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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Estimation of origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-fractionated road dust in Tokyo with multivariate analysis.

This study aimed to estimate the origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-fractionated road dust in Tokyo. First, seven categories of PAHs sources were defined: diesel vehicle exhaust, gasoline vehicle exhaust, tire, pavement, asphalt or bitumen, petroleum products excluding tire and asphalt, and combustion products except for those in vehicle engines. The 189 source data of 12-PAHs profiles were classified into 11 groups based on cluster analysis combined with principal component analysis. Next, 18 road dust samples were collected from eight streets in Tokyo and fractionated into four different particle-size-fractions: 0.1-45, 45-106, 106-250, and 250-2000 microm. In order to estimate the contributions of the classified source groups (S1-S11) to PAHs in the road dust, multiple regression analysis was performed with 12-PAH profile of the road dust as dependent variable and average 12-PAHs profiles of the 11 source groups as 11 explanatory variables. Diesel vehicle exhaust, tire and pavement were the major contributors of PAHs in the fractionated road dust. Although the estimated contributions of the 11 source groups varied among the particle-size-fractions, there was no clear and consistent relationship between particle size and the major PAH contributor.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Changes in causes of visual handicaps in Tokyo.

Newly registered visually handicapped patients at the Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Center for the Physically and Mentally Handicapped were studied in 1968 (when the facility was opened), 1978, and 1988. Examinations were carried out by the same physicians and diagnoses were made by uniform criteria. Since approximately 10% of the total population of Japan lives in Tokyo, the statistics on the causes of visual handicaps in this area deserve to be reported. The changes observed over the past twenty years are as follows: There were few changes in the percentages of high myopia, retinal degeneration and senile cataract. The percentages of corneal opacity, retinopathy of prematurity, congenital cataract and optic atrophy decreased, while those of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal macular degeneration increased. Advances in medical treatment and the shift into an aging society in Japan are responsible for these changes observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Circadian variation in suicide attempts in Tokyo from 1978 to 1985.

Circadian variations in suicide attempts in Tokyo from 1978 to 1985 were analyzed on the basis of records of the Ambulance Service of Tokyo. A significant circadian variation in suicide attempts was demonstrated by the cosinor method, power spectrum analysis (by the maximum-entropy method), and analysis of variance. The peak time for suicide attempts was established by cosinor analysis as about 1800 hours (6:00 P.M.). The circadian variation in suicide attempts seemed to be associated with endogenous rhythms such as mood, as well as with daily variation in social activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Prevalence of Rett syndrome in Tokyo].

Prevalence of Rett syndrome (RS) was studied in Tokyo. Based on the experience of our pilot study, we chose schools to identify the cases. We visited forty-four schools for mentally/physically handicapped children. The population of girls aged 6-14 years in the area was 598,000 and the number of girls examined at the schools was 1,311. We identified 24 cases with "classical" RS and 6 cases with "variant" RS. About one-third of the cases had not been diagnosed properly. The prevalence of RS was 0.50/10,000 girls age 6-14 years in metropolitan Tokyo, 1 April, 1988, including variants. The rate showed no statistical difference compared to those reported from European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Epidemiological study of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome related virus infection among urban rats in two islands in Tokyo Bay, Japan.

A seroepidemiological survey of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus infection in 403 urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured on two different islands in Tokyo Bay was carried out using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test with the SR-11 strain of HFRS virus. Antibody positive sera were detected in 99 out of 355 (27.9%) rats from the island with reclaimed ground area, but none were detected in 48 rats from the other islands. IFA titers of the positive sera varied from 16 to 4,096 (mostly 128) with a peak at 1 : 128, and antibody positive ratios were significantly higher in the small rats (less than 50 g, probably of younger age) than in the large ones. A causative agent antigenically related to HFRS virus was isolated from lung tissue of seropositive rat using Vero-E6 cells. These results revealed the existence of HFRS related virus among urban rats in the coast of Tokyo Bay, Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Recent trends in different histological types of lung cancer in Tokyo based on pathological autopsy records.

The recently increasing trend of lung cancer mortality in Japan was qualitatively analyzed. As the percentages of cases undergoing pathological autopsies in Tokyo were thirty for males and twenty-six for females during the period from 1979 to 1983, the histologically classified death rates in Tokyo could be estimated by combining the reported cases of death from lung cancer with the proportion of these of known histological type. The results indicated an increase in adenocarcinoma, and a decrease in squamous-cell carcinoma, except for the older age-group of men. The latter result suggested that the results were affected by the decreasing proportion of smokers and by the improvement in cigarette quality. The increase in small-cell and large-cell carcinoma, and the decrease in undifferentiated carcinomas, could be explained by problems associated with differing diagnostic standards. However, when these three different types of carcinoma were considered as a single type, the death rate was shown to be increased except in younger age-groups of women.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in young men from Tokyo and New Orleans.

Comparisons of atherosclerotic lesions in 25- to 44-year-old men from Tokyo, Japan and New Orleans, Louisiana, by age and cause of death, show significantly more extensive involvement with raised lesions in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta of black and white men from New Orleans than in men from Tokyo. New Orleans white men have approximately 3-fold the raised lesion intimal surface involvement of their Japanese counterparts in both the aorta and coronary arteries. These findings suggest the need for more extensive and detailed comparisons of atherosclerotic lesions to provide the background information necessary for effective preventive efforts in these two industrialized, technically advanced societies.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Skin test and radioallergosorbent test with extracts of larval and adult midges of Tokunagayusurika akamusi Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae) in asthmatic patients of the metropolitan area of Tokyo.

Prick test and radioallergosorbent test to extracts of larval and adult midges, Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) were done in randomly selected asthmatic patients in the metropolitan area of Tokyo, Japan. Thirty-eight percent of 303 asthmatic patients were prick-test positive to either larval or adult midges, and 32.4% of 105 asthmatic patients were positive to either extracts by RAST, while only one out of 20 normal individuals was positive to RAST. These positive rates in the asthmatic patients were the second to the positive rates of prick test and RAST using mite antigen. Antigens from midges seem to be the second important allergens in the metropolitan area of Tokyo.

Asthma↗
PubMed1985

Multiple primary cancers in autopsy cases of Tokyo University Hospital (1883-1982) and in Japan Autopsy Annuals (1974-1982).

Multiple primary cancers in 30,386 consecutive autopsy cases from 1883 to 1982 in Tokyo University Hospital and 273,796 registered autopsy cases from 1974 to 1982 in Japan were examined. The frequency of multiple primary cancers among all cancers at Tokyo University Hospital was less than 0.5% until 1940. From 1960, it gradually increased, reaching 6.9% (1970-1982). The average age of patients with a single cancer was around 45 years until 1960. Thereafter, it became high, averaging 54.2 years in 1970-1982. The average age of patients with two and three or more primaries in 1970-1982 was 62.1 and 68.5, respectively. As the autopsy rate of cancers in Japan is 11.1% in 1974-1982, the statistics from the Autopsy Registry are highly representative of those in Japan. The frequency of multiple primaries was 5.5% in the Registry and increased year by year (3.6% in 1974 to 7.1% in 1982). The average age of patients with one, two and three or more primaries was 58.9, 66.7 and 69.8. In these two series, the older the patients, the larger was the number of primaries. In multiple cancers, the frequent combination consisted of the stomach, lung, colon, liver, prostate and thyroid. The stomach, lung, colon and liver were frequent primary sites when they occurred singly. The thyroid and prostate were frequent primary sites found at autopsy. Senescence of the Japanese population is suggested as one of the factors for an increase of multiple primaries in the last 20 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Annual trends in incidence of congenital anomalies in Tokyo metropolitan hospitals].

Annual incidence rates of selected congenital anomalies were calculated between January 1979 and December 1992 among all births in Tokyo metropolitan hospitals. Congenital anomalies were observed in 1989 infants, or about 1.5% of the 132,091 births. The characteristics of the study population were identical to that for the total births in Tokyo. Incidence rates showed practically no secular changes, indicating stationary trends during the 14 years monitored.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Changing population structure and commuting situation in Tokyo Megalopolis: a municipality-based analysis.

Census data was analyzed for 20 municipalities along the Tohoku Line in Tokyo Megalopolis to elucidate the changes in the population structure and the commuting situation in the last two decades. The major findings were: (1) the changing pattern of population structure markedly varied among the municipalities, and (2) the long-distance commuting workers have increased particularly among those 50 km or more from central Tokyo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Development of quality of life questionnaire for patients with colorectal cancer in surgical area--a study of reliability and validity of Tokyo Yamabuki Forum Version].

We developed a new questionnaire in the surgical area based on a core quality of life (QOL) questionnaire for patients with gastrointestinal cancer. In this study, we investigated the validity and reliability of a QOL questionnaire (Tokyo Yamabuki Forum Version) for patients with colorectal cancer. The questionnaire was composed of 17 items including 5 scales (basic sensory scale, psychological scale, physiological scale, defection-related scale and active scale) and a face scale as an global scale. The time needed to answer questionnaires was expected to be around 7 minutes and the questionnaires should basically be answered by the patients themselves everyday in the hospital. The study was performed in 10 hospitals in the Tokyo area, and 394 samples collected from 21 patients with rectal and colonic cancers were analyzed. A number of respondents failed to answer the question "Do you feel your foods tasty?", so we judged this item inappropriate and deleted it from the analysis. Fifteen items, including 5 scales showed satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity in correlation and factor analyses. Performance status showed a low correlation between each item, each scale and the global scale, while SDS and STAI showed an inordinately negative correlation with the fundamental and physical scales. Especially, SDS revealed an extremely close correlation with the active scale, and STAI showed an excessive correlation with the psychological scale. In the time course of QOL under chemotherapy, reductions (aggravations) were observed in both the total score of 15 items and global scale within one week postoperatively, but after that recovered to preoperative levels at 2 weeks postoperatively. A tendency to QOL improvement was observed 2 weeks after starting chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy. QOL of 13 patients was measured over 3 months, and the longest term was 8 months. The results suggested that this QOL questionnaire has sufficient reliability and validity to be usable for patients with colorectal cancer in the surgical area and that this model is applicable for long-term QOL surveys and frequent measurement.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Changes in knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitudes for PWA in Tokyo: 1992-1995].

In order to assess changes in knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitude for People With HIV/AIDS (PWA), interview surveys (Dec. 1992, Jan. 1994, Jan. 1995) were carried out annually on random samples of the general public in Tokyo, age between 15-69 years. In total, 4,270 individuals were sampled, with an average response rate of 63.2%. Answers were scored and classified in 12 sex and age sub-groups. Additionally, correlations between scores of questions and social indices were analyzed. The results of the study are as follows: 1) The 15-19, 20-29 and 30-39 age groups showed higher scores on knowledge about HIV transmission modes. During the entire study period, the score increased in 7 groups, but decreased in 5 groups. 2) The 30-39 and 40-49 age groups showed higher scores on knowledge about HIV antibody test. During the period, the score increased in 11 groups, and among them 6 groups showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases. However, the score decreased in 9 groups at the third survey. 3) The 15-19, 20-29 and 30-39 age groups showed higher scores on acceptable attitudes for PWA. During the period, the score increased in all groups, and among them 3 groups showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases. 4) Rank correlations between two scores-knowledge quantity about the transmission modes and acceptable attitudes for PWA-were positive (0.2 < R) and statistically significant (p < 0.05) in 11 groups at the first survey, 9 groups at the second, and 6 groups at the third. 5) During the entire study period, 6 groups showed positive correlations (0.7 < R) between two changes: (1) score of knowledge about the transmission modes and (2) score of acceptable attitudes. 6) During the entire study period, 10 groups showed positive correlations (0.7 < R) between two changes: (1) score of acceptable attitudes and (2) number of newspaper articles regarding acceptance or discrimination of the PWA. 7) Knowledge about HIV/AIDS in the general public in Tokyo showed increase in younger generation, but there is concern of decrease in the older generation. These result indicate that acceptable attitude forward PWA are affected by related knowledge about the transmission modes and mass-media information, and must be considered in HIV/AIDS programs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

[An epidemiological survey of sudden infant death syndrome in Tokyo].

OBJECTIVE: A complete autopsy is essential for an accurate diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), whereas the autopsy rate is low in Japan. This study investigated the incidence of SIDS in Tokyo, where the autopsy rate for SIDS was the highest in Japan. METHODS: We selected death certificates of infants aged less than 2 years during 1990 to 1992 in Tokyo, whose cause of death was suspected to be SIDS, and classified those possibilities of SIDS according to death descriptions. RESULTS: The incidences of SIDS by strict definition and broad definition were 0.23 and 0.32 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Not a few death certificates described causes of death and death scene at some length. If including cases of suspected SIDS, the incidence came to 0.61 per 1,000 live births. The mortality risk of SIDS was significantly higher in infants with male gender and households classified by employment status as "other". Because the medical examiner system functioned only in the central urban area, most SIDS cases were diagnosed at autopsies in the urban area, whereas few cases were autopsied in the surrounding area. Compared to the urban area, the incidence of SIDS was significantly lower in the surrounding areas with low autopsy rates and with many death certificates of ambiguous death description. CONCLUSIONS: Ambiguous description of the death scene and low autopsy rate may cause under-diagnosis of SIDS. Establishment of a nationwide medicolegal autopsy system and examination of the death scene is necessary to diagnose SIDS accurately.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of a low-dose intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (Tokyo strain) therapy for superficial bladder cancer.

To examine whether intravesical instillation of low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is effective with low toxicity, we reviewed data for 111 patients with superficial bladder cancer (stages Ta and T1). Among them, 74 received the BCG treatment for prophylaxis of intravesical recurrence after transurethral resection, and the remaining 37 therapeutically for Ta or T1 tumours. The patients were divided into two groups by instillation dose of BCG (Tokyo 172 strain): 40 mg (n = 55) and 80 mg (n = 56), and statistically compared for recurrence, antitumour effect and toxicity. The mean instillations were done 8.4 times in the 40 mg dose group and 8.6 times in the 80 mg dose group. Among the 74 patients with BCG therapy for prophylaxis those with a previous episode of bladder cancer treatment (n = 47) experienced a significantly (p = 0.006) shorter recurrence-free interval than those with no episode (n = 27). Among 47 patients with a previous treatment episode, those receiving the 80 mg dose demonstrated a significantly longer recurrence-free interval than those given the 40 mg dose (p = 0.03). Among the 27 patients without previous treatment no significant difference in recurrence-free intervals was found between the two dose groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox's proportional hazards model confirmed the above findings. The recurrence index was also significantly reduced after BCG therapy in the 80 mg and 40 mg groups and similar antitumour effects for Ta or T1 tumours were observed in the two dose groups. The degree of toxicity due to BCG therapy was significantly (p = 0.02) lower with the 40 mg dose. The present study suggests that (1) a 40 mg BCG low-dose (Tokyo 172 strain) regimen is useful for preventing recurrence, with sufficient therapeutic efficacy and low frequency of toxicity, among patients without a previous treatment, and (2) prophylactic effects with the 80 mg dose regimen are much superior for previous treatment cases.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Infection with hepatitis B virus genotype A in Tokyo, Japan during 1976 through 2001.

BACKGROUND: Because genotype A of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not indigenous, there have been only few data on infection with it in Japan. METHODS: We examined clinical and virological features of the 66 Japanese patients who admitted Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between 1976 and 2001, who were found to have HBV/A infection. HBV genotype A was classified into subtype A (European type) and A' (South African type) by phylogenetic analysis of the preS1 and preS2 regions, and the S gene sequences. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients infected with HBV/A, 14 (21%) were asymptomatic carriers, 26 (39%) presented with acute hepatitis, 22 (33%) with chronic hepatitis, and 4 (6%) with liver cirrhosis. HBV/A infection persisted for more than 6 months in 5 of the 26 (19%) patients with acute hepatitis. The frequency of acute hepatitis in patients infected with HBV/A was higher after than before 1991 (2/22 [9%] vs 24/44 [55%]; P < 0.0001). The frequency of nucleotide 1858 of T was higher in asymptomatic carriers than in patients with acute hepatitis in whom infection was resolved (5/14 [36%] vs 0/21 [0%]; P = 0.008). Of the 57 patients for whom subtypes of genotype A were determined, subtype A was identified in 53 (93%) and subtype A' in only 4 (7%). All patients infected with subtype A' were persistently infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS: HBV/A infection has become more frequent during recent years, predominantly presenting as acute hepatitis, and subtype A' is uncommon in the Tokyo metropolitan area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relationship of PCDD/F and Co-PCB concentrations in breast milk with infant birthweights in Tokyo, Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To observe how PCDD/F and Co-PCB concentrations in breast milk relate to infant birthweights in Tokyo, Japan. STUDY DESIGN: Breast milk samples were collected from 240 mothers (aged 25-34years old) residing in Tokyo to measure the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs; 14 congeners), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs; 15 congeners), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs; 12 congeners) in the breast milk fat. Individual milk samples (about 50ml) were obtained 30days after delivery, between the months of June and September in 1999 and 2000. The relationship of the infant birthweights with the PCDD/F and Co-PCB concentrations was observed. RESULTS: The birthweights were negatively correlated the concentrations of many of the PCDD/F and Co-PCB congeners, with the mean toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) of the Co-PCBs, and with the sum of the PCDD, PCDF and Co-PCBs, although their correlation coefficients were less than 0.200. Multiple regression analysis showed octachlorodioxin was statistically significant explanatory variate. CONCLUSIONS: There were slight relationship between the dioxins levels of breast milk and the birthweights of the infants.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Congener profiles of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the breast milk samples in Tokyo, Japan.

Exposure to dioxins has raised much public concern recently. We determined the congeners' distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the breast milk samples collected in Tokyo, Japan. Breast milk was taken from 240 mothers, 30 days after delivery in 1999 and 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. The actual concentration and TEQ concentration of PCDDs (14 congeners), PCDFs (15 congeners), and dl-PCBs (12 congeners), and each congener's contribution to the total TEQ level were calculated. Among all the samples, PCDDs accounted for 34.8%, PCDFs accounted for 23.5%, dl-PCBs accounted for 41.7%, which was also similar in the breast milk from the primiparae and secundiparae. The main contributors to the total TEQ with increasing percentages were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 3,3',4,4',5-PCB (#126), and they accounted for more than 65% of the total TEQ. Detailed congener analysis in breast milk samples is effective to understand dioxin sources.

Benzofurans↗