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PubMed2000

Growth suppression of human transformed cells by treatment with bark extracts from a medicinal plant, Terminalia arjuna.

We have investigated the effects of acetone and methanol extracts of a medicinal plant, Terminalia arjuna, on the growth of human normal fibroblasts (WI-38), osteosarcoma (U2OS), and glioblastoma (U251) cells in vitro. We found that both extracts at 30 microg and 60 microg/ml concentrations inhibit the growth of transformed cells; the growth of normal cells was least affected. Although the transformed cells appeared to have fragmented nucleus by Hoechst staining, no deoxy-ribonucleic acid laddering effect was observed. In response to the extract treatment, the tumor suppressor protein, p53, was induced in U2OS but not in U251 and WI-38 cells. A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1, was induced in transformed cells only. The study suggests that the bark extract of medicinal plant, T. arjuna, has components that can induce growth arrest of transformed cells by p53-dependent and -independent pathways.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2000

Sensilla on the terminalia of Lutzomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies.

Sensilla on the male terminalia of four different species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are described. Two species belonged to the same species complex: Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) and L. cruzi (Mangabeira). Other Brazilian species complex was represented by L. lenti (Mangabeira) and L. carmelinoi (Ryan, Fraiha, Lainson & Shaw). Approximately 5-15 sensilla were found on the initial part of the styles of all species. Structurally, the sensory organs were similar to small coeloconica sensilla. Their number varied both individually and interspecifically. These sensilla may play an important role in the copulation behavior of these species of sand flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sexually dimorphic neurons in the terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster: I. Development of sensory neurons in the genital disc during metamorphosis.

The adult terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster males and females are sexually dimorphic. The sensory neurons that innervate the sex-specific bristles of the analia and genitalia arise within the genital disc during metamorphosis. Using antibodies that recognize peripheral neurons, I have followed the development of neurons in the female genital, the male genital and the shared anal primordium. Neurons form only in the expressed genital and anal primordium at the onset of the white prepupal stage. Two basic types of neurons differentiate in the genital disc; exteroreceptors that innervate the external bristles and enteroreceptors that innervate the internal reproductive organs. Within the genital disc, each structure has a sex-specific time during pupation when its neurons differentiate even when neurons are derived from homologous primordia. The data suggest that the sexually dimorphic arrangement of sensory neurons is a product of sex-specific neurogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Antimutagenic potential of extracts isolated from Terminalia arjuna.

Terminalia arjuna is an important medicinal plants widely used in the preparation of Ayurvedic formulations used against several ailments. The present investigation was aimed at the fractionation of crude extracts from the bark of T. arjuna in order to isolate and purify the antimutagenic factors present. The antimutagenicity assay was performed to check the modulatory effect of these fractions against NPD, sodium azide, and 2AF, using the Ames Salmonella his+ reversion assay. Most of the phenolic fractions exhibited mutagen specificity against direct-acting mutagens, being effective in suppressing the frameshift mutagen NPD but failing to inhibit sodium azide (base pair substitution)-induced his+ revertants. ET-1 fraction triterpenoid diglycoside showed a marked effect against sodium azide but was ineffective against NPD. In the case of the indirect-acting mutagen 2AF, all the fractions were found to be quite potent in modulating its mutagenicity in both TA98 and TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The results indicate that the bark of T. arjuna harbors constituents with promising antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic potential that should be investigated further.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of the tannins of Terminalia catappa L.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) react with biological molecules and destroy the structure of cells and eventually cause free radical-induced disease such as inflammation and cancer. Previous studies showed that an aqueus extract of Terminalia catappa L. exhibited superoxide radical scavenger activity and modification of mitomycin C-induced clasto-genicity. In order to investigate the multiple antioxidant effect of the tannin components of T. catappa L., their ability to prevent lipid peroxidation, superoxide formation and their free radical scavenging activity were evaluated. The results indicated that all of these components showed potent antioxidant activity. Punicalagin and punicalin were the most abundant components and had the strongest anti-oxidative effects of this group of tannins.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1992

Antimutagenic activity of Terminalia chebula (myroblan) in Salmonella typhimurium.

Antimutagenicity of water and chloroform extracts of dried myroblan Terminalia chebula was determined against two direct acting mutagens, sodium azide and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in strains TA100 and TA1535, and TA97a and TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium respectively and S9-dependent mutagen 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in TA97a, TA98 and TA100 strains. Water extract reduced NPD as well as 2-AF induced his+ revertants significantly but did not have any perceptible effect against sodium azide included his+ revertants in TA100 and TA1535 strains of S. typhimurium. The pre-incubation studies, where the extract was incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min with the said mutagen prior to plating, enhanced the inhibitory effect. Autoclaving the water extract reduced the inhibitory effect but the reduction in the effect was not significant. No inhibitory effect was observed in any of the strains and against any of the test mutagens with chloroform extract.

Chloroform↗
PubMed2001

Experimental infection of almond trees seedlings (Terminalia catappa) with an environmental isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype C.

Recently, our laboratory reported the isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype C for the first time from almond trees (Terminalia catappa) detritus. The aim of the present study was to establish the survival of C. neoformans in almond trees seedlings. Thirty seedlings were infected in the stems and samples were taken and processed at different times and by different techniques. No morphological alterations (macro or microscopic) were observed in the infected plants. However, C. neoformans was found to be viable for at least 100 days after infection. These data constitute our first approach towards the understanding of the yeast interactions with a host-plant.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Biometrical variations in haematophagous arthropods. II. DV/D ratio of male terminalia of wild Culex quinquefasciatus SAY (Diptera: Culicidae) in India.

The DV/D ratio of male terminalia is considered as most reliable morphometric feature to distinguish Culex pipiens from Cx. quinquefasciatus. In India although only Cx. quinquefasciatus is known both in the filariasis (Bancroftian) endemic and non-endemic areas, there has been no study on the amounts of morphometric variation among wild strains of this species. This paper reports variation in the DV/D ratio of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected from 7 localities of Delhi (D), Lucknow (L), Patna (P), Varanasi (V), Rajahmundry (R), Jabua (J) and Alleppey (A) between June and October 1986. The mean value of DV/D ratio in all the strains varied from 0.78 to 0.99 with overall mean of 0.89. The range of the ratios was 0.30 to 1.88. There were 1.28 per cent specimens (9 out of 700) with ratio below 0.50 and the rest 98.72 per cent with ratio 0.50 and above. The DV/D ratio of 0.50 should therefore be accepted as lower limit for Cx. quinquefasciatus instead of the earlier established value of 0.40. The coefficient of variation (CV) among the 7 strains indicates the following progression of variability in the DV/D ratio from most stable to most variable strain: L greater than V greater than R greater than A greater than J greater than P greater than D. The range of mean CV values in different strains was very close with most stable L strain 19.19 and most variable D strain 25.92. The amounts of variation, as estimated by coefficient of variation, were found to be significantly different between the following strains: Delhi and Lucknow (P less than 0.01 at 198 df), Lucknow and Patna (P less than 0.05 at 198 df), and Delhi and Varanasi (P less than 0.05 at 198 df).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Antianginal and cardioprotective effects of Terminalia arjuna, an indigenous drug, in coronary artery disease.

The effect of bark powder of Terminalia arjuna, an indigenous drug, on anginal frequency, blood pressure, body mass index, blood sugar, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol was studied in 15 stable (Group A) and 5 unstable (Group B) angina patients before and 3 months after T. arjuna therapy. Tread mill test (TMT) and echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction was evaluated in some cases. There was 50% reduction in anginal episodes in Group A cases (P < 0.01). TMT performance improved from moderate to mild changes in 5 patients and one with mild changes became negative for ischemia. The time to the onset of angina and appearance of ST-T changes on TMT after T. arjuna was delayed significantly. However, in patients with unstable angina there was an insignificant reduction in anginal frequency. These patients also needed diltiazem, B-blockers and nitroglycerine in addition to T. arjuna. The drug lowered systolic blood pressure and body mass index to a significant level (p < 0.05) and increased HDL-cholesterol only slightly along with marginal improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in stable angina patients. There were no deleterious effects on liver or kidney functions. Our results suggest that monotherapy with T. arjuna is fairly effective in patients with symptoms of stable angina pectoris. However, it has a limited role in unstable angina.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1997

Methoprene affects the rotation of the male terminalia of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

The rotation of the male terminalia of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was investigated with chemical surgical, and mechanical methods. Neither decapitation nor ventral nerve cord transection affected the postemergence rotation, but methoprene administered to 4th-instar larvae and early instar pupae slowed rotation significantly and, in the case of pupal treatment, also interfered with successful insemination. Methoprene appeared to interfere with the developmental maturation of the cross muscles located between the 7th and 8th abdominal segment and postemergence nervous or humoral signals did not appear to affect this rotation.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

Antimutagenic potential of ellagic acid isolated from Terminalia arjuna.

Antimutagenic potential of a fraction isolated from Terminalia arjuna has been evaluated in TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium against direct and indirect-acting mutagens. The fraction was quite effective against S9-dependent 2AF while it showed moderate effect against NPD. The fraction was analyzed to be ellagic acid.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beneficial effects of Terminalia arjuna in coronary artery disease.

Effect of Terminalia arjuna on angina pectoris, congestive heart failure and left ventricular mass was studied in patients of myocardial infarction with angina and/or ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Bark stem powder of T. arjuna, 500 mg 8 hourly was administered to 10 patients of postmyocardial infarction angina and two patients of ischaemic cardiomyopathy, in a dose of 500 mg 8 hourly postoperatively, for a period of three months (Group A). These patients were also on conventional treatment comprising of nitrates, aspirin and/or calcium channel blockers. Twelve age-, sex-, body mass index- and ECG-matched patients of postmyocardial infarction angina receiving only conventional treatment served as controls (Group B). Significant reduction in anginal frequency was noted in both groups (3.5 +/- 1.98 to 1.08 + 1.08 per day vs 3.10 + 0.72 to 1.17 + 0.84 per day). However, only Group A patients showed significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (42.25 + 9.96 to 52.67 + 12.32% vs 51.83 + 5.99 to 49.83 + 2.52%) and reduction in left ventricular mass (159.18 + 51.11 to 127.47 + 52.40 gm/m2 vs 159.11 + 38.92 to 160.78 + 54.23 gm/m2) on echocardiography following three months of therapy. Both patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy showed significant symptomatic relief in coronary heart failure from NYHA class III to NYHA class I. Prolonged administration of T. arjuna did not show any adverse effects on renal, hepatic and haematological parameters. The potential of T. arjuna to improve left ventricular ejection fraction and reduce left ventricular mass in coronary artery disease needs to be harnessed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna prevents carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic and renal disorders.

BACKGROUND: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a well-known hepatotoxin and exposure to this chemical is known to induce oxidative stress and causes liver injury by the formation of free radicals. Acute and chronic renal damage are also very common pathophysiologic disturbances caused by CCl4. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the protective role of the aqueous extract of the bark of Termnalia arjuna (TA), an important Indian medicinal plant widely used in the preparation of ayurvedic formulations, on CCl4 induced oxidative stress and resultant dysfunction in the livers and kidneys of mice. METHODS: Animals were pretreated with the aqueous extract of TA (50 mg/kg body weight) for one week and then challenged with CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight) in liquid paraffin (1:1, v/v) for 2 days. Serum marker enzymes, namely, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated in the sera of all study groups. Antioxidant status in both the liver and kidney tissues were estimated by determining the activities of the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST); as well as by determining the levels of thiobarbutaric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined from its DPPH radical quenching ability. RESULTS: Results showed that CCl4 caused a marked rise in serum levels of GPT and ALP. TBARS level was also increased significantly whereas GSH, SOD, CAT and GST levels were decreased in the liver and kidney tissue homogenates of CCl4 treated mice. Aqueous extract of TA successfully prevented the alterations of these effects in the experimental animals. Data also showed that the extract possessed strong free radical scavenging activity comparable to that of vitamin C. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of the bark of TA could protect the liver and kidney tissues against CCl4-induced oxidative stress probably by increasing antioxidative defense activities.

Animals↗