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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Giving means receiving: the protective effect of social capital on binge drinking on college campuses.

OBJECTIVES: We tested whether higher levels of social capital on college campuses protected against individual risks of binge drinking. METHODS: We used a nationally representative survey of 17,592 young people enrolled at 140 4-year colleges. Social capital was operationalized as individuals' average time committed to volunteering in the past month aggregated to the campus level. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses controlling for individual volunteering, sociodemographics, and several college characteristics, individuals from campuses with higher-than-average levels of social capital had a 26% lower individual risk for binge drinking (P < .001) than their peers at other schools. CONCLUSIONS: Social capital may play an important role in preventing binge drinking in the college setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Empowerment to reduce health disparities.

This article articulates the theoretical construct of empowerment and its importance for health-enhancing strategies to reduce health disparities. Powerlessness is explored as a risk factor in the context of social determinants, such as poverty, discrimination, workplace hazards, and income inequities. Empowerment is presented and compared with social capital and community capacity as strategies to strengthen social protective factors. A case study of a youth empowerment and policy project in New Mexico illustrates the usefulness of empowerment strategies in both targeting social determinants, such as public policies which are detrimental to youth, and improving community capacities of youth to be advocates for social change. Challenges for future practice and research are articulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The desirability and feasibility of scaling up community health insurance in low-income settings--lessons from Armenia.

There is growing evidence that community financing mechanisms can raise additional revenue, increase equitable access to primary health care (PHC), and improve social protection. More recently there has been interest in scaling up community financing as a step towards universal coverage either via tax-based systems or social health insurance. Using key informant interviews and focus group discussions, this study sought to assess the desirability and feasibility of scaling-up community health insurance in Armenia. The results suggest that there is broad-based political support for scaling up the schemes and that community financing is synergistic with major health sector reforms. High levels of social capital within the rural communities should facilitate scaling up. Existing schemes have increased access and quality of care, but expansion of coverage is constrained by affordability, poor infrastructure, and weak linkages with the broader health system. Long-term subsidies and system-building will be essential if the expanded schemes are to be financially viable and pro-poor. Overall, successfully scaling up community financing in Armenia would depend on addressing a range of obstacles related to legislation, institutional capacity, human resources and resistance to change among certain stakeholders.

Armenia↗
PubMed1985

Permanence and change: psychosocial factors in the outcome of adolescent pregnancy.

Past work suggests that stressful life changes and the availability of social support exert opposing effects on the health of adolescent mothers and their infants. We have developed a theoretical perspective in which the effects of both stressful and protective social factors are viewed as acting on health through their capacity to either undermine or sustain an individual's sense of permanence and continuity in life experience. To examine this hypothesis, a population of 89 unmarried, pregnant adolescents were studied to ascertain psychosocial influences on maternal and infant health outcomes. This paper reports a cross-sectional analysis of perinatal complications and psychological well-being as they relate to a variety of psychosocial variables, including stressful life events, social network support and a questionnaire measure of the sense of permanence. Multivariate analyses indicate that while life events and social support had effects in the expected directions, the sense of permanence constituted an important, additional factor in the effects of social experience on pregnancy outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Cannabis use in adolescents: the impact of risk and protective factors and social functioning.

The study uses a school-based sample to test the social and familial risk and protective factors relating to cannabis use. Based on a self-completion survey of 2078 14-16-year-olds (mean age of 15 years) attending seven standard state-run secondary schools in south London, an assessment was made of rates and risk factors for cannabis use. Twenty-four per cent of the total sample had ever used cannabis, with 15% having done so in the month prior to assessment. In addition to greater likelihood of illicit drug use, lifetime cannabis users were less likely to spend time regularly with both their mothers and fathers, but more likely to spend free time with friends who smoked, drank alcohol and used illicit drugs, and with friends involved in criminal activities. Among those who had ever used cannabis, frequency of cannabis use was predicted (using linear regression) by two onset factors (earlier initiation of drinking and cannabis use were both linked to more frequent use) and two social factors (more time spent with drug-using friends and less time spent with the mother). Overall, the study showed that early onset, itself predicted by social networks, is linked to more frequent use of cannabis and that this appears to be sustained by less time spent with parents and more with drug-using peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The Ditrame (ANRS 049) clinical trial aimed at reducing the mother-child transmission of HIV in Abidjan. Participants' understanding of the trial principles].

OBJECTIVE: The HIV vaccine attempts in developing countries have underlined many ethical questions on the informed consent of the participants. These problems have already been encountered in the context of studies on the prevention of mother-child transmission (MCT) of HIV in Africa. This study is aimed at describing the level of understanding and interpretations that these women have of the clinical trial, randomisation and placebo, as well as their motivations for participating in the study. METHODS: This was a qualitative study conducted in 1997 by a sociologist in the form of in-depth, structured interviews among 57 women participating in a clinical trial on the prevention of MCT of HIV. The interview included a section on the representation of MCT then questions on the eventual sharing of information concerning the HIV-infection status, the motivations for participating in the study and the understanding of the randomIsation and the placebo. RESULTS: Nearly half of the women had not shared the result of their blood test with anyone. Their isolation enhanced the difficulties in getting information on the study. The notion of a probability of transmission was not easy to explain in terms adapted to the level of education of the women. The randomisation was understood as a number pulled out of a hat during a lucky draw. The women did not really understand the pictures used to describe the placebo. They claimed that they wanted to participate in the study essentially to protect their child and to have access to treatment. CONCLUSION: The correct information of patients participating in clinical trials requires repeated interventions throughout the research period. When there is no social protection, the notion of freedom of choice itself, including the idea of informed consent, is relative and the pragmatic choices made by the women clearly show this. These elements must be taken into consideration in the projects of vaccination trials.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1989

[Patient education and counseling responsibilities of an organization for handicapped patients in the field of rehabilitation].

Organizations of the disabled do not see their information and counselling activities as competing against those of the financially responsible administrations but as complementary ones. Crucial to their work are the provision of guidance through the structured social protection system, familiarization of disabled persons with rehabilitation as well as their motivation and support, with the aim of rendering the disabled individual an equal partner in the process of rehabilitation. The area of social rehabilitation is a major focus in the counselling of disabled people. As specific institutional responsibilities for social rehabilitation do not exist, information and counselling activities in these matters are also directed at administrations and industry.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1991

[The ERTOMIS Assessment Method EAM system--an aid in the rehabilitation of handicapped patients at work].

ERTOMIS Foundation, prompted by the WHO publication in 1980 of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH), has developed an assessment system for vocational integration and placement of disabled persons. This EAM System is based on the comparison of requirements and abilities profiles, both comprised of 65 identically worded criteria for describing elemental functions. A pilot study was carried out by Forschungsgemeinschaft Arbeitsmedizinisches Zentrum Siegerland/ERTOMIS Stiftung, of Siegen, verifying the EAM system's effectiveness and reliability on two groups of industrial medical clients, i.e. "routine cases" (severely disabled workers) and "problem cases" (workers with performance alterations). Study findings show that the presence of overstrain can be reliably proven and necessary action be reliably inferred by means of the EAM system. This permits workers to be retained while safeguarding their continued good health. The system moreover shows where remedial action has to be taken from a preventive point of view. On account of its use of elemental criteria, the system can be applied across trades and occupations, and is neither restricted to a specific branch of the social protection system.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

[The role of the council of Europe in the field of health].

To understand the actions of the Council of Europe in the field of human health, it is necessary first to understand the founding ideals, that is to say the creation in 1949 of a European institution capable of anticipating and avoiding differences and conflicts between the member states, whatever their standard of living. For the creation of status objectives, the Council has an appropriate working structure; the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly, non governmental organisations and the European Health Committee, which proposes, develops and oversees the effective application of health measures and social protection. Several hundred recommendations have thus been adopted by the Committee of Ministers. The first steps of this European Health Committee were in the areas of blood transfusion, immunohematology, transplantation and equal access to health services. The European Social Security Code and its Protocol, the Conventions on social and medical assistance, and many international agreements are effective treaties which bind Member States.

European Union↗
PubMed1997

[The concept of sociomedical work in Russia in the late 1990].

A concept of sociomedical work as a new kind of multiprofessional activities has been worked out. The concept has been adjusted to the present-day conditions of Russia and society. The specific features of national health care services and social protection of the country's population are taken into consideration as well. The chief points of the concept are as follows: the place and role of sociomedical work among other related activities in this field, the characteristics of the social sections of persons who need care, the basic direction of the work itself, the principles of organization of this kind of work, the main ways of its implementation, the basic points, principles, and criteria of the measures to be made, the solution of problems in the staff, and financing sources.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1993

[Social aspects of the problem of suppurative surgical diseases].

The case records of 259 patients with purulent surgical diseases are analysed. The following social groups of patients were distinguished; students--10.4%, office workers--20.5%, factory and agricultural workers--35.9%, lonely pensioners, invalids, and homeless persons--33.2%. The last named group is least socially protected, and the diseases in these cases have a characteristic course and outcomes. In the groups of students and office workers the disease is predominantly marked by the formation of abscesses with rapid resolution after an operative intervention. In the socially unprotected group with somatic diseases, poor nutrition, and absence of care, the purulent process takes a phlegmanous course calling for the use of antibiotics and immunostimulators. The percentage of rehospitalization among these patients is high (up to 20%) due, in many respects, to social factors.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Poverty, demographic characteristics and public policy in CIS countries.

"The demographic characteristics of different regions in the former Soviet Union influence the nature of poverty in the newly successor independent states.... Despite a common policy inheritance, major adjustments are needed in the major social protection instruments to reflect differences in demographics along with a changing resource base."

Demography↗
PubMed2005

Illuminating cases: understanding the economic burden of illness through case study household research.

Understanding the economic burden of illness for households can inform pro-poor health and social protection policy, yet research is in its infancy and appropriate methods require further debate. Quantitative studies are powerful when applied to the right health policy questions, including the measurement of illness cost burden indicators. However, this paper argues that not all dimensions of economic burden can be measured easily, some dimensions relevant to policy, such as social actors' responses to illness and their strategies to cope with illness costs, cannot be reduced to quantitative indicators at all, and large-scale surveys may overlook context-specific processes operating at household level that influence people's paths in and out of poverty as a result of illness. This leaves scope for longitudinal case-study household research to enhance understanding of economic burden and provide additional policy insights on how to better protect households from cost burdens and improve resilience. Drawing on the experience of research in urban Sri Lanka, the paper sets out several comparative advantages of case study research in this area. First, it complemented household survey data by revealing the complex and dynamic nature of illness costs and how these cost patterns (for example, sudden cost peaks) influenced household ability to manage costs. Secondly, it improved understanding of vulnerability or resilience to illness costs by capturing the diverse resources, within and outside the household, used by people to cope with illness costs, and the social institutions and decision-making processes that influenced access to them. Thirdly, the cases enabled the research to develop a picture of the inter-connected factors mediating the impact of illness on livelihood outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Child psychiatry service organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This paper provides a review of the organization of mental health care for children and adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The number of institutions that provide this form of health protection is insufficient. Such institutions exist only in the two largest cities in the country. Government measures and the Plan for responding to most urgent needs are also presented. The accent is put on the need to attain territorial coverage with services, both for health and social protection of children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Developing health insurance in transitional Asia.

Many European and Asian economies are currently undergoing a process of economic transition away from state based command systems to market led economies. The impact of transition, such as a decline in public expenditure, break up of state enterprises and economic recession, has affected levels of funding available for social sectors. In the health sector, health insurance is being introduced as a way of alleviating the decline in funding arising from these processes. Most of the Former Soviet Union and a number of other Asian transition economies are currently introducing, extending or considering payroll based systems of health insurance. Comparisons with many Latin American countries, where social security based insurance has been encouraged since the first World War, can be illuminating. Experience suggests that, various factors have impeded or permitted development in these countries. General processes of economic change (transition factors) tend to affect all economies attempting to change the basis for public funding of services. Structural factors, such as urbanisation and the level of state or industrial employment, act as longer term inhibitors to the extension of coverage. These factors vary considerably across transition economies. This suggests that while a social security base for insurance may be a viable option for smaller industrialised European transitional economies, this is not the case for many of larger less industrialised economies. It is unclear how insurance will develop in the future. If a separate insurance fund is maintained it is important that its' purchasing function is developed. Otherwise it is not clear what value is added to the current health system. If entitlement is to be based on contribution, with the fund based on geographic or employment groups, systems for ensuring access for those not in employment and not classified as socially protected must be developed.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

[Inequities in health policies: the Latin American case].

Four points relating to the iniquities of the health services are brought out. In the first, the economic crisis the region has been going through during recent decades, is discussed and the contention that the tendency to an overall improvement of the living conditions has not been deeply affected by this crisis is questioned. In the second the characteristics of the Latin-American process of development, marked by the deepening of the iniquities is examined. In the third an analysis of the pattern of social protection in the region is presented and in the last two polar models for the reformation of this pattern are discussed.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1985

[Lessons from a long-term survey on the effects of massive occupational exposure to asbestos. The AMISOL affair 10 years later].

For the past 10 years the authors have followed up a cohort of workers who had been massively exposed to dust in an asbestos textile factory which closed down in 1974. They report on the difficulties of all kinds they encountered during this epidemiological survey. The most original result is that they were able to establish that the radiological and functional manifestations of asbestosis pursue their course after the subjects have ceased to be exposed. Another important point is the early development of lesions in peripheral bronchioles, detected by volume-flow loops. The authors insist on the psycho-social problems at the site of work or in daily life which arise from the use of asbestos or of fibres with similar properties. Social protection, at present well organized, should suppress the risk of asbestosis in Western countries. However, a number of problems remain to be solved, notably those concerning the long-term risk of pleural mesothelioma, the mode of action of the fibers and the immune reactions they induce, and the economic and social consequences of a hypothetical ban on asbestos--a material very difficult to replace. This study embodies, in miniature, all the problems of society associated with asbestos during this second half of the XX th century.

Asbestosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychopathology of white mentally ill immigrants to Jamaica.

OBJECT: To test the hypothesis that white immigrants to a predominantly black country have a different pattern of psychopathology from the native population. METHOD: The psychopathology (DSM III-R) of white immigrants to Jamaica seen in the author's private practice between 1979 and 1990 was compared with the psychopathology of a control sample of native Jamaicans matched with the immigrant sample for age, sex, and social class. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the major diagnoses mood disorder (35%), anxiety states (27%), and schizophrenia (20%) between the immigrant and control groups. White immigrants to this black country did not develop schizophrenia at higher rates than the native born. White mentally ill immigrants to Jamaica move into social class positions at a significantly higher level (p < 0.005) than those of their parents with whom they grew up in their home country. This was significantly different (p < 0.005) from their Jamaican controls. Two case studies are presented to illustrate these findings. CONCLUSIONS: The political/economic situation which exists in black postcolonial countries like Jamaica provides a protective social environment for white immigrants, which buffers them from the etiological conditions that engender schizophrenia in immigrants to other countries with predominantly white populations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗