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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Effect of hunters' switch from lead to steel shot on potential for oral lead poisoning in ducks.

Mallards and black ducks (n = 409) killed by hunters during the 1980 and 1981 hunting seasons in Pennsylvania (Susquehanna River and Crawford County) were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations that converted the studied areas from lead to steel shotgun pellets in 1977-1978. Gizzards were examined for ingested lead and steel shot, and liver specimens were analyzed for lead. Since there is no evidence to suggest that ducks preferentially ingest steel or lead shot, it was concluded that ducks with steel shot would have contained lead shot. Therefore, we concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets accounted for the decreased prevalence of ingested lead shot from 11.2% to 5.6%. Toxic concentrations of lead (greater than or equal to 6 ppm, wet weight) in the liver were found in 6 of 23 ducks that contained lead shot, whereas only 2 of 386 ducks without lead pellets had toxic concentrations. It was concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets in the studied areas probably has decreased the exposure of ducks to lead shot, thereby decreasing the potential for lead poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Early transplantation to a normal microenvironment prevents the development of Steel hematopoietic stem cell defects.

Our previous results showed that hematopoietic stem cells from 16-week-old Sl/Sl(d) mice are not as competitive as congenic +/+ control stem cells. Possible explanations for these findings are that the Steel stem cells are either inherently defective or lose competitive ability by residence in an environment lacking membrane-bound Steel factor. In the present report, any long-term effects of the Steel microenvironment were eradicated by transferring neonatal Sl(d)/Sl(d) marrow and spleen cells into an irradiated but otherwise normal adult hematopoietic microenvironment. Host cells were completely replaced by donor cells within 6 weeks. Eight months after transplantation, the Sl(d)/Sl(d) and similarly treated +/+ littermate control cells from the primary recipient marrow were competed against genetically marked normal cells in an irradiated secondary host. The Steel cells were as competitive as the control cells demonstrating that Steel stem cells are not inherently defective. Results suggest that the stem cells, when retained in the mutant environs into adulthood, are either reduced in number or phenotypically altered by lack of the membrane-bound Steel factor.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Proliferation and differentiation parameters of human osteoblasts on titanium and steel surfaces.

Commercially pure titanium (cpTi), titanium alloys, and steel are often used for dental and orthopedic implants. In these applications titanium is considered the "gold standard." However, tissue reactions around titanium implants and the changing trend to leave orthopedic devices in the body have led to a new examination of the preferred material. This in vitro study tested the behavior of osteoblasts on cpTi, Ti-6Al-7Nb, and stainless steel with surface designs similar to clinical implants. After surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry, cell proliferation and the differentiation parameters of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin were measured. For all materials tested, the growth curves showed a similar kinetic. On Ti-6Al-7Nb, ALP activity was significantly lower when compared with steel, and cpTi and did not change over the time. ALP activity increased moderately on steel and cpTi. Osteocalcin levels were higher on both titanium materials than on steel. Based on undisturbed cell growth and the relatively high alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels, we suggest that cpTi provides the best biocompatibility with regard to proliferation, in addition to more reliable early and late differentiation markers of human osteoblasts in vitro.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2001

Respiratory burst response of peritoneal leukocytes adhering to titanium and stainless steel.

Titanium sheets, made hydrophilic by oxidative cleaning or hydrophobic by treatment with butanol, and stainless steel sheets with different patterns of pores (straight phi = 0.8 mm) were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. The implants were removed after 2 h, and the surface-adhering leukocytes were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate to quantitate cell adhesion and to indicate the presence of leaks in the cell membrane. The ability of the surface-adhering leukocytes to mount a respiratory burst response after stimulation with PMA or zymosan was measured by chemiluminiscence. The results show that stainless steel without pores induces membrane leakage in 80% of the surface-adhering leukocytes compared with 65% of cells adhering to porous steel. Hydrophilic titanium induces membrane leakage in 48% of the surface-adhering leukocytes compared with 19% of cells adhering to hydrophobic titanium. The respiratory burst response of the surface-adhering leukocytes stimulated with PMA was attenuated on stainless steel and hydrophilic titanium compared with hydrophobic titanium. Thus, butanol treatment of titanium and pores in stainless steel increase the biocompatibility of the materials.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mortality of iron and steel workers in Korea.

BACKGROUND: The mortality experience of iron and steel workers from modern plants in developing countries has not been extensively described. METHODS: Mortality at two Korean iron and steel manufacturing complexes was analyzed using Poisson regression methods with both direct and indirect standardization. Work histories were linked with a national mortality registry. Workers (44,974) hired beginning in 1968 were followed from 1992 to 2001. RESULTS: The 806 deaths observed during 10 years of follow-up comprised 2% of the population at risk and represented a large healthy worker effect (HWE) for all causes (SMR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.55-0.63) and for cancer (SMR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.70-0.90). Mortality at subsidiaries was considerably higher than at the parent plants (SRR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.47-1.99). Relative mortality rates declined with employment duration: > 20 years had significantly reduced mortality (SRR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.43-0.82) compared to duration < 1 year (test for trend: P = 0.0006). Fatal injury deaths in the first year were highly elevated (SMR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.17-4.26) declining to less than that expected after 5 years. Cancer mortality was elevated in stainless steel production (SRR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.37-6.49) and overall mortality was elevated for work in plant maintenance departments (SRR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.00-1.37), particularly for fatal injuries (SRR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.29-2.14). All-cause mortality increased with employment duration in the steel-production departments, as did fatal injuries in material handling/construction. CONCLUSIONS: This steelworker cohort exhibits excess mortality in some process areas. More detailed retrospective exposure assessment and future follow-up of this cohort will better define health risks in the modern iron and steel manufacturing.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Immediate hypersensitivity type of occupational laryngitis in a welder exposed to welding fumes of stainless steel.

BACKGROUND: Although upper respiratory symptoms have been reported to occur in welders, occupational laryngitis of immediate hypersensitivity type due to welding fumes of stainless steel has not been previously reported. METHODS: Occupational laryngitis was diagnosed based on the specific challenge test combined with the patient's history of occupational exposure and laryngeal symptoms. RESULTS: During the past few years, a 50-year-old man had started to experience laryngeal symptoms while welding stainless steel. The welding challenge test with stainless steel caused significant changes in the laryngeal status 30 min after challenge: increased erythema, edema, and hoarseness of the voice. The referent inhalation challenge test by welding mild steel was negative. CONCLUSION: The welding of stainless steel should be included in the etiological factors of occupational laryngitis of immediate hypersensitivity type.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

In vivo behavior of a high performance duplex stainless steel.

An in vivo investigation of a new high molybdenum and nitrogen duplex stainless steel (25Cr--7Ni--4Mo--0.3N) has been performed. Cylindrical pins and specially developed devices, to test in static conditions the in vivo localized corrosion resistance, made of this new duplex steel and of a common austenitic stainless steel were implanted in rabbit's femurs for 6 and 12 months. After sacrifice, SEM observations and EDS microanalyses to detect metallic ion release were carried out on the femur sections surrounding the pins. Morphologic observations with stereoscope and SEM were performed on the metallic surfaces of the special devices in order to detect the presence of localized corrosion. Both ion release and localized corrosion were observed for the specimens made of austenitic stainless steel, but not for those made of 25Cr--7Ni--4Mo--0.3N duplex stainless steel.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histopathologic evaluation following chronic implantation of chromium and steel based metal alloys in the rabbit central nervous system.

Histopathologic evaluation of three metal alloys for chronic implantation in the central nervous system (CNS) was undertaken in rabbits. Throughout the 8 month evaluation period the inflammatory response to the alloys was bland. Two of the alloys tested (chromium based MP35N, Trademark of the Standard Pressed Steel Company, and a stainless steel alloy, BG42 VacArc, Trademark of Latrobe Steel) appeared suitable as CNS implants. The third alloy (stainless steel 440C, Carpenter Steel Company) showed more corrosion than the other alloys, and may be less suitable for implantation. While E. cuniculi infection was found in four rabbits, the infection did not directly interfere with the assessment of the histologic changes directly due to the implants. Autoantibodies to a brain constituent were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of mechanical deformation on magnetic properties and MRI artifacts of type 304 and type 316L stainless steel.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of composition and deformation of biomedical stainless steels on mechanical properties, magnetic properties, and MRI artifacts. Type 304 and Type 316L samples were prepared using standard wire-drawing techniques. Mechanical properties were determined using standard test methods. The amount of ferromagnetic phase present was estimated using a Severn Gage and x-ray diffraction. Magnetic field attraction and artifacts were determined using previously described techniques. The strength of both steels increased significantly with increasing deformation. None of the type 316L wires transformed to the magnetic phase. The amount of magnetic phase in the type 304 wires increased with increasing deformation. There was no magnetic field attraction, and artifacts were minimal for all of type 316L wires and the undeformed type 304 wire. Deflection and artifacts were significant for the deformed type 304 stainless steel. These results provide guidance regarding the use of type 304 and type 316L stainless steels for bioimplants. In this regard, type 316L stainless steel seems to be a more acceptable material with respect to MR compatibility.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2002

Adsorption behavior of methylene blue and its congeners on a stainless steel surface.

Methylene blue and its congeners as model dyes were adsorbed onto stainless steel particles at different ionic strengths, pH values, and ethanol contents, and the adsorption mechanism was investigated. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the dyes adsorbed on the stainless steel plate was carried out to determine the orientations of the adsorbed dyes on stainless steel surface. The adsorption isotherms for all the dyes tested were approximated by a Langmuir equation (Q=Kq(m)C/(1+KC)) in most cases except under strongly basic conditions. From the ionic strength and ethanol content dependencies of the K value in the Langmuir equations, both the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were indicated to contribute to the adsorption of the dyes at neutral pH. By comparing the K and q(m) values for the methylene blue congeners and with the aid of the FTIR analyses, it was found that the kind of substituent groups at most positions of the polyheterocycles of methylene blue strongly affects the adsorption behavior, particularly the area occupied by an adsorbed dye molecule, the affinity for the stainless steel surface, and the orientation of the adsorbed dye molecule on the stainless steel surface.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Changing environmental strategies over time: an empirical study of the steel industry in the United States.

This study investigates how environmental strategies change over time. We submit evidence from the US steel industry that firms have modified their strategies over time. We offer that US industry passed through three stages--cost minimization, cost-effective compliance, and beneficial environmental controls. We compare typologies of environmental strategies and choose that of C. Oliver as the most appropriate. We investigate how environmental strategies in the steel industry changed over time a 4-year period. We offer that a further understanding of Oliver's strategies may increase understanding of the relationship between business and government on environmental issues. One over-arching problem in our field is the need to adequately operationalize how firms change strategies and pass through different stages. We hope that our study will help future researchers and practitioners better articulate the concepts of environmental strategies over time. Our study focused on the steel industry in the United States. We chose the US steel industry as one of the major environmental actors in the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency ranks the iron and steel industry as the largest industrial source of toxic environmental contamination. We encourage researchers to evaluate and test our methodology and findings in other contexts--both in other nations and different industries.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the reaction of the cornea to nylon and stainless steel sutures: an animal study.

In 11 rabbits a comparison was made between the reactions of the cornea to nylon and to stainless steel sutures, macroscopically and by means of scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). Macroscopically, the wounds sutured with steel thread showed much less reaction than the wounds sutured with nylon. Vascularization was never encountered in the wounds sutured with steel thread. SEM examination also showed clear differences, which became noticeable within a short time. Both on the suture and round the opening in the cornea extensive deposits of material are seen within a short time (1 week) in the case of nylon, in the case of stainless steel this reaction is much less marked. A few weeks later deposits also appear on the steel thread, but these have a different composition and contain no material suggestive of an inflammatory reaction.

Alloys↗
PubMed1992

Stainless steel cookware as a significant source of nickel, chromium, and iron.

Stainless steels are widely used materials in food preparation and in home and commercial cookware. Stainless is readily attacked by organic acids, particularly at cooking temperatures; hence iron, chromium, and nickel should be released from the material into the food. Nickel is implicated in numerous health problems, notably allergic contact dermatitis. Conversely, chromium and iron are essential nutrients for which stainless could be a useful source. Home cookware was examined by atomic absorption spectroscopy: seven different stainless utensils as well as cast iron, mild steel, aluminum and enamelled steel. The materials were exposed to mildly acidic conditions at boiling temperature. Nickel was a major corrosion product from stainless steel utensils; chromium and iron were also detected. It is recommended that nickel-sensitive patients switch to a material other than stainless, and that the stainless steel cookware industry seriously consider switching to a non-nickel formulation.

Chromium↗
PubMed2004

Investigation of newly developed added damping and stiffness device with low yield strength steel.

Energy dissipators, isolated-resistant and specific structural forms for earthquake resistance are popular topics in the research to improve shock-resistance. In this work, experimental methods were used to investigate the property of low yield strength steel. Carbon content in LYS material is lower than that in other steels; the ultimate stress is three times the yield stress. The ultimate elongation rate is about 62% and the ductility is 2-3 times that of A36 steel. In order to overcome some defects of ordinary use metallic dampers, the mechanical characteristic of low yield strength steel is used to develop added damping and stiffness for rhombic steel plate absorber. Test of the energy dissipation behavior for this newly developed device indicated that LYS could stably dissipate or absorb the input energy of earthquake. Then, the analytical model for the hysteretic behavior of this new device is proposed. Comparison of experimental data and numerical simulation results showed that this analytical model is suitable for simulating the hysteretic energy behavior of this new device.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMed2004

Inhibiting mild steel corrosion from sulfate-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria using gramicidin-S-producing biofilms.

A gramicidin-S-producing Bacillus brevis 18-3 biofilm was shown to reduce corrosion rates of mild steel by inhibiting both the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfosporosinus orientis and the iron-oxidizing bacterium Leptothrix discophora SP-6. When L. discophora SP-6 was introduced along with D. orientis to a non-antimicrobial-producing biofilm control, Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 10401, a corrosive synergy was created and mild steel coupons underwent more severe corrosion than when only D. orientis was present, showing a 2.3-fold increase via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a 1.8-fold difference via mass-loss measurements. However, when a gramicidin-S-producing, protective B. brevis 18-3 biofilm was established on mild steel, the metal coupons were protected against the simultaneous attack of D. orientis and L. discophora SP-6. EIS data showed that the protective B. brevis 18-3 biofilm decreased the corrosion rate about 20-fold compared with the non-gramicidin-producing P. polymyxa ATCC 10401 biofilm control. The mass loss for the protected mild steel coupons was also significantly lower than that for the unprotected ones (4-fold decrease). Scanning electron microscope images corroborated the corrosion inhibition by the gramicidin-S-producing B. brevis biofilm on mild steel by showing that the metal surface remained untarnished, i.e., the polishing grooves were still visible after exposure to the simultaneous attack of the sulfate-reducing bacterium and the iron-oxidizing bacterium.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Improved sternal closure using steel bands: early experience with three-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Use of stainless steel wires in median sternotomy closure is at times associated with serious complications. In view of this, the efficacy and safety of a stainless steel band designed for fixation and approximation of the sternum in cardiothoracic procedures was evaluated in a prospective, randomized study. METHODS: Forty-eight patients undergoing open heart operations that involved a median sternotomy were studied. Group I (n = 21) was closed with four to six steel bands, and group II (n = 27) with six to eight standard stainless steel wires. The average age of the patients and the risk factors predisposing to dehiscence were similar in both groups. RESULTS: One postoperative death occurred in each group due to cardiac failure. In group I, the mean length of the postoperative hospital stay was 10.2 +/- 1.76 days (+/- 2 standard errors), whereas in group II the mean was 13.9 +/- 3.4 days (+/- 2 standard errors). Banded patients complained less of postoperative pain, although statistical significance was not achieved. No problems arose in either group during the 3-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The steel bands, compared with wires, provided not only effective fixation, but a reduction in both postoperative pain and postoperative hospital stay. The band is now being studied in a larger group of patients to evaluate the incidence and type of complications associated with its use, as well as length of postoperative hospital stay.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Altered corrosion resistance from casting to stainless steel posts.

Heat treatment during the burnout procedure may cause corrosion of the stainless steel post. This study was undertaken to determine whether alteration of the corrosion resistance of stainless steel posts occurs as a result of various simulated burnout procedures. Stainless steel posts were divided into five groups of five posts: group 1, control; 2, gypsum-bonded investment, bench cooled; 3, gypsum-bonded investment, quenched; 4, phosphate-bonded investment, bench cooled; and 5, phosphate-bonded investment, quenched. The posts were placed in individual containers of Ringer's solution and observed at 30, 180, and 600 days. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, and optical microscopy were used to evaluate the posts qualitatively and quantitatively. Investment and heat treatment altered the metallic structure of stainless steel posts. Prefabricated posts submitted to simulated burnout procedures had a noticeable reduction in corrosion resistance. Direct casting to stainless steel posts is contraindicated.

Corrosion↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the effect of three surface treatments on the biocompatibility of 316L stainless steel using human differentiated cells.

AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) is widely used in orthopaedic implantology, although biological complications may result from its insufficient mechanical and tribological properties. In order to improve the wear and corrosion resistance as well as the hardness of 316L SS, three surface treatments, derived from those applied in mechanical engineering industries, were investigated: (1) glow discharge nitrogen implantation, (2) carbon-doped stainless steel coating sputtering and (3) low temperature plasma nitriding. Surface characterization according to the different heat treatments showed that corrosion and wear resistance were strongly improved, especially by ion implantation or carbon-doped SS coating sputtering. In the same way, microhardness was significantly increased after the three treatments. The effect of such treatments on the biocompatibility of 316L SS was studied with human osteoblast and fibroblast cultures. Basic and specific features of the cells showed that ion-implanted and carbon-doped stainless steels were biocompatible, whereas dramatic cellular reactions were noted when contacted with nitrided stainless steel. A hypothesis is given to explain this observation but further experiments are needed to optimize the nitriding process. Nitrogen implantation and carbon-doped layer deposition could be efficient means for improving the physical properties of stainless steel without affecting its biocompatibility. Such surface treatments may have relevance for increasing the life time of 316L biomedical devices.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗