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PubMed1984

Chromosome studies in 496 infertile males with a sperm count below 10 million/ml.

Chromosome studies were performed on 106 men with azoospermia and 390 men with oligozoospermia (consistent sperm count below 10 million/ml). Constitutional chromosome abnormalities were found in 14.1% of the azoospermia group and in 5.1% of the oligozoospermia group. An overall incidence of 7.1% constitutional abnormalities indicates that this criterion of selection may be advisable for routine chromosome analysis of infertile men. A reduction of 25% in the workload increases the yield of chromosome abnormalities in the group of infertile men to 10-14 times above that expected in the normal population.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1983

Sialic acid content of human spermatozoa and seminal plasma in relation to sperm counts.

Sialic acid levels were determined in spermatozoa and seminal plasma of 47 semen samples divided into two groups according to sperm counts. Group 1, up to 40 x 10(6) sperm/ml seminal fluid and group 2, above 40 x 10(6) sperm/ml seminal fluid. The content of sialic acid in spermatozoa ranged from 4.4-28.1 micrograms/10(8) spermatozoa and from 70-95 mg/100 ml seminal plasma. Sialic acid was significantly higher in sperm and lower in seminal plasma of group 1 as compared to group 2. The lower content of sialic acid in seminal plasma might have a deteriorating effect on structural integrity of sperm.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Correlation of serum prolactin, sperm count and motility. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in the infertile male].

Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in 147 males. All patients had no known tumor, endocrine disorder, or symptoms or signs of hyperprolactinemia. All patients denied taking any medication or agents that could alter PRL levels. Semen analyses revealed 34 patients were normospermic, 69 were oligospermic, 26 were azoospermic, and 18 were purely astenzoospermic. PRL levels for the patient groups were not statistically significantly different. PRL values were higher than the normal ranges in 12.2% of the overall study population. A lower incidence (6.19%) was observed for hyperprolactinemia in the normospermics. These findings are comparable to those described elsewhere. Serum testosterone did not drop significantly in the hyperprolactinemics. Similarly, the FSH and LH values did not change significantly. The possible role of PRL in male infertility and the effect of hyperprolactinemia of varying degrees and etiology on sperm count and motility are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Effects of dilution rates, animal species and instruments on the spectrophotometric determination of sperm counts.

Using semen from bull, boar and stallion as well as different spectrophotometers, we established the calibration curves relating the optical density of a sperm sample to the sperm count obtained on the hemacytometer. The results show that, for a given spectrophotometer, the calibration curve is not characteristic of the animal species we studied. The differences in size of the spermatozoa are probably too small to account for the anticipated specificity of the calibration curve. Furthermore, the fact that different dilution rates must be used, because of the vastly different concentrations of spermatozoa which is characteristic of those species, has no effect on the calibration curves since the dilution rate is shown to be artefactual. On the other hand, for a given semen, the calibration curve varies depending upon the spectrophotometry used. However, if two instruments have the same characteristic in terms of spectral bandwidth, the calibration curves are not statistically different.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A relationship between sperm count and intracellular progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol concentrations in human spermatozoa.

In an attempt to determine whether human spermatozoa contain steroid hormones, in this study we have measured the immunoreactive levels of P, 17 alpha-OHP, and F in the extracts of sonicated specimens of sperms obtained as ejaculates from husbands of infertile couples. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that human spermatozoa contain definite amounts of the measured steroids and suggests an association between steroid levels and sperm count. These steroids identified intracellularly in the haploid germ cells may play a role in the molecular events associated with fertilization.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗
PubMed1986

Sperm counts and reproductive tract lesions in male Syrian hamsters exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol.

Pregnant hamsters were administered diethylstilbestrol (DES) orally on day 14 of gestation. Sperm counts from F1 adult males were lower than controls. Significant and consistent lesions were confined to the epididymides of DES exposed males, in which epididymal granulomas were the most common lesion. Epididymal granulomas of the tail have been associated with a bacterial etiology while granulomas of the head may be related to blind ductules or a lack of ductule connection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of mesterolone on sperm count in idiopathic oligospermia.

Forty subfertile men with idiopathic oligospermia were randomly treated with mesterolone or with placebo for more than 4 months. Seminal analysis was performed thrice before treatment, and twice after 16 weeks of treatment. There was a significant increase of semen volume (P less than .05), mean sperm concentration (P less than .01), and mean total sperm count per ejaculate (P less than .01) with mesterolone therapy. Sperm motility and morphological characteristics were not modified by mesterolone therapy. Mesterolone was found to be effective in improving the sperm concentration in mild and moderate rather than in severe idiopathic oligospermia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?

The incidence of disorders of development of the male reproductive tract has more than doubled in the past 30-50 years while sperm counts have declined by about half. Similar abnormalities occur in the sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy and can be induced in animals by brief exposure to exogenous oestrogen/DES during pregnancy. We argue that the increasing incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the human male may be related to increased oestrogen exposure in utero, and identify mechanisms by which this exposure could occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma with concomitant hypersecretion of testosterone and elevated sperm count. Treatment with LRH agonist.

Hypersecretion of both FSH and LH was demonstrated in a man with pituitary macroadenoma, who also presented elevated levels of blood testosterone and an increased sperm count. The patient underwent transsphenoidal surgery followed immediately by cranial irradiation. Immunocytochemical analysis of the tumour revealed the presence of FSH, LH, TSH and the alpha-subunit. Gel chromatography of the serum on Sephadex G-100 revealed immunoactive FSH, LH and the alpha-subunit which coeluted with the labelled standards of corresponding hormones. Blood levels of both gonadotropins and testosterone remained persistently elevated up to one year following surgical decompression of the tumour and radiotherapy. It was decided to treat this patient with sc administration of 100 micrograms D-Trp6-LRH biweekly. After 20 weeks, LRH-analogue treatment resulted in the reduction of serum FSH and LH levels and a diminishing in tumour size as assessed by computed tomography scan of the pituitary. This report shows that in a patient with clinically and biochemically documented gonadotropin-secreting adenoma, inducing a state of persistent gonadal hyperfunction, pituitary surgery and cranial irradiation failed to normalize the biochemical abnormality; however, therapy with D-Trp6-LRH agonist induced clinical, biochemical and radiologic improvement.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

[Quality evaluation of three different sperm counting chambers].

OBJECTIVE: Semen evaluation is the most important laboratory test for assessing male fertility. However, lack of strict quality control (QC) for semen analyses in hospital andrology laboratories makes it difficult and meaningless to compare semen data between different laboratories. This paper reports a comparative study on the accuracy of the Hemacytometer (Qiujing Inc., Shanghai, China), Makler (Sefi-Medical Instrument, Haifa, Israel), and Cell-VU (Millennium Sciences Inc., New York, USA) chambers for sperm counting. METHODS: Both low [(18 +/- 2.5) x 10(6)/ml] and high [(35 +/- 5) x 10(6)/ml] pre-calibrated standard latex bead solutions (Hamilton Thorne Biosciences, USA) were used as the quality control solution to perform counts on the three different counting chambers. Bead counts for the three different chambers were compared, and variability within the chambers determined for standard solutions at low and high concentrations of latex beads, respectively. RESULTS: Mean bead concentrations for the Cell-VU, Hemacytometer and Makler chambers were (37.63 +/- 4.89), (42.74 +/- 4.98) and (53.52 +/- 6.67) x 10(6)/ml respectively for a standard solution containing (35 +/- 5) x 10(6) beads/ml, and (18.22 +/- 1.77), (20.48 +/- 1.56), (24.97 +/- 4.75) x 10(6)/ml respectively for a standard solution containing (18 +/- 2.5) x 10(6) beads/ml. Mean bead concentrations for the Cell-VU chamber were consistently similar and close to the standard pre-calibrated bead solutions, while those for both the Hemacytometer and the Makler chambers were significantly overestimated (P < 0.001). The average coefficients of variation for the Cell-VU chamber were 7.51% for a higher concentration of the standard solution containing (36 +/- 5) x 10(6) beads/ml and 1.22% for a lower concentration of the standard solution containing (18 +/- 2.5) x 10(6) beads/ml, while the mean variation rates of the Hemacytometer and Makler chambers were 22.11% and 13.78% for a standard solution containing (36 +/- 5) x 10(6) beads/ml, and 52.91% and 38.72% for a standard solution containing (18 +/- 2.5) x 10(6) beads/ ml, respectively. CONCLUSION: Semen analysis is one of the most important tests for male fertility evaluation, but the data obtained from commercially available counting chambers may differ markedly in accuracy and reliability. Results from this comparative study demonstrated that the Cell-VU chamber exhibits significantly more accurate and less variable results than those of the Hemacytometer and Makler chambers. To ensure the best possible evaluations and accurate diagnoses, we therefore recommend that Cell-VU be used as the standard counting chamber for routine semen analyses in andrology laboratories.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed2002

Effect of ribavirin on epididymal sperm count in rat.

Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-Carboxamide) is a potent inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, used widely as an antiviral drug. Although it has been reported as a teratogen, its effect on spermatogenesis is not known. Male Wistar rats were segregated into 24 groups of 5 in each. Six groups were treated with water, 6 groups with 20 mg/kg, another 6 groups with 100 mg/kg and remaining 6 groups with 200 mg/kg for 5 days at intervals of 24 h (i.p.). Animals were anaesthetized at 14, 28, 35, 42, 70 and 105 days following the last exposure, laparatomy was conducted, epididymis was removed, minced in 1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), filtered and stained with 1% aqueous eosin Y. An aliquot was taken in haemocytometer, diluted in PBS and charged into Neubauer's chamber. Spermatozoa were counted in 8 squares except the central, and multiplied by 5 x 10(4). Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney "U" test. Ribavirin significantly decreased the sperm count in a dose and time dependent pattern and showed a recovery by day 105 except at 200 mg/kg. Ribavirin is reversibly cytotoxic to germ cells and decreases the production of spermatozoa.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sperm counts in enzymatically liquefied cervical mucus: quantitative validation using donor cervical mucus.

The post-coital test evaluates the penetration of spermatozoa into cervical mucus; it relies on subjective measurements and therefore lacks precision. Enzymatic liquefaction of cervical mucus allows sperm concentration to be measured in post-coital test samples, but the reliability of such measurements is not known. Donor cervical mucus was used as a model to test the accuracy and sensitivity of sperm quantification in liquefied cervical mucus. Donor cervical mucus was dissolved by enzymatic treatments in the presence of known numbers of spermatozoa and the recovery of sperm cells was assessed after liquefaction of the samples. Enzymatic treatment of cervical mucus with a combination of bromelin and glycosidases resulted in reliable and fast liquefaction of the samples. The accuracy of sperm concentration measurements was 89 +/- 10% (mean +/- SD, n = 50), and the sensitivity limits were 1 x 10(6) and 0.2 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml for quantitative concentration measurement and qualitative sperm detection respectively. This study demonstrates that liquefaction of cervical mucus by combined protease and glycosidases allows accurate and sensitive determination of sperm concentration in the sample. Therefore we believe that valuable data can be obtained for sperm concentration and total sperm counts in post-coital tests, that should help to improve the reliability of the post-coital test.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1984

Effects of gossypol on sperm counts in two inbred strains of mice.

Gossypol acetic acid was administered orally to mice of two inbred strains, BALB/c/O1a and CBA/Gr, at daily doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg for about 4 weeks. Treated mice of both strains showed a reduction in sperm counts. This was more marked in CBA mice, which also had smaller testes size than did BALB/c mice. The treatment had no significant effect on testicular weight but the caput epididymidis and seminal vesicles of treated mice weighed less than those of control mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effects of age and abnormal sperm count on the nondisjunction of spermatozoa.

PURPOSE: The effect of paternal age on the nondisjunction of sex chromosomes is controversial. Also, the prevalence of chromosomal anomalies in infertile patients is controversial, it has been reported that the sex chromosomal aneuploidy rate following treatment with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is higher than in naturally conceived pregnancies. We investigated the influence of paternal age and oligozoospermia on the nondisjunction of spermatozoa. METHODS: We determined the rate of aneuploidy for gonosomes and autosomes, using two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the X and Y chromosomes and chromosomes 12 and 18 in 10 donors under 25 years of age who had a normal sperm count (> or = 20 x 10(6)/ml), 10 donors over the age of 39 years with idiopathic infertility and normozoospermia (> or = 20 x 10(6)/ml), and 5 oligozoospermic donors (< 20 x 10(6)/ml). RESULTS: There was no obvious relationship between increasing age and autosomal disomy (disomy 12 and disomy 18). Neither autosomal disomy nor diploidy was increased in any group. The frequency of X-, Y-, XX-, and YY-bearing sperm did not differ significantly among groups, but the frequency of XY-bearing sperm was significantly higher in the older infertile group than in the control donors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of nondisjunction of paternal sex chromosome in meiosis I was higher in older men with idiopathic infertility. The present results suggest that the risk of producing XXY fetuses is higher among men > 39 years of age with idiopathic infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of ELF magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation, sperm count, p53, and trace elements.

BACKGROUND: Some epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a possible connection between extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and certain illnesses, such as cancer, immune suppression, as well as reproductive toxic effects and abnormalities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ELF magnetic fields (1.35 mT) on sperm count, malondialdehyde concentration, the histology of such organs as the testes, brain, liver, and kidney tissues, p53 immunoreactivity of bone marrow, and the serum concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ in rats. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into two groups. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to an ELF magnetic field 2 hr/day for 2 months (7 days a week). The rats in the control group were not exposed to the ELF magnetic field. The exposure was performed in a Faraday cage (130 x 65 x 80 cm) with grounded shielding against the electric component. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Magnetic field measurements showed that, under the experimental conditions, the magnetic field-exposure system produced a stable flux density of 1.35+/-0.018 mT and a stable frequency of 50 Hz, with negligible harmonics and no transients. However, no statistically significant alteration was observed in the parameters measured in this study except in Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study found no evidence of an adverse effect of ELF magnetic fields on the measured parameters except for significantly increased Mn2+ concentrations (p<0.001).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Men born in the region of Leipzig (Saxony, Germany) between 1960 and 1970 showed a significantly decreased sperm count (examination of 3432 individuals).

The routine spermiogram parameters of 3432 patients born between 1952 and 1971 in the region of Leipzig were determined between January 1975 and March 2000. The patient group aged 24-35 years was characterized by low mobility and relocation living in the main centre of chemical industry with enormous environmental pollution in Eastern Germany up to 1990. Sperm concentrations and total sperm counts were found to be significantly reduced in men born between 1960 and 1970 compared with men born before this period (52.38 +/- 1.21 versus 70.79 +/- 2.15 millions ml(-1) 139.51 +/- 3.66 versus 176.31 +/- 6.04 millions; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.01; 2410 versus 1022 patients) independently of the year of semen examination.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of alpha-difluromethylornithine and tartaric acid on sperm count, seminal gamma GT, FSH, LH, testosterone and steroid excretion in patients with chronic prostatitis.

The inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase, a polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO) was studied in patients with chronic non-suppurative prostatitis. Partial clinical response and remission of gross hematospermia were observed after 18 g/day alpha-DFMO, when administered orally for 1 month. The determination of gamma-glutamyltransferase, LH, Testosterone in semen and also of sperm motility and vitality appeared distinctly changed in alpha-DFMO treated patients, indicating a significant effect on the activity of the prostate. -- A 16% decrease of hematocrit and hemoglobin in 2 out of 10 patients was reversible 2 months after stopping the therapy. The placebo, which was identified mainly as tartaric acid after termination of the study showed similar clinical response and change of seminal parameters. The modulation of sperm count, seminal gamma GT, LH and testosterone was correlated to the known inhibition of prostatic acid phosphatase by tartaric acid in vitro.

Adult↗