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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Seat and footrest shocks and vibrations in manual wheelchairs with and without suspension.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in the shock and vibration transmitted to an occupant of a manual wheelchair with and without suspension caster forks and with and without rear-suspension systems. DESIGN: Repeated-measures engineering testing. SETTING: Rehabilitation engineering center with a wheelchair standards test laboratory. SPECIMENS: Six manual wheelchairs. INTERVENTIONS: An American National Standards Institute/Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America wheelchair test dummy and a Hybrid III test dummy were used to test shock and vibration transmission in wheelchairs equipped with original equipment manufacturer (OEM) caster forks and suspension caster forks. Ultralight wheelchairs, half of which had factory-equipped rear-suspension systems, were tested. Testing was conducted on a double-drum wheelchair test machine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Shocks were examined by using peak acceleration and the frequency at which peak acceleration occurs for the seat and footrest. Vibration was characterized by the acceleration power per octave for the seat and footrest. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the peak accelerations at the seat (P=.0004) and footrest (P=.0007) between the wheelchairs with the OEM caster forks and those with the suspension casters. The wheelchairs with suspension had significantly different frequencies at which the peak accelerations occurred for both the seat (P=.01) and footrest (P=.0001). The wheelchairs with suspension caster forks had a lower total power per octave than the wheelchairs with the OEM caster forks. For the footrest vibrations, significant differences were found between the types of caster forks for all octaves except those associated with frequencies more than 78.75Hz. There were significant differences for wheelchairs with and without rear suspension for total power per octave of seat vibrations in the octaves between 7.81 and 9.84Hz (P=.01) and 12.40 and 15.63Hz (P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: Suspension caster forks reduce the shock and vibration exposure to the user of a manual wheelchair. Rear-suspension systems reduce some of the factors related to shock and vibration exposure, but they are not clearly superior to traditional designs.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2003

Somaclonal variation in Coffea arabica: effects of genotype and embryogenic cell suspension age on frequency and phenotype of variants.

We determined how age of embryogenic cell suspensions affects somaclonal variation in five F1 hybrids of Coffea arabica L. Batches of plants were produced either directly from embryogenic callus, or after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of embryogenic cell suspension culture. Seven phenotypic variants were characterized. Based on vigor and productivity of the regenerated plants, we classified the variants in order of increasing severity of physiological disorders as: Juvenile leaf color, Giant, Dwarf, Thick leaf (Bullata), Variegata, Angustifolia, and Multi-stem. The Dwarf, Angustifolia and Multi-stem variants were the most frequent among the regenerated plants (1.4, 4.8 and 2.9%, respectively). The frequency (f) of variants increased exponentially with the age (t) of the embryogenic suspension, in accordance with the function f = 0.99e(0.267t). For all genotypes, somaclonal variation was low (1.3%) in plants produced from embryogenic callus or 3-month-old cell suspensions and increased in frequency with increasing suspension age (6, 10 and 25% in plants produced from cell suspensions aged 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively). Large differences in somaclonal variation among genotypes were found only in plants produced from 12-month-old cell suspensions. For two genotypes, the oldest suspensions produced a majority of somaclonal variants (80-90%), whereas somaclonal variation ranged between 8 and 18% in the other genotypes. Cell suspension age and genotype also affected the type of variant produced. The severity of somaclonal variations increased with cell suspension age. For all genotypes combined, the Angustifolia variant was the most common. The other somaclonal variations were specific to certain genotypes or distributed randomly among the genotypes.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1999

Reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy with superficial fascial system suspension.

Classic descriptions of breast reduction and mastopexy techniques have relied on dermal suspension with or without glandular shaping to contour the breast. Dermal suspension is often an unreliable and inconsistent anchor for high-tension wound repairs, resulting in unpredictable or poor scarring along with inadequate long-term lifting of the soft tissues. Hypertrophic scarring commonly occurs after dermal suspension reduction mammaplasty, being noted in 50 to 55 percent of patients at 6 months. Current studies regarding the anatomy and function of the superficial fascial system (SFS) have led to multiple applications of suspension with permanent (nonabsorbable) sutures in high-tension wound repairs of the body. As in other areas of the body, this system can be used effectively for suspension of breast-contouring procedures. Suturing the anterior SFS layer with nonabsorbable sutures (separately from the breast tissue or dermis) provides minimal tension skin repair. This should result in more predictable scarring with reduced risk of scar widening and hypertrophy. In addition, using SFS suspension in mammaplasties may result in longer-lasting contour results. The keyhole pattern used for dermal suspension techniques must be modified for SFS suspension. Reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy using these suspension wound repair techniques was performed in 109 patients (218 breasts) with a 6- to 36-month follow-up. The incidence of hypertrophic scarring was 3 percent at 6 months in this series. Suspension in mammaplasty procedures improved scar quality and provided more predictable and stable breast contours over long-term follow-up.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Validation and standardization of Kveim test suspensions prepared from two human sarcoid spleens.

Single lots of a Chase-Siltzbach type I Kveim test material from each of two sarcoid spleens and designated lot 5 of spleen K12 and lot 1 of spleen K13 have been validated alongside a single lot (lot 10) of a 'standard' suspension provided by Dr L. E. Siltzbach and prepared identically from the spleen of patient J (SPLEEN J) in New York. Additionally, a half-dilution of lot 5, K12, was included in this comparison. The reactivity of each suspension was assessed among patients with active and inactive sarcoidosis. The selectivity of each suspension for sarcoidosis was assessed similarly by comparison with results in patients with active and quiescent pulmonary parenchymal tuberculosis and in healthy subjects. All patients were closely matched and two Kveim tests were made in each subject according to a prearranged statistical design. The reactivity of the K12, K12 1/2 dilution, and K13 suspensions among patients with active and inactive sarcoidosis was closely similar to that with the 'standard' S10 suspension and in accordance with the expected proportions of reactions in patients at different stages of sarcoidosis. The K12, K13, and 'standard' S10 suspensions yielded a negligible proportion of positive reactions among patients with active and quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis and among healthy subjects: thus, as judged by these tests each suspension showed a high degree of selectivity for sarcoidosis. The results of this validation study are discussed in relation to the results of other studies in which lots 5 and 14 of K12 and early and late batches of a suspension prepared from another sarcoid spleen at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories designated CSL and provided by Dr T.H. Hurley in Melbourne were employed. Using lot 5 of K12 positive reactions were found in an appreciable proportion of patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and tuberculous lymphadenitis. A closely similar rate of positive reactions was encountered among patients with Crohn's disease following tests with batch 0025 of CSL suspension and with another lot (lot 14) derived from spleen K12. A close concordance of results was obtained with lot 5(K12) and with batch 0042 CSL among patients with ulcerative colitis, but at a lower rate of reactivity. We conclude that positive reactions also occur in some diseases other than sarcoidosis and consider that the difficulties in determining the criteria for an acceptable test suspension become increasingly apparent as additional Kveim tests are made with one particular lot and with seqential lots of material from a 'validated' tissue source.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Tansvaginal needle suspension operation: the way we do it. Clinical and urodynamic study: long-term results.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term results of the transvaginal needle suspension operation for urinary stress incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 88 women with proved genuine stress incontinence were treated with transvaginal needle suspension with fixation of suspension sutures to the rectus fascia using the technique of crossing suspension sutures. By using this method the proximal end of suspension suture from one side is tied with the distal end of suspension suture from the other side. The suspension sutures fixed in this way ensure 3-4 cm of rectus fascia which is used as a carrier of the suspension sutures. The same urologist peformed 88 consecutive operations. Clinical and urodynamic evaluations were performed at 6 months, 1 year and 5 years after surgery with the same technique and the same equipment. RESULTS: Analysis of the questionnaire showed that 81 patients (92.0%) were continent after 6 months while 78 (88.6%) patients were still continent after 1 year. After 5 years (n = 71) there were only continent 54 (76.0%) and incontinent patients (n = 17, 23.9%). Urodynamic analysis showed that 49 (69.0%) patients were continent after 5 years (n= 71). The increase in the number of incontinent patients is achieved at the cost of the previously continent patients. Of the 22 incontinent patients (after 5 years), 16 were still stress incontinent, while 6 (8.3%) patients had urge incontinence due to de novo detrusor instability. Three patients (n = 88, 3.4%) had undergone unilateral suture removal due to infection without influence on their continence status. In 2 patients (n = 88, 2.2%) the clinical pictures were highly suggestive of ilioinguinal nerve entrapment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the transvaginal needle suspension operation is satisfactory for the management of genuine stress incontinence in women. However, we believe that the success of any suspension operation lies in adequate mobilization of the bladder neck and urethra (anterior vaginal wall) as well as in a surgeon's familiarity with the procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparative study of morphine diffusion from sustained release polymeric suspensions.

In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to the design of drug delivery systems. Many polymeric excipients have been studied in order to make drug release fit the desired profiles. The aim of this work was to design a morphine oral suspension, as sustained release pharmaceutical formulations. To this end, two different ethylcellulose suspensions were prepared: one with the drug incorporated during synthesis (suspension A) so that the drug was inside the polymeric microparticles. In the second group of suspensions the drug was incorporated after synthesis (suspension B), thus resulting in the drug being adsorbed on the surface. The analytical technique used, spectrophotometry, showed that suspensions A were able to spontaneously encapsulate approximately 92% of the drug, whereas suspensions B adsorbed only 15% dose on the particle surface. Moreover, the diffusion results obtained with Franz-cells showed that suspensions A offered the possibility of easy control of the release rate of the active substance. This system transfers morphine hydrocloride during 24 h in accordance with a Weibull kinetic model. This dosage form presents the clinical advantage of less frequent dosing, with increased quality of life for patients. This report documents the suitability of our ethylcellulose polymeric suspension for encapsulated morphine with a controlled release rate.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Post-suspension hypotension is attenuated in Sprague-Dawley rats by prostacyclin synthase inhibition.

Cardiovascular deconditioning, sometimes manifested in astronauts during standing postflight, may be related to the impairment of autonomic function and/or excessive production of endothelium-dependent relaxing factors. In the present study, we examined the cardiovascular responses to 7-day 30 degrees tail-suspension and a subsequent 6-h post-suspension period in conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the role of prostacyclin in the observed post-suspension reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP). The specific prostacyclin synthase inhibitor U-51605 (0.3 mg/kg), or saline, was administered intravenously prior to release from suspension and at 2 and 4 h post-suspension. During 7 days of suspension, MAP did not change, however, there was a post-suspension reduction in MAP which was associated with significant increases in plasma prostacyclin and nitric oxide. U-51605 attenuated the observed post-suspension hypotension and reduced plasma prostacyclin levels, but not nitric oxide levels. The baroreflex sensitivity for heart rate was modified by U-51605: increased MAP threshold and effective MAP range. Thus, the post-suspension reduction in mean arterial pressure may be due to overproduction of prostacyclin and/or other endothelium-dependent relaxing factors and alteration in baroreflex activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of surfactant effect on aggregates in model aerosol propellent suspensions.

A novel technique of rheometry combined with image analysis to study model aerosol suspensions used in inhalation technology has been used. The role of surfactants in the stability and aggregation of such suspensions was also investigated. Addition of increasing concentrations of sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) to suspensions of micronized polar solids in model CFC suspensions caused marked changes in aggregate morphology and suspension stability. The aggregate behaviour was characterized in a modified constant stress rheometer by use of image analysis techniques, allowing the measurement of particle size, elongation and fractal dimension as a function of shear stress. This method was used to study the effect of Span 80 on suspensions of lactose and salbutamol sulphate in P113. Lactose suspensions showed a gradual reduction in aggregate size, and more spherical structure, with increasing surfactant concentration. Salbutamol sulphate suspensions displayed a more prominent transition from an aggregated state to a weakly aggregated state at 0.02% w/w surfactant. Both suspensions were disaggregated by shear, the resulting fractal properties of the aggregates in shear demonstrating the increased particle mobility caused by the surfactant.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of the intra-hepatic arterial injection therapy of cisplatin (CDDP)-lipiodol suspension in a child with hepatoblastoma].

Treatment, beginning in November 1986, of chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) was given to a 4-year-old girl with unresectable hepatoblastoma. Laparotomy for excision was performed after 16 months of therapy. The solution of CDDP was administered by dropping intravenously (DIV therapy) or intrahepatic arterially (IA therapy), and a suspension of crystalline CDDP with Lipiodol containing phosphatidylcholine was injected intrahepatic arterially (CDDP-suspension therapy). To evaluate the safety and effect of CDDP-suspension therapy in this case, toxicity and antitumor effect were investigated by comparison with DIV therapy. Under chemotherapy with CDDP, logarithm of alpha-fetoprotein reduced linearly. When a slope (k) of the regression line was defined as a constant of AFP reduction rate, k was -0.0072. AFP reduction rate under CDDP-suspension therapy (k = -0.0097, 12/1987-6/1988) was more rapid than that under DIV therapy (k = -0.0053, 2/1987-12/1987), and AFP reduced completely in June of 1988. The CDDP-suspension therapy may be suggestive of more effective treatment. Platinum (Pt) concentration in serum, urine and hepatic specimens was determined in order to investigate CDDP pharmacokinetics. The area under serum concentration (AUC) per doses and renal elimination rate were lower values under CDDP-suspension therapy. In the hepatic specimen, Pt concentration was significantly higher at the site where Lipiodol was localized. These results suggested that CDDP-suspension therapy delayed CDDP distribution and reduced toxicity. After CDDP-suspension therapy, reversible toxicity to the liver was observed. However, that to kidney or to blood components was less severe than after DIV therapy. After multiple DIV therapy, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increased gradually in the course of therapy, while they tended to recovery after multiple CDDP-suspension therapy.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed2005

The enhancement of recombinant protein production by polymer nanospheres in cell suspension culture.

Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells are being increasingly used in industry for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Three-dimensional suspension culture is preferred to two-dimensional monolayer culture for the efficient large-scale culture of rCHO cells and subsequent mass production of recombinant proteins. Previously, we have demonstrated that the use of plain polymer nanospheres enhances the growth of anchorage-dependent animal cells (human embryonic kidney 293 cells) in suspension culture in serum-containing medium. Vitronectin and fibronectin were adsorbed onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres (696 nm in average diameter) by immersing the nanospheres in fetal bovine serum. In this study, we investigated if the use of vitronectin/fibronectin-adsorbed polymer nanospheres enhances recombinant protein production in rCHO cell suspension culture in serum-free medium. Cell aggregate formation may be critical for the survival and growth of anchorage-dependent animal cells in suspension culture, and cells in single cell suspension may result in cell death. The addition of vitronectin/fibronectin-adsorbed nanospheres to rCHO cell suspension culture promoted the rate and efficiency of cell aggregate formation. The nanospheres enhanced cell growth (2.9 folds on day 10) and, importantly, recombinant antibody production (1.8 folds on day 14), compared to suspension culture without nanospheres. The viability of cells in the aggregates in the nanosphere-added culture was high for the entire culture period of 14 days. Apoptotic activity of cells was much lower in the nanosphere-added culture than in the culture without nanospheres on day 5. The nanosphere suspension culture method developed in this study may be useful for the mass production of recombinant proteins through large-scale suspension culture of anchorage-dependent animal cells.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

Transient lateral transport of platelet-sized particles in flowing blood suspensions.

Concentration profiles of 2.5 microns latex beads were measured to demonstrate lateral transport of platelet-sized objects in flows of blood suspensions; the flows had equivalent Poiseuille wall shear rates (WSRs) from 250 to 1220 s-1. Each experimental trial began with a steady flow of suspension without beads in a thin-walled capillary tube (219 microns ID; 10.2 microns SD). The tube entrance was then switched to a reservoir containing suspension of equal hematocrit, but with beads, for a short interval of flow at the same WSR. This process established a paraboloidal tongue of labeled suspension with a transient concentration gradient at its surface. The tube and contents were rapidly frozen to fix the suspended particles in flow-determined locations. Segments of frozen tube were collected at distances from the entrance corresponding to 13%, 39%, and 65% of the axial extent of the ideal paraboloidal tongue. Concentration profiles were estimated from distances measured on fluorescence microscope images of cross-cut tube segments. Experiments used tubes either 40 or 50 cm long, suspension hematocrits of 0, 15, or 40%, and bead concentrations in the range of 1.5-2.2 x 10(5)/mm3. Profiles for 0% hematocrit suspension, a dilute, single-component suspension, had features expected in normal diffusive mixing in a flow. Distinctly different profiles and more lateral transport occurred when the suspensions contained red cells; then, all profiles for 13% extent had regions of excess bead concentration near the wall. Suspension flows with 40% hematocrit exhibited the largest amount of lateral transport. A case is made that, to a first approximation, the rate of lateral transport grew linearly with WSR; however, statistical analysis showed that for 40% hematocrit, less lateral transport occurred when the WSR was 250 s-1 or 1220 s-1 than 560 s-1, thus indicating that the rate behavior is more complex.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed2003

Influences of prostanoids and nitric oxide on post-suspension hypotension in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Impairment in cardiovascular functions sometimes manifested in astronauts during standing postflight, may be related to the diminished autonomic function and/or excessive production of endothelium-dependent relaxing factors. In the present study, using the 30 degrees head-down tilt (HDT) model, we compared the cardiovascular and biochemical effects of 7 days of suspension and a subsequent 6-h post-suspension period between suspended and non-suspended conscious female Sprague-Dawley rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured prior to suspension (basal), daily thereafter, and every 2h post-suspension. Following 7 days of suspension, MAP was not different from their basal values, however, upon release from suspension, MAP was significantly reduced compared to the non-suspended rats. Nitric oxide levels were elevated while thromboxane A(2) levels declined significantly in both plasma and tissue samples following post-suspension. The levels of prostacyclin following post-suspension remained unaltered in plasma and aortic rings but was significantly elevated in carotid arterial rings. Therefore, the post-suspension reduction in mean arterial pressure is due mostly to overproduction of nitric oxide and to a lesser extent prostacyclin.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2005

Time-resolved investigations of singlet oxygen luminescence in water, in phosphatidylcholine, and in aqueous suspensions of phosphatidylcholine or HT29 cells.

Singlet oxygen was generated by energy transfer from the photoexcited sensitizer, Photofrin or 9-acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetrakis-(beta-methoxyethyl)-porphycene (ATMPn), to molecular oxygen. Singlet oxygen was detected time-resolved by its luminescence at 1270 nm in an environment of increasing complexity, water (H2O), pure phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine in water (lipid suspensions), and aqueous suspensions of living cells. In the case of the lipid suspensions, the sensitizers accumulated in the lipids, whereas the localizations in the cells are the membranes containing phosphatidylcholine. By use of Photofrin, the measured luminescence decay times of singlet oxygen were 3.5 +/- 0.5 micros in water, 14 +/- 2 micros in lipid, 9 +/- 2 micros in aqueous suspensions of lipid droplets, and 10 +/- 3 micros in aqueous suspensions of human colonic cancer cells (HT29). The decay time in cell suspensions was much longer than in water and was comparable to the value in suspensions of phosphatidylcholine. That luminescence signal might be attributed to singlet oxygen decaying in the lipid areas of cellular membranes. The measured luminescence decay times of singlet oxygen excited by ATMPn in pure lipid and lipid suspensions were the same within the experimental error as for Photofrin. In contrast to experiments with Photofrin, the decay time in aqueous suspension of HT29 cells was 6 +/- 2 micros when using ATMPn.

Biophysics↗
PubMed2003

Suspension sutures in facial reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Suspension, pexing, or tacking sutures were used in facial cosmetic surgery and have recently been used in facial reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: Suspension sutures are used to fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, to prevent distortion of free margins secondary to wound contraction (e.g., ectropion or eclabium), to reform a fold that would be obliterated by the motion of tissue, and to prevent tenting across concavities. Although suspension sutures may help to reduce the spreading of scars in wounds closed under tension, they do not prevent some spreading. METHOD: The suturing technique requires a stable structure for attachment of the suspension sutures and lax tissue to advance into the wound. On the face, a stable base exists under junctions of cosmetic units along the orbital rim, zygomatic arch, nasal vestibule, and mental crease of the chin. When the deep roll of the needle includes superficial musculoaponeurotic system with the first segment or the pulling arm of the suspension suture, tissue advancement is obtained. The second or anchoring segment is placed with the needle encompassing a very tight arc traveling in a U-shaped pass into the fascia extending to the periosteum. CONCLUSION: Suspension sutures enable linear closures, prevent distortion of free margins, prevent tenting across concavities, and fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units. By redirecting tension, suspension sutures mold surface contours to mimic the natural folds and curves of the face. Judicious use of suspension sutures permits simpler aesthetic reconstructive procedures than might be achieved without their use. Suspension sutures used in this manner help to apply the theoretical concepts of facial reconstruction using facial cosmetic units by performing segmental facial reconstruction.

Face↗
PubMed1988

Suspension of neuroleptic therapy in acute schizophrenia.

What are the effects of the abrupt discontinuation of neuroleptics (suspension therapy) in acutely schizophrenic patients with unsatisfactory remission under standard neuroleptic therapy? This question was investigated in a prospective study of 159 patients. In addition to the psychopathologic results of the AMDP system, the self rating (VAMS) and nurses' rating (NGI) of psychopathologic parameters were assessed. Indication for suspension of the neuroleptic treatment was established in 21 patients (13%) following definite criteria. Suspension therapy brings about a rapid improvement in psychopathologic results. The paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome also undergoes remission; this is to be understood as an immediate effect of suspension of therapy. In one-third of the cases complete suspension effects, in another third partial suspension effects, and in the remaining third failure occur. Further advantages of suspension therapy are the reduction in neuroleptic drug requirements and a favorable influence on the entire treatment course. The investigation does not permit any statement as regards prediction of the suspension effect or concerning the mechanism underlying the suspension therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

A review of laparoscopic uterine suspension procedures for uterine preservation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The most appropriate surgical approach for uterine preservation still remains the subject of ongoing controversy. Uterine suspension procedures can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically. This article focuses on the three different laparoscopic approaches of uterine suspension for uterine preservation: suspension to the round ligaments; suspension to the uterosacral ligaments; and suspension to the anterior ligament of the sacral promontory. This article reviews the published studies in the literature, analyzes the results, discusses the differences, and compares the different laparoscopic techniques. RECENT FINDINGS: A review of the literature reveals a paucity of research studies and publications on laparoscopic uterine suspension procedures. All the published studies are small, retrospective case series or case studies. Laparoscopic ventrosuspension using the round ligaments for uterine prolapse has a reported success rate of less than 50%. The ventrosuspension procedure has a very limited role and should not be employed. In comparison, laparoscopic uterine suspension procedures have a reported success rate ranging between 81 and 100%. The newest surgical technique is the laparoscopic sacral colpohysteropexy and there is only one reported case series on this procedure. The reported success rate for the sacral colpohysteropexy is 100%. SUMMARY: The first surgical option for uterine preservation is uterine suspension to the uterosacral ligaments. If the uterosacral ligaments cannot be identified or the uterosacral ligaments are weak and unusable, then laparoscopic sacral colpohysteropexy is a reliable second option. Uterine suspension to the round ligaments has an unacceptably high failure rate and is not an effective, durable alternative.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the Oxygen Exchange between Photosynthetic Cell Suspensions and Detached Leaves of Euphorbia characias L.

Using a mass-spectrometric (16)O(2)/(18)O(2)-isotope technique, we compared the nature and the relative importance of oxygen exchange in photomixotrophic (PM) and photoautotrophic (PA) suspensions of Euphorbia characias L. with those in intact leaves of the same species. Young and mature leaves, dividing and nondividing cell suspensions were characterized in short-term experiments. On chlorophyll basis, the gross photosynthetic activities at CO(2) saturating concentration of PA and PM suspensions varied little from those of leaves. On dry weight basis, gross photosynthesis of PA suspensions was equal to that of leaves because of their similar chlorophyll content. This was not the case in PM suspensions where gross photosynthesis was lower and largely varied during the growth cycle. The CO(2) compensation point of PA cells (155-265 parts per million) was much higher than that of leaves (50-80 ppm). Oxygen uptakes were analyzed in terms of mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration and light stimulation of oxygen uptake (LSOU), often identified to Mehlertype reactions. In PA and PM suspensions, mitochondrial respiration rates were higher than in leaves by a factor of 1.5 to 4.5. In PM suspensions, photorespiration and LSOU were observed only in nondividing cells. Photorespiration and LSOU rates were comparable in PA suspensions and leaves. Our results demonstrate that photorespiration of PA suspensions has not been affected by the 2% CO(2) concentration imposed during 2 years of culture.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Metabolism of 14C-antipyrine in suspensions of isolated rat liver cells.

Suspensions of liver cells isolated from perfused rat livers were incubated with antipyrine-N-methyl-14C. Antipyrine was eliminated by first-order kinetics during incubations for 3 hours with primary suspensions (parenchymal cells + non-parenchymal cells) and suspensions of purified parenchymal cells. Antipyrine concentrations were unchanged when incubated with suspensions of non-parenchymal cells, dead cells or medium only. At the end of incubation period, 4-OH-antipyrine and 3-CH2OH-antipyrine were detected mainly as the glucuronide or sulphate conjugates, and evidence for the N-demethylation of antipyrine was also obtained. Half-lives for elimination of antipyrine in primary cell suspensions were not significantly different from the half-lives measured in parenchymal cell suspensions. This finding together with the lack of metabolism of antipyrine found in non-parenchymal cell suspensions suggest that oxidation and conjugation of antipyrine is mainly confined to the parenchymal cells. There was significant inhibition of antipyrine metabolism in primary suspensions by phenylbutazone (1.6 X 10(-3)M), dexamethasone (2 X 10(-4)M) and ethanol (1.3 X 10(-2)M, 0.75%). We suggest that the use of primary suspensions of isolated rat liver cells provide a rapid and simple method for the study of factors influencing drug metabolism in the liver.

Animals↗