unnecessary to presume that substantial genetic bottlenecks occurred during the formation of contemporary ethnic groups. In particular, these data do not support the concept of a dramatic founder effect during the peopling of the Americas.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Bacteraemia due to tribe Proteeae: a review of 132 cases during a decade (1991-2000).

To characterize the clinical features of bacteraemia due to tribe Proteeae, 132 cases among 130 patients from 1991 to 2000 were analysed. The organisms included the Proteus species in 63 cases (P. mirabilis in 41, P. penneri in 2 and P. vulgaris in 20), the Providencia species in 8 (P. rettgeri in 3 and P. stuartii 5) and Morganella morganii in 61. Morganella bacteraemia occurred more frequently in the hospital (70.5%). Biliary and hepatic diseases were predominant in cases with Morganella bacteraemia while cardiovascular, urological and neurological diseases were more common in cases with Proteus bacteraemia. Biliary drainage catheters had more frequently been placed in cases with Morganella bacteraemia (39.3%, p < 0.001), and urinary catheters more frequently in cases with Proteus bacteraemia (17.5%). Biliary infection was most common in cases with Morganella bacteraemia (49.2%), while urinary tract infection (UTI) was most common in cases with Proteus bacteraemia (47.6%). Mortality directly related to bacteraemia due to tribe Proteeae was 20.8% (22.6, 50.0 and 15.0% for Proteus, Providencia and Morganella bacteraemia, respectively). In conclusion, Morganella bacteraemia was most frequently associated with biliary infection, while Proteus bacteraemia was most frequently with UTI. Providencia bacteraemia was relatively uncommon and it can be associated with infections other than UTI.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Serum and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in six Amerindian tribes.

Data are presented on red cell and serum enzyme types in six Amerindian tribes in Central and South America of whom the Siriono, Chipaya and Jicaque are markedly inbred. The data obtained in three systems (AcP, PGM, 6PGD) show aberrant phenotype and gene frequencies in these three tribes by comparison with other Amerindian populations. Uniformity of the results was observed in the following red cell enzymes: AK, G6PD, PGM2, ADA and LDH.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Protein families and TRIBES in genome sequence space.

Accurate detection of protein families allows assignment of protein function and the analysis of functional diversity in complete genomes. Recently, we presented a novel algorithm called TribeMCL for the detection of protein families that is both accurate and efficient. This method allows family analysis to be carried out on a very large scale. Using TribeMCL, we have generated a resource called TRIBES that contains protein family information, comprising annotations, protein sequence alignments and phylogenetic distributions describing 311 257 proteins from 83 completely sequenced genomes. The analysis of at least 60 934 detected protein families reveals that, with the essential families excluded, paralogy levels are similar between prokaryotes, irrespective of genome size. The number of essential families is estimated to be between 366 and 426. We also show that the currently known space of protein families is scale free and discuss the implications of this distribution. In addition, we show that smaller families are often formed by shorter proteins and discuss the reasons for this intriguing pattern. Finally, we analyse the functional diversity of protein families in entire genome sequences. The TRIBES protein family resource is accessible at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/research/cgg/tribes/.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Arthritis and HLA-B27 in native North American tribes.

Whereas it is clear that HLA-B27 is increased in many North American natives, the prevalence varies a great deal. There is still a paucity of data on a large number of tribes. There is, however, a suggestion that HLA-B27 positive prevalence follows cultural/linguistic groupings. Reactive arthritis, sacroiliitis, and ankylosing spondylitis also appear to be increased in these people, but their relationship to HLA-B27 and possibly additional genetic predisposing factors is far from clear. Given these data and the known association of infectious agents, more extensive studies are warranted, especially in those tribes with a large enough population to achieve statistical significance.

Arthritis↗
PubMed2005

Chromosome triplication found across the tribe Brassiceae.

We have used an approximately 8.7-Mb BAC contig of Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome 4 to trace homeologous chromosome regions in 21 species of the family Brassicaceae. Homeologs of this segment could be identified in all tested species. Painting of pachytene chromosomes of Calepina, Conringia, and Sisymbrium species (2n = 14, 16), traditionally placed in tribe Brassiceae, showed one homeologous copy of the Arabidopsis contig, while the remaining taxa of the tribe (2n = 14-30) revealed three, and three Brassica species (2n = 34, 36, and 38) and Erucastrum gallicum (2n = 30) had six copies corresponding to the 8.7-Mb segment. The multiple homeologous copies corresponded structurally to the Arabidopsis segment or were rearranged by inversions and translocations within the diploidized genomes. These chromosome rearrangements accompanied by chromosome fusions/fissions led to the present-day chromosome number variation within the Brassiceae. Phylogenetic relationships based on the chloroplast 5'-trnL (UAA)-trnF(GAA) region and estimated divergence times based on sequence data of the chalcone synthase gene are congruent with comparative painting data and place Calepina, Conringia, and Sisymbrium outside the clade of Brassiceae species with triplicated genomes. Most likely, species containing three or six copy pairs descended from a common hexaploid ancestor with basic genomes similar to that of Arabidopsis. The presumed hexaploidization event occurred after the Arabidopsis-Brassiceae split, between 7.9 and 14.6 Mya.

Arabidopsis↗