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PubMed1983

Federal statistics in a complex environment: the case of the 1980 census.

A discussion of the 1980 U.S. census is presented. The authors suggest that the taking of a national census is not just a statistical exercise, but an exercise involving ethics, epistemology, law, and politics. They contend that conducting a national census can be defined as an ill-structured problem in which the various complexities imposed by multidisciplinarity cannot be separated. "The 1980 census is discussed as an ill-structured problem, and a method for treating such problems is presented, within which statistical information is only one component."

Americas↗
PubMed1998

Evans v. Kelley.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Growth-related gene expression in early cholestatic liver injury.

BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic biliary obstruction initiates cholestasis, bile duct proliferation, periportal fibrosis, and, eventually, lethal biliary cirrhosis. Little is known about the genetic regulation of the cellular proliferation and differentiation that begins with the onset of bile duct obstruction. To focus this and future gene expression studies, we sought to determine the time frame for growth-related gene expression and questioned whether the in vivo expression of the protooncogenes H-ras and c-myc was altered after bile duct obstruction. METHODS: Female Fisher rats underwent ligation and division of the common bile duct or sham laparotomy. RESULTS: After obstruction, serum bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase rose to 24% and 30%, respectively, of maximum levels by 10 days after ligation. Morphologic evidence of proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells was first evident after 3 days. After hybridization to c-DNA probes, densitometry for H-ras and beta-actin revealed an immediate and parallel increase in steady-state levels of expression after 24 hours of cholestasis. Levels of c-myc messenger RNA were elevated during the first 3 days of cholestasis; however, at 7 and 10 days c-myc expression was depressed 16% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These profiles of expression show an oncogene response induced by early cholestasis. These data showed that elevations in H-ras and c-myc steady-state expression accompany the proliferative response of bile duct epithelial cells. Decreased levels of c-myc after initial elevation infer that ductal proliferation may continue independently of its steady-state expression, a response usually seen in vitro rather than in in vivo proliferation.

Actins↗
PubMed1992

Decreased expression of eosinophil peroxidase and major basic protein messenger RNAs during eosinophil maturation.

We evaluated the levels of mRNAs encoding cationic proteins in peripheral blood eosinophils (PBE) purified from patients with eosinophilia and in eosinophils differentiated from cord blood cells (CBC) by culture with recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3), rhGM-CSF, and rhIL-5. Messenger RNAs encoding eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) were detected by Northern blot hybridization with the respective specific oligonucleotide probes. In mature PBE, MBP mRNA appeared to be absent, whereas EPO mRNA was barely detectable in only 5 of the 19 patients. In contrast, EDN and ECP mRNAs were observed in the PBE of all patients. In CE, EPO, and MBP, mRNAs were abundant in immature eosinophils and their amounts decreased after differentiation toward eosinophils. ECP and EDN mRNAs followed the same patterns, but mRNAs were less abundant at all timepoints studied. Study of mRNA t1/2 during the time course of differentiation indicated that changes in the stability of the different mRNAs were not responsible for the variations observed in the steady-state levels. Together, these results suggest that regulation of expression differs among EPO, MBP, EDN, and ECP mRNAs during the time course of eosinophil differentiation.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

Gelatinase A and TIMP-2 expression in the fibrous sclera of myopic and recovering chick eyes.

PURPOSE: Myopia, or nearsightedness, is characterized by excessive lengthening of the ocular globe and is associated with extracellular matrix remodeling in the posterior sclera. The activity of gelatinase A, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, has been shown to increase in the posterior sclera during the development of induced myopia in several species. In the present study, the distribution and relative expression of gelatinase A and its associated inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, were measured within the fibrous scleras of experimentally myopic (form-deprived) eyes, control eyes, and eyes recovering from form deprivation to better understand the mechanisms that regulate scleral remodeling and the rate of ocular elongation. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from the posterior scleras of form-deprived chick eyes, eyes recovering from deprivation myopia, and paired contralateral control eyes, and subjected to northern blot analysis analyses using cDNA probes to chicken gelatinase A and TIMP-2. The distribution of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNAs was evaluated by in situ hybridization on frozen sections of chick scleras using 33P-labeled RNA probes. Gelatinase A activity within the fibrous scleras of form-deprived eyes and paired contralateral recovering eyes was evaluated by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: Northern blot analysis indicated that the relative expression of gelatinase A was increased by 128% in deprived eyes (P = 0.009), whereas after 1 day of recovery, levels were decreased by 80% in scleras from recovering eyes (P = 0.005). In contrast, TIMP-2 expression was significantly decreased (-53%, P = 0.027) in the posterior scleras of form-deprived eyes. No significant differences were detected in levels of TIMP-2 expression between recovering eyes and paired control eyes. In situ hybridization indicated that most of the gelatinase A transcripts were present in the fibrous layer of the posterior scleras from form-deprived and recovering eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the steady state levels of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNA lead to changes in gelatinase activity within the fibrous sclera and mediate, at least in part, the process of visually regulated ocular growth and scleral remodeling.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Women's employment and the gain to marriage: the specialization and trading model.

"This chapter critically examines the hypothesis that women's rising employment levels have increased their economic independence and hence have greatly reduced the desirability of marriage. Little firm empirical support for this hypothesis is found. The apparent congruence in time-series data of women's rising employment with declining marriage rates and increasing marital instability is partly a result of using the historically atypical early postwar behavior of the baby boom era as the benchmark for comparisons and partly due to confounding trends in delayed marriage with those of nonmarriage."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Selective pregnancy reduction: medical attitudes, legal implications, and a viable alternative.

"Selective pregnancy reduction" is a medical procedure used to reduce a multiple pregnancy, often a multiple pregnancy induced by in vitro fertilization or drug therapy. In such instances, healthy embryos are sacrificed in order to maximize the chances of survival of the remaining embryos or to allow the mother to choose the number of babies she wishes to deliver. Physicians appear to rely on Roe v. Wade in assuming the legality of the procedure, although such an assumption may be erroneous. Rather than continue to implant an excessive number of pre-embryos, the American Medical Association and the Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology should adopt guidelines similar to those established by the Voluntary Licensing Authority in London, which limit the number to be inserted to a maximum of three. Careful ultrasound monitoring could ensure that no more than three embryos implant when fertility drugs are used. Such practices would help physicians avoid the many moral, ethical, legal, and philosophical problems caused by selective pregnancy reduction.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1992

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis induced by avian erythroblastosis virus.

Besides erythroleukemias and sarcomas, avian erythroblastosis virus strain ES4 (AEV-ES4) induces renal adenocarcinomas (RCas) in chickens. To search for the cells of origin and the mechanism of the development of RCas, we investigated the RCas produced by td359AEV, a mutant of AEV-ES4 which lacks a leukemogenic effect, but which is sarcomagenic. Spindle cell sarcomas in various organs and RCas developed in a high number of chickens inoculated with td359AEV. RCas were tubulo-cystopapillary structures of basophilic cells and originated only from differentiated principal cells (PCs) of the renal collecting duct system. The origin of tumors from PCs was indicated by connections of tumor epithelium to segments of the collecting duct system, including connecting tubules and cortical and medullary collecting ducts. Tumor cells showed typical mucopolysaccharide-containing vacuoles which are characteristic of chicken PCs. Viral particles were observed throughout the kidney. Moreover, the highest numbers of particles as well as budding-images of them were seen (apart from tumor cells) in podocytes and distal tubule cells which did not undergo neoplastic change. The susceptibility of PCs to undergo neoplastic transformation could not be related to a particular activation state of the erbB gene, in view of the fact that cerbB expression was detected by in situ hybridization in the epithelium lining the Bowmann's capsule and the entire renal tubule system. From data of Northern blot and in situ hybridization techniques, it was suggested that the neoplastic transformation of PCs was elicited by overexpression of the v-erbB oncogene, a feature of tumor cells already detected in renal tubules lined by basophilic proliferating cells, the first stages of renal carcinogenesis induced by td359AEV. According to Southern blot analysis, td359AEV proviruses were randomly inserted in tumor DNAs and the RCas were polyclonal in nature.

Alpharetrovirus↗
PubMed1995

Effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on pancreatic digestive and lysosomal enzymes.

The pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis is not fully understood. An increase in pancreatic digestive and lysosomal enzyme synthesis because of ethanol consumption could contribute to the development of pancreatic injury in alcoholics. This study aimed, firstly, to determine the effect of ethanol on the content and messenger RNA levels of pancreatic digestive enzymes and on the messenger RNA level of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B, and secondly, to examine the influence of concomitant protein deficiency (a known association of alcoholism and pancreatic injury) on these effects. A rat model of chronic ethanol administration was used in which rats were fed in groups of four, and for four weeks, protein sufficient and protein deficient diets with or without ethanol. Ethanol increased the pancreatic content of lipase but did not influence chymotrypsinogen or trypsinogen values. mRNA levels for lipase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen were raised in rats fed ethanol. Protein deficiency resulted in reduced tissue levels of lipase, chymotrypsinogen, and amylase but did not influence trypsinogen values. mRNA levels for proteases were increased in protein deficient rats, while those for lipase remained unaltered. Both ethanol and protein deficiency increased mRNA levels for cathepsin B. It is concluded that chronic ethanol consumption, in both protein sufficient and protein deficient states, increases the capacity of the pancreatic acinar cell to synthesise digestive and lysosomal enzymes.

Amylases↗
PubMed1994

Regulation of intracellular pH by immortalized human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell lines.

We have produced continuous cell lines using retroviral transduction of SV40 large T antigen into human intrahepatic biliary epithelial (IBE) cells from three different normal individuals. These IBE cell lines grow in a hormone-supplemented medium in the presence of NIH/3T3 fibroblast coculture. These cells maintain their epithelial appearance and are positive for the biliary-specific markers cytokeratins 7 and 19 and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase while being negative for the hepatocyte markers albumin and asialoglycoprotein receptor. To evaluate ion transport pathways in IBE cell lines, we utilized intracellular pH (pHi) measurements obtained using the intracellular fluorescent indicator 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. In the absence of HCO3(-)-CO2, an amiloride-sensitive Na(+)-H+ exchanger participated in the regulation of basal pHi. In the presence of HCO3(-)-CO2, a 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS)-sensitive, Na-, Cl-, and HCO3(-)-dependent acid extrusion mechanism accounted for approximately 60% of pHi recovery from acidic pHi; this mechanism is most consistent with the presence of a Na-dependent Cl-HCO3- exchanger (Na+HCO3(-)-Cl-H+). Under basal conditions, Cl- depletion revealed a DIDS-sensitive alkalinization consistent with a Na-independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger. These model systems will allow the opportunity to study the normal mechanisms of IBE function and to study the pathobiology of IBE processes in disease states.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1990

The oxidation states of arsenic in well-water from a chronic arsenicism area of northern Mexico.

Aquifers in the Región Lagunera in northern Mexico are heavily contaminated with arsenic. The range of total arsenic concentrations in 128 water samples analyzed was 0.008 to 0.624 mg litre(-1), and concentrations greater than 0.05 mg litre(-1) were found in 50% of them. Approximately 400 000 people living in rural areas were exposed to high As concentrations. Most of the As was in inorganic form and pentavalent arsenic [As(V)] was the predominant species in 93% of the samples. In 36% of the samples, however, variable percentages (20-50) of trivalent As [As(III)] were found. Organic arsenicals were present in very small amounts. Since As(III) is several times more toxic than As(V), we suggest that periodic studies be performed on the As(III)/As(V) ratio in wells whose total As concentrations are above 0.05 mg litre(-1), in combination with epidemiological studies to evaluate possible differences in health effects produced by different As species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The CCAAT box-binding factor stimulates ammonium assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, defining a new cross-pathway regulation between nitrogen and carbon metabolisms.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, carbon and nitrogen metabolisms are connected via the incorporation of ammonia into glutamate; this reaction is catalyzed by the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) encoded by the GDH1 gene. In this report, we show that the GDH1 gene requires the CCAAT box-binding activator (HAP complex) for optimal expression. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence: (1) overexpression of GDH1 can correct the growth defect of hap2 and hap3 mutants on ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source, (ii) Northern (RNA) blot analysis shows that the steady-state level of GDH1 mRNA is strongly lowered in a hap2 mutant, (iii) expression of a GDH1-lacZ fusion is drastically reduced in hap mutants, (iv) NADP-GDH activity is several times lower in the hap mutants compared with that in the isogenic wild-type strain, and finally, (v) site-directed mutagenesis of two consensual HAP binding sites in the GDH1 promoter strongly reduces expression of GDH1 and makes it HAP independent. Expression of GDH1 is also regulated by the carbon source, i.e., expression is higher on lactate than on ethanol, glycerol, or galactose, with the lowest expression being found on glucose. Finally, we show that a hap2 mutation does not affect expression of other genes involved in nitrogen metabolism (GDH2, GLN1, and GLN3 encoding, respectively, the NAD-GDH, glutamine synthetase, and a general activator of several nitrogen catabolic genes). The HAP complex is known to regulate expression of several genes involved in carbon metabolism; its role in the control of GDH1 gene expression, therefore, provides evidence for a cross-pathway regulation between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1989

Collagen gene expression by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Abundant steady-state levels of type VI procollagen messenger RNAs.

Previous studies have suggested that procollagen types I and III are the major collagenous gene products of cultured human skin fibroblasts. In this study the expression of 10 different genes, encoding the subunit polypeptides for collagen types I-VI, by human skin fibroblasts in culture was analyzed by molecular hybridizations. Northern transfer analysis demonstrated the presence of specific mRNA transcripts for collagen types I, III, IV, V, and VI, but not for type II collagen. Quantitation of the abundance of these mRNAs by slot blot hybridizations revealed that type I, III, and VI procollagens were the major collagenous gene products of skin fibroblasts in culture. The mRNAs for type IV and V collagens represented only a small percentage of the total collagenous mRNA transcripts. Further analysis by in situ hybridization demonstrated that the majority of the cultured cells coexpressed the genes for type I, III, and VI procollagen pro-alpha chains. Further in situ hybridization analyses revealed the expression of type VI collagen genes in normal human skin. These data demonstrate that human skin fibroblast cultures can be used to study the transcriptional regulation of at least nine genetically distinct procollagen genes. The data further suggest that type VI collagen, in addition to types I and III, may be a major collagenous component of human skin.

Cells, Cultured↗