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143 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effects of long-term treatment with anthranoids and sodium picosulphate on the contents of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and substance P in the rat colon.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of chronic treatment and a single high-dose application of anthranoids and sodium picosulphate on the neuropeptide content of the rat colon. DESIGN AND METHODS: Over a 6-month period, eight groups of rats were each given one of the following: sennosides or sodium picosulphate in low daily doses (10 and 2.5 mg/kg/day, respectively), in high daily doses (40 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively), and in high twice-weekly doses (30 and 7.5 mg/kg/day, respectively); high daily doses of danthron (500 mg/kg/day); and vehicle (tragacanth 0.5%) only. Four further groups of rats each received a single dose of vehicle or a high dose of one of the three laxatives. All rats were killed 48 h after the last dose. The ascending and descending colon were removed and separated into mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, and substance P were extracted by boiling and homogenizing the tissue in acetic acid, and their levels were determined using validated radioimmunoassays. RESULTS: After long-term treatment with high doses of sennosides and danthron, but not after a single high-dose administration, there was a significant reduction in mucosal levels of VIP and somatostatin and in submucosal levels of somatostatin of both colonic segments, as well as in the level of VIP in the muscularis externa of the descending colon. Substance P levels remained unaffected. Sodium picosulphate had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic treatment with anthranoids in high doses, but not with sodium picosulphate, reduces VIP and somatostatin levels in the rat colon. This may represent damage to the enteric nervous tissue or a pharmacological effect of the anthranoids, causing decreased synthesis or increased breakdown of these peptides.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Histometrical studies on induced paw inflammation by carrageenan and Freund's complete adjuvant in rats].

A group of male Wistar rats (strain AF/HAN) received carrageenin in a tragacanth suspension and saline solution by subplantar injection into the right and left hind paws, respectively. Another group was treated similarly with Mycobacterium butyricum in Freund's adjuvant given in the right hind paw while the left paw served as control. The experiments ran for 20 days. The paw volume was measured plethysmometrically and general histological examination was carried out on samples of the dorsal paw epidermis and dermis. The mast cell count and thickness of epidermis were also determined. Epidermal and dermal changes developed in distinct stages following carrageenin or adjuvant treatment. During the acute phase (from 0 to 12 h post-treatment) the paw volume as well as the thickness of the epidermis increased while the dermal mast cell count decreased. Furthermore, hyperemia, edema and leukocytic infiltration of the connective tissue was observed. Eosinophilia and focal necrosis appeared only in the adjuvant treated animals. In the subacute phase (from 1 to 3 days post-treatment) paw swelling and epidermal hyperplasia recessed slightly in the carrageenin treated group. On the other hand, paw volume of the adjuvant treated animals continued to rise. These changes were accompanied by proliferative and degenerative processes of the connective tissue (fibroplasia, histiolymphocytic infiltration, focal necrosis). A chronic phase of inflammation (from 4 to 20 days post-treatment) developed only in the adjuvant treated group. Epidermal hyperplasia reappeared and the paw volume increased significantly (secondary reaction). Also granulomatous chronic inflammation and foreign-body giant cells proliferated in the connective tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Antioxidant activity of melatonin in mice.

Melatonin (in gum tragacanth as solvent) was administered to mice in the dose range of 100 to 450 mg/kg intraperitoneally. It prevented the increase in plasma glucose resulting from pancreatic toxicity caused by the intravenous administration of alloxan at 40 mg/kg. This action of melatonin was significant and dose-dependent. In parallel work using mouse brain homogenates, melatonin and more so its principal hepatic metabolite, 6-hydroxymelatonin, inhibited the formation of colored products reacting with thiobarbituric acid. Again, this inhibition was significant and dose-dependent. Alloxan-induced diabetes and lipoperoxidation induced by thiobarbituric acid are imputed to the production of oxygen free radicals. The consistent results obtained using these two experimental models show the antioxidant activity of melatonin, both in vivo and in vitro. This effect may be reasonably attributed to the indole structure of the molecule.

Alloxan↗
PubMed1989

Suloctidil increases the rat brain cortex microvascular regeneration after a lesion.

A "cavity" lesion made by aspiration in the rat occipital cortex induces a parenchymal and a vascular reaction in its vicinity. The first was mainly characterized by cellular necrosis and gliosis, the second by an increase of the vascular network. In vehicle treated rats, a 50% significant increase of the vascular network was observed around the cavity 4 days after the lesion, in comparison to the uninjured contralateral cortex. The effects of a vasoactive substance, suloctidil, on the vascular reaction was studied in the brain cortex. A single oral dose of suloctidil (30 mg/kg; 2 hours before the sacrifice) gave the same effect as the vehicle group. After 8 days of suloctidil oral administration (30 mg/kg; twice daily: 4 days before lesion and 4 days after) a significant increase (123%) of the vascular network was observed around the cavity. The hypothetical ways by which a chronic treatment of suloctidil induces this increase of the neovascularization observed after cortical lesion are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Enhancement of lectin-erythrocyte agglutination by gums.

The erythroagglutinating activity of purified Vicia faba lectin was enhanced in the presence of gums; gum guar caused the highest enhancement. Circular dichroism probe demonstrated 40-57% beta-conformation and 4-23% alpha-conformation of the lectin at pH 7.2 depending upon the analytical methods used. The beta-conformations of untreated and modified V. faba lectins were increased in the presence of gums. The mixing of gum guar with lectin and with modified lectin, respectively, led to the highest values of beta-conformational change in the protein molecule, thereby increasing the number of receptor sites of the lectin molecule. The enhancement of the activity of V. faba lectin in the presence of gum guar might be due to the conformational change of the protein molecule.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antiviral activities of tragacanthin polysaccharides on Punta Toro virus infections in mice.

Tragacanthin polysaccharides from Astragalus brachycentrus (AV208) and Astragalus echidnaeformis (AV212) plants, which are devoid of in vitro antiviral activity, were evaluated in a mouse model of Punta Toro virus (PTV) infection. The PTV (a phlebovirus member of the Bunyaviridae family of viruses) is a model for studying the treatment of Rift Valley fever and hantavirus infections. Single intraperitoneal treatments with 12.5-200 mg/kg/day doses of AV212 given 24 h before or 4 and 24 h after virus inoculation protected the majority of mice from mortality. Single treatments with AV208 were ineffective when given 24 h before the virus challenge; however, protection was afforded when treatments were administered at 4 and 24 h following virus inoculation. In a follow-up study, AV208 treatments of 1.6-50 mg/kg/day given 24 h subsequent to virus exposure caused reductions in mortality, liver infection scores, liver and spleen virus titers, and serum transaminases. The polysaccharides did not activate lymphocytes or natural killer cells, nor was interferon induced in treated mice. However, mice pretreated with fumed silica (a macrophage poison) and infected with the PTV were not protected by subsequent administration of AV208 or AV212 at 50 mg/kg, providing evidence that activation of peritoneal macrophages by the polysaccharides affords protection to infected animals. These compounds should be considered for the potential treatment of significant human infections induced by bunyaviruses and hantaviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Study on the repeated oral administration method in infant rats].

The purpose of this study was to establish a new technique for repeated oral administration to infant rats. To determine the maximum volume which could be administered to infant rats the following amounts of the Chinese ink were given by metal gastric zonde for mice: 0.01, 0.04 and 0.08ml/g B. W. General conditions and the arrival distance of the Chinese ink in the gastro-intestinal tract were also observed in infant rats. The best way of administration to infant rats was decided as follows: infant rats were isolated from the dums for one hour before administration and held tenderly by their neck to sustain their mouth upward, then a metal gastric zonde for mice 2 cm long was inserted to their mouth and drug solution was injected slowly. From the observation of general conditions and pathological examination, the maximum volumes for single or repeated administration were considered to be 0.04ml/g B. W. and 0.01 ml/g B. W. respectively. Daily oral administration of 0.1ml/g B. W. of distilled water, 1% CMC solution or 1% tragacantha gum suspension for 44 days caused no effects in infant rats when administration was begun 4 days after birth. These results show that the new method for administration to infant rats is useful to evaluate the toxicity or pharmacological activity of drugs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on the gastrointestinal tract of rat.

Extract of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome (RNN) was used as anti-diarrheal agent to combat the diarrhea in experimental rats. The RNN extract in graded doses (100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body wt.) reduced not only the frequency of defecation, wetness of fecal dropping and PGE2 induced enteropooling but also the propulsive movements of charcoal meal significantly.

Administration, Oral↗