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What field instructors of social work students need from hospital field work programs.

Hospital field instructors of graduate social work students can experience considerable stress in managing their dual roles as practitioners and teachers. This paper looks at the kinds of supports that field instructors need from hospital social work departments to help them experience field instruction positively. Annual program evaluations completed by field instructors at one hospital over a five year period were analyzed. Findings suggest that ongoing departmental seminars for field instructors can be critical in supporting them in this role well beyond the first year. Implications for retaining field instructors and directions for further research are highlighted.

Education, Graduate↗

Skills, bravery, courage, and foolhardiness: Seventy-five years of social work in health care in Melbourne, Australia.

The lessons from the history of health social work in Melbourne, Victoria can be extrapolated to social work in other parts of Australia and internationally. Based on consultation with social workers, archival material and personal reflections this article traces 75 years of health social work in Melbourne and Victoria within the context of the prevailing social influences. The profession, which was started by local opinion leaders and public demand, is now well established. Initially Australians looked to Britain to guide the new profession, but by the latter part of the twentieth century they increasingly looked to the USA. Many challenges still face health social work. Sharing of knowledge and experience will strengthen social work locally and internationally.

Australia↗

Staying in hospital social work.

Hospitals have traditionally been large employers of social workers. As workplaces they are often identified as being challenging and ambiguous environments for social work practice. In this study the experience of hospital work is explored. Social workers' 'tolerance' of the hospital environment is identified as a way of explaining 'staying.' Staying has both positive and negative features which arise from the interaction between workers' tolerance of the environment and their qualities of 'self-actualisation.' The identification of this relationship informs and challenges existing theories of retention and turnover of workers.

Adult↗

Changing hospital practice and social work staffing.

If social workers are to survive in hospitals and gain satisfacation from their work, they must begin to find new ways to apply their skills. This article analyzes several factors affecting the health care industry and suggests that staffing a hospital social work department follow a situational rather than a universal approach.

Hospital Departments↗

Gender similarities of social work managers.

The purpose of this research was to determine if men and women social work administrators can be distinguished from one another by their work behaviors or their attitudes about work priorities. In addition, this prior question is addressed: To what degree is the state of knowledge in social work administration based on research that excludes women managers? Data from two independent samples of directors of hospital social work departments are examined as well as seven years of empirical research published in Administration in Social Work. The authors found that women and men social work managers are quite similar in their use of time and their perceptions of the priority of various organizational goals. Also, they found that the growing empirical research record is based on samples that consistently included women, and generally more than half of the samples are women. After offering an explanation of the findings, the authors propose a research agenda for those interested in social work administration.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Interdisciplinary education for community health: the case for nursing and social work collaboration.

A nurse educator and a social work educator developed an interdisciplinary team-taught course in community health for both social work and nursing students. This account of their experience elaborates the implications of interdisciplinary education for the student learning experience including theory and practice content, socialization, and transition; faculty development; and the larger university community. Although this particular instance is limited to baccalaureate education, the authors underscore the potential of interdisciplinary course work for the enrichment of all levels of nursing and social work education.

Attitude↗

Early unplanned readmissions to social work of elderly patients: factors predicting who needs follow-up services.

There are some elderly patients who receive social work services during an initial hospitalization and experience an early unplanned readmission, when they again are in need of social work assistance. This research identified factors which differentiated social work patients who were readmitted to the hospital within one month and were again referred to social work services from those who were not readmitted. Three factors were found to be predictive of readmission to social work: longer length of stay in the initial hospitalization; presence of barriers which complicated the social work service plan undertaken in the first admission; and provision of social work services in the initial admission which were limited to information and referral only.

Aged↗

A critique of the Model State Social Work Practice Act.

This article reviews the Model State Social Work Practice Act approved by the American Association of State Social Work Boards in 1998. The limitations of the definition of social work practice included in the model stature, inclusion of BSWs and social workers employed by public and nonprofit agencies, the promulgation of dual codes of ethics, and lack of assurance of effective services are discussed. Strategies for political action to benefit consumers, the public, and social workers are provided.

Credentialing↗

Improving the lives of home care workers: a partnership of social work and labor.

A school of social work with an occupational program specialization entered into an agreement with one of the largest trade unions in New York City to do a social and health services needs assessment for the union's newest members: home care workers. The vast majority of these home attendants are low-income African American and Latina women who care for frail aged and disabled Medicaid recipients to prevent nursing home placement. Structured interviews with a sample of 400 union members indicated a need for better health care coverage, especially for stress-related illnesses, along with personal social services to assist with housing, debt, child care, and family issues. The union used this independent university data in its subsequent collective bargaining and won expanded benefits for its members based on demonstrated need. The school then established a union-funded member assistance program to institutionalize ongoing support for these members. In the end, action research helped to create both social services and social change; low-income women of color have gained tangible new benefits; and social work's important ties to organized labor have been strengthened.

Female↗

Housing for the aged: new roles for social work.

As the elderly population increases, social workers and planners of housing must coordinate efforts and combine resources as they explore new channels for meeting the housing needs of the aged. In evaluating new roles for social work in this field, three basic areas are discussed: 1) the nature of the housing problem, 2) the needs of the elderly, and 3) the role of social work in meeting these needs.

Aged↗

End-of-life care and social work education: what do students need to know?.

Social workers are major service providers to people who are facing end-of-life issues including the terminally ill and their families. Yet, exemplary models for social work education and intervention methods are limited in rural states. A statewide survey conducted in Kentucky found only two social work courses dedicated to end-of-life care currently being offered by accredited undergraduate and graduate institutions. Another statewide survey found that many hospice social workers are relatively inexperienced and have a need and desire for more education on death, dying and loss. Also, unique cultural, economic and geographic areas, such as Appalachia are enigmas when it comes to the provision of end-of-life care. This partnership provides a varied perspective on delivery of end-of-life care services with an emphasis on social work interventions and education.

Aged↗

Social work in health care: do practitioners' writings suggest an applied social science?

There are two sources of literature in social work-one from academics and the other from practitioners. Each group is driven by different motivations to write. Academics seek a 'scientific rationality' for the field, while practitioners assume practical and intuitive reasoning, experience aligned with theory, and the 'art of practice' to guide them. It has been said that practitioners do not write and that 'faculty' are the trustees of the knowledge base of the profession, and are responsible for its promulgation via publication. Practitioners, however, do write about their practice and their programs, and analyze both, but publish much of their work in non-social work media. Their work tends not to be referenced by academic writers. One department's social workers' publications are described. We learn, from their practice writings, what concerns clinicians. Theirs is case-based learning, theoretically supported, in which the organization of services calls for their participation in multi-professional decision-making. There is the growing realization among social workers that practice wisdom and scientific technologies need to be reassessed together to find ways to enhance social work services. Clinicians' knowledge can lead to continuing refinement of practice and enhanced institutional services. If practitioners' writings can be assessed, they may lead to a written practice knowledge base, subject to timely change. Academic and practitioner separateness hampers progress in the field. They need each other, and a shared professional literature. There is beginning indication they are getting together.

Humans↗

Enhancing social work influence in the hospital: identifying sources of power.

Social workers need to develop interest and skills in hospital politics. Turbulent health care systems, combined with the unique organizational attributes of health care organizations, create environments where political skills are essential to achieve social work goals and objectives. This article identifies sources of social work power within the hospital. Power resides not only in the political acumen of the individual but also in the structural attributes associated with the work group. Discussion focuses on resource control and network centrality as structural sources of social work power.

Humans↗

The roles of social work in psycho-biological research.

Social Workers have an opportunity to utilize their skills in the arena of psychiatric research. Traditional areas of social work functions, including working with patients, families, groups, complicated systems, and interdisciplinary teams, as advocate, therapist, mediator, and manager, are all necessary for the successful implementation of psychiatric research projects with human subjects. The repertoire of social work skills can enhance the successful operation of research involving bio-psycho-pharmacological or neurobiological trials.

Brain↗

Clinical indicators to assess the quality of social work services in nursing homes.

Nursing home social work service providers (n = 209) evaluated a proposed set of clinical indicators developed by an NASW Work Group to use in measuring social work performance in that setting. Practitioners rated all of the indicators highly for clarity, relevance, and meaningfulness to service provision. Problems with feasibility of use were identified for two of the indicators. Perceived difficulties in implementation are identified and addressed. A rationale is presented for the utility for nursing home practice of a uniform, professionally validated set of performance indicators as a component of quality improvement efforts.

Nursing Homes↗

Concepts in the financial management of hospital social work departments.

Concepts in the financial management of social work departments such as the utilization of cost-benefit as a way of thinking, the identification of funding sources for the department, and development of an understanding of budgetary practices are explored. Examples are offered of revenue production in in-patient and ambulatory care programs. Ideas about the contribution of social work to a hospital in an organized matrix structure are discussed. Social work can become a revenue rather than expense center by translating key functions into financial management terms.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

Costing social work services in a hospital setting.

A basic task in social work organizations concerns the allocation of scarce resources to achieve desired goals. Although some attention has been given to this topic over the years, few costing models have been developed that can be applied particularly to social work in health and other host settings. This paper describes a cost analysis study in the social work department of a large academic health center with emphasis on how a methodology was developed. Generalizations relevant to other social work departments are included and the uses and limitations of such a cost study are discussed.

Cost Allocation↗

The hospital social work self-efficacy scale: a partial replication and extension.

The Hospital Social Work Self-Efficacy Scale (HSWSE) was developed to assess social workers' confidence about their ability to perform hospital social work. The scale was originally tested with master's-level social work students. This partial replication and extension included both students and professional social workers. In addition, we used a new scale to assess construct validity and added another hospital to assess external validity. In general, findings continue to support the use of the HSWSE. In addition, anecdotal evidence suggests that this is an outcome measure that practitioners see as easy to use, specific, and highly relevant.

Educational Measurement↗