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PubMed1998

Fertility and son preference in Korea.

In Korea, total fertility declined from 6.0 in 1960 to 1.6 in 1990, in spite of a strong preference for male offspring. This paper addresses the notion that son preference hinders fertility decline, and examines the effects of patriarchal relations and modernization on fertility using the 1991 Korea National Fertility and Family Health Survey. It was found that women who have a son are less likely to have another child, and that women with a son who do progress to have another child, take longer to conceive the subsequent child. This pattern prevailed for women of parity one, two, and three, and became more pronounced with higher parity. A multivariate analysis showed that preference for male offspring, patriarchy, and modernization are all strong predictors of second, third, and fourth conceptions.

Family↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Son preference and the sex ratio at birth in China: a provincial level analysis.

In this paper we use data from the 1 Per Cent Sample of the 1990 Census of China to calculate sex ratios for the Chinese provinces that are specific not only to parity, but also to the sex composition of previously-born children. We analyze the degree of relationship among and between the SRB's and then consider the phenomenon of son preference. We find the variation in sex ratios at birth among the Chinese provinces is related in an important way to variation among the provinces in the degree of son preference. Our analysis shows abnormally high SRB's in most of the provinces of China, especially at parities 2 and higher when the prior births were daughters. Other societies, namely Taiwan and South Korea, with rapid fertility decline and strong son preference also manifest abnormally high SRB's at parities beyond the first.

China↗
PubMed1999

Y chromosome microdeletion in a father and his four infertile sons.

Microdeletions of Yq are associated with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. In general, men with deletions are infertile and therefore deletions are not transmitted to sons unless in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are performed. We report an unusual family characterized by multiple members with infertility and Yq microdeletion. Complete reproductive history, semen analyses and blood samples were elicited from relevant family members. DNA preparation and quantification were performed using commercial kits. A total of 27 pairs of sequence tagged sites based primer sets specific for the Y microdeletion region loci were used for screening. Southern blots using deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) and ribosomal binding motif (RBM) cDNAs were then analysed for confirmation. The proband, his three brothers and father were all found to be deleted for DAZ but not RBM. At the time of analysis, the proband's father was azoospermic whereas his four sons were either severely oligozoospermic or azoospermic. Unlike their father, the four sons are infertile and have no offspring, except for one of them who achieved a daughter only after IVF/ICSI treatment for infertility. Microdeletions of Yq involving the DAZ gene are associated with a variable phenotypic expression that can include evidently normal fertility.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2004

Case report: natural transmission of an AZFc Y-chromosomal microdeletion from father to his sons.

Y-chromosomal microdeletions, associated with oligozoospermia or azoospermia, are usually de novo deletions in the affected patients. We report here the rare case of an affected father who transmitted a Y-chromosomal microdeletion to at least two of his three sons naturally and who also fathered a daughter. The extent of the deletion, which was determined with new STS-primers and covers 3.5 Mb, was identical in the father and his azoospermic sons. To determine any possibly modifying influence of other genes involved in spermatogenesis, we analysed two polymorphisms of the DAZL gene, the autosomal homologue of the deleted DAZ gene. DAZL and DAZ might be functionally related to each other. However, we found identical polymorphisms in exon 2 and 3 of the DAZL gene, in both father and his sons, corresponding to the most prevalent genotype in fertile men. Thus, other genes or environmental factors must modify spermatogenesis in men with identical Y-chromosomal microdeletions.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Puerto Rican sons as primary caregivers of elderly parents.

During the past decade the fields of gerontology and social work have paid close attention to Latino elders in the United States. This article reports on the findings of a study examining the needs of Puerto Rican elders in a New England city and the role of sons in the caregiving process. Sons as primary caregivers have not been addressed in depth in the literature. Recommendations are made for social workers working in gerontology to maximize outreach and support to caregiving sons.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Screening behavior in brothers and sons of men with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: We identified factors associated with screening behavior in the brothers and sons of men with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We contacted 837 men with prostate cancer to invite their 40 to 70-year-old brothers or sons to participate in this study. We mailed the brothers and sons who contacted us a survey to explore sociodemographic and medical characteristics, prostate cancer family history, prostate cancer knowledge, self-efficacy, barriers to screening, perceived benefits, perceived vulnerability and medical support. RESULTS: Of the 138 candidates who participated in the study 86 (62%) had undergone prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination within the last 2 years. Men older than 50 years, those who had discussed prostate cancer screening with their physician, those with good knowledge of recommended screening frequency and those with no co-morbidity had undergone screening more often than others. CONCLUSIONS: Physician support and prostate cancer screening knowledge were positively associated with previous screening. Effective interventions to increase screening in families at risk should target physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Testicular cancer in father and son.

The occurrence of testicular tumors in closely related family members is rare. We report a case of testicular cancers in a father and son. The father had pure seminoma, and his son developed a mixed nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. The peripheral blood lymphocytes in both patients were tested for 52 HLA specificities, and the patients were found to have six in common. The son was homozygous for HLA A24. The association between certain HLA antigens, other genetic factors, and testicular cancer requires further study to improve the care and counseling of patients and their families.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent sons of alcoholics: neuropsychological and personality characteristics.

Adolescent sons of alcoholics and nonalcoholics were compared on a battery of intellectual, neuropsychological, personality, and behavioral measures. The former group demonstrated certain neuropsychological deficits in perceptual-motor ability, memory, and language processing. They also had auditory and visual attentional impairments and a lower level of achievement in reading comprehension. In addition, the sons of alcoholics presented a more neurotic personality profile than sons of nonalcoholics. They were, however, less impulsive than the comparison group. More development and familial problems were noted in the alcoholics' offspring as well. The implications of these findings for understanding the causes and consequences of alcoholism are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive status of sons of alcoholic men.

Sons of community dwelling alcoholic, depressed, and normal men were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. A generalized cognitive deficit was not found in the sons of alcoholics. The sons of alcoholics demonstrated greater ataxia than offspring in the two control groups and also performed more poorly on tests measuring visual scanning and attention, planning ability, and impulse control. These findings raise the possibility that an anterior cerebral dysfunction underlies the cognitive deficit observed in children of alcoholics.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

Meta-analysis of subjective sensitivity to alcohol in sons of alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: Meta-analysis was used to review the research literature on self-reported sensitivity to alcohol among sons of alcoholic and among normal control subjects. METHOD: Computerized and manual searches identified 17 eligible independent articles; nine contained the information necessary to compute effect sizes, and additional data on two other studies were provided by authors in response to written and telephone requests. RESULTS: Findings from 10 studies indicated that sons of alcoholics report significantly less sensitivity to alcohol than normal control subjects overall and during the ascending (i.e., 0-35 minutes after alcohol) and descending (i.e., 40-240 minutes after alcohol) limbs of the blood alcohol curve. Response to placebo did not significantly distinguish these groups in the five studies that included such assessment. CONCLUSIONS: It may be appropriate to appraise the biological sons of male alcoholics that they may experience less subjective sensitivity to alcohol than other individuals, but it is not possible to predict whether any particular individual will experience such lower sensitivity. In addition, self-report data can be influenced by many factors, and further research that assesses multiple psychological and physiological measures and uses longitudinal designs is needed to determine the relationship between specific factors and the development of alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Parental ratings of son's behavior problems in high-risk families: convergent validity, internal structure, and interparent agreement.

In this research, we examined the convergent validity, internal structure, and interparent agreement of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) using data from a community sample of 317 high-risk families. The sample consisted of 218 families with alcoholism (biological mother, father, and son) and 99 matched comparison families without alcoholism; all families were intact and included a 3- to 5-year-old son at first contact. Evidence was found for the convergent validity of the CBCL. In addition, although interparent agreement was low, the internal structure was confirmed, and structural invariance was high between mothers and fathers and in families with and without alcoholism. The effects of parental psychological and cognitive functioning on parent agreement were examined and found to have a minimal effect on parent agreement. These results demonstrate the validity of the CBCL for use by parent raters with alcoholism and their sons and emphasize the importance of including both versus only 1 parent in research using the CBCL.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol abuse and its psychosocial correlates in sons of alcoholics as young men and in the general population of young men in Prague.

A sample of 107 sons of alcoholics aged 22-33 is compared to a representative sample of 1,274 Prague men of the same age range with respect to alcohol abuse and its psychosocial antecedents and correlates. Data sources were cumulative records of alcohol abuse in health care files and interviews. The estimated relative risk of alcohol abuse for sons of alcoholics versus other men is about 3.5 with both registration and self-report criteria if a broad definition of abuse is adopted. If, however, serious registered abuse and/or medical treatment of alcoholism at or before age 22 is the criterion of abuse, the estimated relative risk is about 10. In both compared samples, father's low education, discontinued family socialization and undisciplined behavior in childhood were antecedents of abuse registered at or before age 22. Self-reported abuse in the 6 months before interview had similar psychosocial correlates in both samples (heavily drinking friends, a positive attitude to heavy drinking, etc.). In both samples about 40% began to drink regularly at 17 or earlier. However, early start of drinking led very frequently to early registered abuse in sons of alcoholics whereas no such contingency was observed in the general male population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Interaction between childhood temperament and parental discipline practices on behavioral adjustment in preadolescent sons of substance abuse and normal fathers.

We conducted this study with a sample of sons of fathers having a Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder (PSUD+, n = 55) and sons of fathers who did not qualify for a PSUD (PSUD-, n = 97). Parental discipline practice from the child's perspective was investigated in relation to the child's difficult temperament to determine their association with sons' externalizing and internalizing behavior problems reported by mothers. PSUD+ status, difficult temperament in the boys, and their ratings of parental discipline practices accounted for a significant proportion of variance with respect to their externalizing behavior (11%), but only PSUD+ status had a main effect on internalizing behavior. However, the main finding of this study was that the interaction of parental discipline and difficult temperament in the child moderated both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, accounting for an additional 5% of an explained variance. Thus, this study illustrates the importance of the conjoint influence of children's temperament characteristics and parental discipline practices on the children's adjustment. These results support the findings from previous studies showing that a difficult temperament disposition places the child at risk for maltreatment by parents and for development of a disruptive behavior disorder. Both outcomes have been found in many investigations to presage alcohol and drug abuse in adolescence. The findings also underscore the importance of both individual and contextual variables for understanding the development of psychopathology. In this regard, the results show the need for prevention and treatment to encompass strategies directed at disaggregating the basis of maladaptive family interaction patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Human affection exchange: VI. Further tests of reproductive probability as a predictor of men's affection with their adult sons.

The authors examined the communication of affection in men's relationships with their fathers. Drawing from Affection Exchange Theory, the authors advanced four predictions: (a) heterosexual men receive more affection from their own fathers than do homosexual or bisexual men, (b) fathers communicate affection to their sons more through supportive activities than through direct verbal statements or nonverbal gestures, (c) affectionate communication between fathers and sons is linearly related to closeness and interpersonal involvement between them, and (d) fathers' awareness of their sons' sexual orientation is associated with the amount of affection that the fathers communicate to them. Participants were 170 adult men who completed questionnaires regarding affectionate communication in their relationships with their fathers. Half of the men were self-identified as exclusively heterosexual, and the other half were self-identified as exclusively homosexual or bisexual. The results supported all predictions substantially.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

"That man's father is my father's son": the roles of structure, strategy, and working memory in solving convoluted verbal problems.

Normative data (N = 896) collected on solutions to the traditional reasoning problem "Brothers and sisters have I none,/That man's father is my father's son" was the platform for a set of experiments to investigate the roles of problem structure, subject strategy, and working memory in error making in a class of verbal problems. The normative data revealed that the modal, but incorrect response to the brothers and sisters problem was "himself," whereas the correct response of "son" was given by only 17% of subjects for the traditional version above, rising to 40% for a reordered novel version. This problem's structure, identified as a double-modifier structure, was found to produce similar response patterns across a range of verbal problems. Results from (1) syntactical structure manipulations (e.g., "My father's son is the father of that man"), and (2) efforts to teach subjects to use a linear strategy (a sequence of steps), interpreted within a framework of Just and Carpenter's (1992) capacity theory of comprehension, suggested that working memory overload varies across within-structure modifications and subjects. Furthermore, this overload may be compounded by subjects' choices of strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Parental involvement with adolescents' education: do daughters or sons get more help?

This research examined whether parents were involved differently with the education of their adolescent daughters and sons. The investigation used data from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS), which collected information from approximately 25,000 eighth-grade students. Several types of parental involvement were analyzed for gender differences, including school discussion, parent-school connection, parental expectations, parental attendance at school events, and three measures of parental supervision (checking homework, limiting television watching, and limiting going out with friends). The results showed that, net of students' grades, tests scores, and educational aspirations, parents helped daughters in some ways and sons in other ways. Generally, daughters experienced more parental involvement with their education than did sons. The findings are discussed in terms of parents' traditional socialization practices versus a shift in parental treatment in response to social trends.

Adolescent↗