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PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodialysis regimen compliance and social environment: a panel analysis.

This correlational panel analysis, which investigated compliance behavior of chronic hemodialysis patients, was based on the assumption that attitudes and behaviors are influenced by those of significant others with whom the patient interacts on a continuing basis. Data for the study were collected initially and after a three-year interval, when a panel of 63 patients was identified. Study variables were operationalized by scales relating to social environment and compliance with the hemodialysis regimen. Analysis revealed the existence of statistically significant associations between patients' perceptions of the expectations of significant others, in terms of both primary group members--i.e., family and friends--and secondary group members--i.e., hemodialysis center personnel--and compliance. Multiple regression procedures were used to evaluate these relationships while holding constant the variable of education.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Influences on adolescent smoking behaviour: siblings' smoking and norms in the social environment do matter.

The prevalence of smoking among adolescents has stopped declining in spite of all preventative efforts. There is a need for further knowledge and understanding of why adolescents initiate and continue tobacco use. The aim of the present study was to investigate important facets of adolescents' tobacco use, such as their reasons for smoking, and their smoking patterns in relation to smoking habits in the family and the social environment. This study was part of a larger one that used a descriptive, cross-sectional design with questionnaires to 216 pupils in grade 5 (11 years of age) and 225 pupils in grade 8 (14 years of age) in a south-western county in Sweden. Thirteen per cent of the pupils in grade 8 were regular tobacco users. Smoking habits by relatives, especially siblings, influenced tobacco use by adolescents. An association was found between smoking by adolescents and mother's employment, and between the smoking status of girls and family status. The pupils valued their parents' opinions, and wanted parents and other adults to take a clear stand against tobacco. The present study reinforces the importance of norm setting by parents and siblings for adolescents' tobacco use. Preventive measures may be more appropriately directed towards those with the highest risks, i.e. pupils with smoking siblings and smoking peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Social integration and contacts to reference persons of the normal social environment in inpatient treatment in the psychiatric hospital. A prospective catamnestic study of patients admitted for the first time with schizophrenic and cyclothymic psychoses].

Fifty first-admission inpatients (27 women, 23 men; mean age 35.1 years) with schizophrenia (n = 35) or affective disorders (n = 15) participated in a standardized, half-open interview about contact with people outside the hospital. The frequency of contact was compared with outcome, as based on a 1-year follow-up. Nearly all patients (48 of 50) had "direct" contact with relatives and friends during the week (means = 3/week): 45 patients had visitors, 13 went home on weekends. Thirty-five patients had contact with the outside by telephone, and 21 by letter; only 12 patients indicated no "indirect" contact. The frequency of contact had no relationship to sex, age or diagnosis. The significant factors were: structure of the patient's family, his/her educational and occupational level, social network, means of admission, conditions of hospitalization, and length of stay. The distance between the patient's residence and the hospital markedly influenced the frequency of visits and weekend holidays. The importance of frequent interaction with the usual social environment was verified by follow-up: 11 patients with rare or only average contact had unfavorable results (readmission or suicide by 1 year after discharge or long-term hospitalization); on the other hand, none of the patients with frequent direct contact outside the hospital showed poor results. There is no reason for indiscriminate criticism of the relatives of psychiatric inpatients according to etiological hypotheses of "family research"; above all, patients without relationships with a family or friends have to be regarded as at risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Interests, relationships, identities: three central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their social environment.

This chapter begins with a summary of a model, developed half a century ago, that distinguishes three qualitatively different processes of social influence: compliance, identification, and internalization. The model, originally geared to and experimentally tested in the context of persuasive communication, was subsequently applied to influence in the context of long-term relationships, including psychotherapy, international exchanges, and the socialization of national/ethnic identity. It has been extended to analysis of the relationship of individuals to social systems. Individuals' rule, role, and value orientations to a system--conceptually linked to compliance, identification, and internalization--predict different reactions to their own violations of societal standards, different patterns of personal involvement in the political system, and differences in attitude toward authorities and readiness to obey. In a further extension of the model, three approaches to peacemaking in international or intergroup conflicts are identified--conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation--which, respectively, focus on the accommodation of interests, relationships, and identities, and are conducive to changes at the level of compliance, identification, and internalization.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Attitudes towards rehabilitation needs and support from assistive technology and the social environment among elderly people with disability.

This study aimed to survey the attitudes of elderly people with disabilities who were living at home regarding their support from assistive technology and the social environment. These attitudes were compared with their identified needs by an occupational therapist and in relation to perception of social engagement, loneliness and overall contentment with life. From a sample of 102 participants who were interviewed using a standardized procedure, 53 persons were included in the study. The results indicated that attitudes among elderly people towards social and occupational engagement and change have a greater influence on their rehabilitation status than their disability as indicated by their health condition and limitations in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. The elderly people who accepted rehabilitation were more able, and were better equipped and better supported with assistive technology, than those who declined rehabilitation. Rehabilitation needs that the occupational therapists recognized were not always shared by the disabled elderly people, for several reasons; one reason of particular importance was the elderly person's attitude towards change and social engagement. However, the small sample size limits the generalization of the findings to the population of elderly people with disabilities. An ethnographic research design that allows for repeated interviews and observations of elderly people with disabilities for a prolonged period of time in their ordinary everyday lives may present an avenue for future research and lead to a deeper understanding of the issues.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Plaque changes and arterial enlargement in atherosclerotic monkeys after manipulation of diet and social environment.

To study the effects of dietary and social manipulations on lesion progression in male monkeys with established atherosclerosis, 83 animals fed a diet containing 1 mg cholesterol per kcal for 14 months were either necropsied (baseline group, n = 21) or assigned to one of three experimental conditions: 1) a diet containing a high amount of fat and cholesterol and a stressful social situation (HiFC-stress, n = 18); 2) a diet lower in fat and cholesterol and a stressful social situation (LoFC-stress, n = 21); or 3) the low-fat, low-cholesterol diet and a nonstressful social situation (LoFC-no stress, n = 23). After 28 months, all animals were necropsied. Coronary atherogenesis was arrested among monkeys in the LoFC-stress and LoFC-no stress conditions compared with that of animals in the baseline condition (plaque areas of 0.35 mm2, 0.30 mm2, and 0.38 mm2, respectively). Lesions in animals fed the LoFC diet (both stress and no-stress groups) were significantly smaller than those in monkeys in the HiFC-stress condition (0.96 mm2). Furthermore, aortic cholesterol content was significantly decreased and luminal areas were relatively larger among monkeys in both LoFC conditions compared with animals in the baseline and HiFC-stress conditions (p < 0.05 for all). The results demonstrate that a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet can halt plaque development, reduce arterial cholesterol content, and permit compensatory arterial enlargement, processes that were unaffected by social stress in this investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Socioeconomic status, social environment, depression and postdischarge adjustment of the cardiac patient.

In this study, we assess the adjustment achieved by patients following discharge from coronary care and the role of socioeconomic status (SES), social environment (SE), and depression in achieving that adjustment. Two hundred eighty-seven patients were enrolled. The SE into which the patients were to be discharged was rated significantly poorer for patients of lower SES, who also scored higher on depression. At 1, 6, and 12 months postdischarge, lower SES patients recorded significantly poorer levels of adjustment across a range of functioning. Predischarge depression, together with measures of SE and SES, determined 10% to 28% of the variance in 12-month postdischarge adjustment. These data suggest the importance of identifying patients at greater risk for less than optimal outcome (those lower in SES and higher in depression), and the need to address the nature of the SE in which the patient has to effect his/her recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of social environment on treatment outcomes in outpatient substance misuse treatment organizations: does race really matter?

This study examines whether the racial mix of clients is related to treatment organization outcome rates after controlling for the social environment in which the organization operates. A nationally representative sample of 326 nonmethadone outpatient substance misuser treatment organizations was surveyed in 1990. Unit analysis is the treatment organization. Outcome measures are the percentages of clients who completed and dropped out of treatment. The percent of Black clients treated at the organization, the socioeconomic status of the organization's area, and other client characteristics, organizational factors, and treatment practices are evaluated through multivariate regression to determine their impact on organizational rates of treatment success and failure among clients. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis indicates that race is not a predictor of treatment success once socioenvironmental factors are included in the analysis. Treatment organizations must be wary of defining a person for treatment only in terms of his or her racial or ethnic group membership. Treatment approaches should place more emphasis on the socioenvironmental influences to which the client is exposed and less emphasis on a client's race.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Plasma concentrations of testosterone in the developing ram in different social environments.

Plasma testosterone profiles were determined by taking frequent blood samples at intervals from birth to 21 months of age from rams reared in isolation, in an all-male group and in a mixed-sex group. The testosterone pattern was not modified by these different social environments. The ability of the ram to copulate when first exposed to an oestrous ewe, apparently a maturational process, was also independent of social rearing. At birth plasma testosterone levels were detectable but low, they were higher at 10 and 16 weeks of age and showed a marked rise by 26 weeks, coincident with the time of puberty. Depressive effects of season on testosterone profiles occurred during the 2nd year of life but not the 1st year.

Age Factors↗