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Results for “Subliminal Stimulation”

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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Short-latency subliminal effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on forearm motoneurones.

The H-reflex technique has been used to evaluate the time-course of the effects evoked by transcranial clockwise magnetic stimuli in flexor or extensor carpi radialis motoneurones. In six subjects, magnetic stimulation was applied over the scalp in the focus for the motor response of those muscles. At intensities below motor threshold, a facilitation of the H-reflex started at a conditioning-test interval of -4 ms (i.e. when the magnetic stimulus lagged the test stimulus by 4 ms), reached a peak at about -2 ms and rapidly decayed. At about -1 ms, the decay attained a local minimum, which in three subjects had values indicating the presence of an inhibition. Thereafter, a second facilitatory phase peaked at about +1 ms. By matching the time course with the latency of the cortical muscle action potential (CMAP) evoked by suprathreshold magnetic stimulation, it is inferred that the motoneuronal discharge coincides with the second peak of facilitation and is preceded by 3-4 ms of subliminal excitation. This early effect could be brought to threshold by convergence of a subliminal Ia EPSP, leading to a reduction of the CMAP latency. The early excitatory effects reported above are as fast as those described as following transcranial electrical stimulation, and should likewise be considered as monosynaptic.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Effects of submental electrical stimulation during sleep on upper airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

We examined the effects of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the genioglossus in six patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during sleep and investigated the possible applicability of this procedure as a treatment of OSAS. Six patients with OSAS were polysomnographically studied in the supine position during all-night sessions with and without electrical stimulation of the genioglossus. Using an apnea demand-type stimulator that we developed, electrical pulses of 0.5 ms (repetition rate, 50 Hz) and 15 to 40 V were delivered through bipolar electrodes (10 mm in diameter) attached to the skin of the submental region when apnea lasted more than 5 s, and was stopped immediately after breathing resumed or after 10 s at the longest. With submental stimulation, the apnea index, apnea time/total sleep time, longest apnea duration, and the number of times per hour that oxygen saturation dropped below 85% decreased significantly compared with those on control nights. The lowest arterial oxygen saturation and the duration of sleep stages III and IV increased significantly. The stimulation employed did not cause arousal, and it did not affect blood pressure or heart rate significantly. These findings show that submental stimulation decreases the incidence of apnea episodes and promotes deeper sleep without accompanying serious side effects, suggesting that the apnea demand-type stimulator may be a noninvasive and effective treatment for OSAS.

Electric Stimulation↗
PubMed1975

Effects of messages reported to be out of awareness upon the body boundary.

A series of studies demonstrated that out-of-awareness taped messages produce boundary decrement, as measured by the Barrier score, in men. The messages variously included hostility, depression, body, vulnerability, and reassurance themes. All themes, when properly primed, resulted in boundary decline in men. Nonprimed and control conditions did not affect the boundary. Contrastingly, no significant boundary changes were produced by the primed out-of-awareness themes in women. It was proposed that men are more disturbed than women by feeling that material has gained entrance to them in a fashion which they cannot control.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

The effects of stimulating symbiotic fantasies on manifest pathology in schizophrenics: a revised formulation.

This study was designed as a further investigation of the ameliorative effects of stimulating a symbiotic fantasy in schizophrenics. Fifty-four adult male schizophrenic subjects were each seen individually for three experimental sessions. In each session there was exposure to a neutral subliminal stimulus followed by a baseline assessment of thought disorder and behavioral pathology. This was followed by exposure to one of three critical stimuli: a) a neutral control stimulus; b) the stimulus "mommy and I are one," designed to activate a fantasy of symbiotic gratification, and found in past studies to lead to pathology reduction; and c) "mommy and I are two," designed as a test of the specificity of oneness fantasy in producing symptomatic improvement. Each subject was exposed to the three critical simuli by counterbalanced order. Assessments of pathology were repeated after exposure to the experimental stimuli and comparisons were made with baseline measures. Results were: a) the subliminal symbiotic stimulus produced improvement on one of the measures of pathology, replicating findings from previous studies; and b) unexpectedly, the "mommy and I are two" stimulus led to pathology reduction on both dependent measures and proved significantly more ameliorative than the oneness stimulus. Associations obtained from subjects on a post hoc basis, the relationship between responses of individual subjects to the two stimuli, and the way in which order of presentation of the critical stimuli affected results supported the view that the twoness message also gratified symbiotic wishes while simultaneously providing reassurance against dangers associated with boundary loss. Results were discussed with an eye toward sharpening and refining the formulation advanced in the past to account for the ameliorative effects of the "oneness" stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

A study of the H-reflex by single fibre EMG.

The latency of consecutive H-reflex responses of single human triceps surae motoneurones varies up to 2,500 μs. A large part of this variation was shown to occur at the synaptic transmission. A moderate increase in stimulus strength from the threshold value shortened the mean latency and reduced the latency variation, presumably as a result of spatial summation of excitatory inputs. Further increase to maximum strength lengthened the mean latency, increased the variation, and resulted in a dropping out of some responses which was not produced by collision by antidromic impulses. These effects are believed to be due to an active inhibition. Changes of the latency were also obtained by Jendrassik's manoeuvre and facilitatory and inhibitory conditioning stimuli.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Effects of electrically induced muscle contraction on flexion reflex in human spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Flexion reflex study in motor complete human spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in the magnitude of the flexion reflex following functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the rectus femoris (RF) muscle. SETTING: Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. METHODS: The flexion reflex was evoked by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve, and was recorded in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. RF muscle conditioning stimulation was performed at 0.7, 1, and 2 times motor threshold ( x MT) over a range of conditioning test intervals. RESULTS: The incidence of the early component of the flexion reflex (<100 ms) was low, suggesting that this reflex component might be suppressed in SCI. The long latency flexion reflex component (>120 ms) was observed in all subjects during control conditions and following sensorimotor conditioning. FES applied to the RF muscle (above and below MT) in the main induced a significant early and long lasting depression of the long latency flexion reflex. CONCLUSION: The depression of the flexion reflex was a result of multisensory actions on flexion reflex pathways resulting from the direct and indirect (mechanical) consequences of electrically induced muscle contraction on cutaneous and muscle afferents. Our findings emphasize the importance of sensory feedback mechanisms in modulating flexion reflex excitability, and highlight the need for rehabilitation professionals to consider the central actions of FES-induced afferent feedback when incorporating FES into a rehabilitation program. SPONSORSHIP: State Scholarships Foundation (IKY) of Hellas.

Adult↗