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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

SMILE--shaded molecular imaging on low-cost equipment.

The SMILE program runs under MS-DOS on IBM PC AT-compatible computers equipped with the SM640 or the PG640 Matrox graphic board. The program allows real-time three-dimensional (3D) animation and modeling of several isolated molecules that can be built from scratch, manipulated interactively and compared by superimposition. SMILE enables users to compute atomic partial charges, molecular surface area, molecular volume, electrostatic and nonbonded potential energies. PLUTO, ORTEP, and MMP2 input files are set up automatically. The program also provides simple access to crystal packing by real-time animation of the unit cell contents, interactive inspection of the relevant stereochemical parameters and fragment manipulation within the unit cell. SMILE animates stereo views and produces beautiful shaded 3D images (8 colors, 32 shades each) of molecules in many different styles--stick, ball-and-stick, CPK (space filling), and transparent CPK with backbone.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brighter Smiles: Service learning, inter-professional collaboration and health promotion in a First Nations community.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of Brighter Smiles was to improve children's dental health in a remote First Nations community in British Columbia in the context of a service-learning experience for pediatrics residents. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The provincial Ministry of Health had competitive funds available for collaborations between remote communities and medical educators. Hartley Bay (Gitga'at), a tribe of the Tsimshian Nation, responded by declaring children's dental health to be a primary health concern. This northern community has an on-reserve population fluctuating around 200 people and is accessible only by air or water. INTERVENTION: A convenience sample of children had a baseline dental exam; parents also completed a questionnaire about dental health behaviours. Only 31% (4/13) of pre-kindergarten and 8% (2/26) of kindergarten to Grade 12 children had no dental caries. Planning of the Brighter Smiles intervention involved community leaders, teachers, parents, Elders, health care staff, pediatrics residents, and dental and medical faculty from the University of British Columbia (UBC). Brighter Smiles includes school-based brush-ins, fluoride programs, classroom presentations, and regular visits by UBC pediatrics residents to Hartley Bay to provide well-child care that includes age-appropriate dental counselling to parents at the clinic visits. OUTCOMES: An early success indicator was a significantly increased proportion of dental service provider's time scheduled for preventive maintenance services rather than dental rehabilitation (restorations and extractions). CONCLUSIONS: The goal of providing a service-learning experience for trainee pediatricians in a remote community has been achieved. In addition, early indicators demonstrate improvements in child oral health.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2005

Tooth shape preferences in an esthetic smile.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contributions of tooth shape to the esthetic smile. METHODS: Restorative dentists (120), laypeople (102), and orthodontists (113) evaluated a series of color photographs of men's and women's smiles. The photographs were randomly presented to test the effects of 3 different shapes of maxillary incisors and canines on the same patient. RESULTS: For women, orthodontists preferred round and square-round incisors (P < .01), and restorative dentists preferred round incisors (P < or = .03). Laypeople did not discriminate between incisor shapes. For men, all 3 groups preferred square-round incisors (P < or = .042). There was also a tendency for male judges to rate female images more attractive than did female judges. CONCLUSIONS: Restorative dentists, orthodontists, and laypeople share similarities and display differences when considering esthetic preferences in tooth shape. Although there was no consensus in preference among the laypeople as a group, their preferences differed from those of the dental professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Correction of deep overbite and gummy smile by using a mini-implant with a segmented wire in a growing Class II Division 2 patient.

A boy, aged 10.5 years, with a Class II molar relationship and a very deep overbite, complaining of a gummy smile and anterior crowding, was treated nonextraction with a mini-implant and Twin-block and edgewise fixed appliances. Severely extruded and retroclined maxillary incisors were intruded and proclined with a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring anchored to a mini-implant and segmented wires; this resolved the gummy smile and deep overbite efficiently without extruding the maxillary molars or opening the mandible. The mandibular incisors were proclined without direct orthodontic force during intrusion of the maxillary incisors; this helped the nonextraction treatment of mandibular incisor crowding. The Twin-block appliance with high-pull headgear promoted mandibular growth, restrained maxillary growth, and changed the canine and molar relationship from Class II to Class I. The patient's overbite and overjet were overtreated, and, 1 year postretention, the patient maintained a good overbite and overjet.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1984

Some esthetic factors in a smile.

A survey of the characteristics of an open smile was conducted with 454 full-face photographs of randomly selected dental and dental hygiene students. Findings show that an average smile exhibits approximately the full length of the maxillary anterior teeth, has the incisal curve of the teeth parallel to the inner curvature of the lower lip, has the incisal curve of the maxillary anterior teeth touching slightly or missing slightly the lower lip, and displays the six upper anterior teeth and premolars. Consideration of the characteristics may be useful in improving the esthetics of restorations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness.

The attractiveness of a face is a highly salient social signal, influencing mate choice and other social judgements. In this study, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain regions that respond to attractive faces which manifested either a neutral or mildly happy face expression. Attractive faces produced activation of medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a region involved in representing stimulus-reward value. Responses in this region were further enhanced by a smiling facial expression, suggesting that the reward value of an attractive face as indexed by medial OFC activity is modulated by a perceiver directed smile.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Severe high Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion with vertical maxillary excess and gummy smile: a case report.

Severe Class II Division 1 malocclusion with vertical maxillary excess and gummy smiles can be treated in several ways. Early orthodontic treatment with vertical control may decrease the malocclusion as well as improve the appearance. In severe cases, orthognathic surgery might be the optimal solution. The following case report describes a patient with a severe gummy smile, where the final esthetic improvement was achieved by using a periodontal procedure after orthodontic treatment.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1988

Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis.

We investigated the hypothesis that people's facial activity influences their affective responses. Two studies were designed to both eliminate methodological problems of earlier experiments and clarify theoretical ambiguities. This was achieved by having subjects hold a pen in their mouth in ways that either inhibited or facilitated the muscles typically associated with smiling without requiring subjects to pose in a smiling face. Study 1's results demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. Subjects reported more intense humor responses when cartoons were presented under facilitating conditions than under inhibiting conditions that precluded labeling of the facial expression in emotion categories. Study 2 served to further validate the methodology and to answer additional theoretical questions. The results replicated Study 1's findings and also showed that facial feedback operates on the affective but not on the cognitive component of the humor response. Finally, the results suggested that both inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms may have contributed to the observed affective responses.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

A study of laughter and dissociation: distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement.

Laughter facilitates the adaptive response to stress by increasing the psychological distance from distress and by enhancing social relations. To test these hypotheses, the authors related measures of bereaved adults' laughter and smiling 6 months postloss to measures of their (a) subjective emotion and dissociation from distress, (b) social relations, and (c) responses they evoked in others. Duchenne laughter, which involves orbicularis oculi muscle action, related to self-reports of reduced anger and increased enjoyment, the dissociation of distress, better social relations, and positive responses from strangers, whereas non-Duchenne laughter did not. Lending credence to speculations in the ethological literature, Duchenne laughter correlated with different intrapersonal and interpersonal responses than Duchenne smiles. Discussion focuses on the relevance of these findings to theories of positive emotion.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Smile lifts - a functional and aesthetic perspective.

Cosmetic dentistry has evolved with the advent of more robust porcelain materials and ever-stronger bonding agents. This series of three articles aims to provide a practical overview of what is now possible both functionally and cosmetically from the preparation of a small number of teeth, through a whole smile, to full mouth rehabilitation. A complete diagnosis is the starting point to planning any cosmetic or functional changes. Guidance is given on the techniques used but adequate training must be considered essential before embarking upon modification in occlusal schemes or even minor adjustments in smile design. Porcelain laminate veneers have a role in the restoration and rehabilitation of a wearing and functionally compromised dentition.

Dental Occlusion, Traumatic↗
PubMed1983

A new method for correcting a gummy smile.

Myectomy and partial resection of the levator labii superioris promises a far better and direct approach to the problem of upper gum exposure during smiling. This procedure attempts to eliminate the cause of the deformity. The resected muscles are of the striated muscle group and are composed of single muscle fibers running the entire length of the trunk. Adequate resection of these muscles will thoroughly eliminate the regeneration of muscle, and thus a permanent correction is achieved. The resulting smile is very attractive and pleasing to both patient and surgeon.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed2006

Contralateral smile and laughter, but no mirth, induced by electrical stimulation of the cingulate cortex.

The cerebral representation of laughter is dissociated. The emotional aspects seem to be processed in the temporal lobe; whereas the motor features apparently rely on the frontal cortex. In a few prior studies of patients in whom laughter was elicited by electrical stimulation (ES), it always was associated with mirth. We report a patient in whom ES in the right cingulate gyrus elicited smile and laughter, but no mirth. At low voltages, smiling was seen first contralaterally and became bilateral with increasing currents. Our observation supports the concept of the motor representation of laughter in the mesial frontal cortex.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smile-imaging: the key to more predictable dental esthetics.

Smile-imaging is a new concept in dentistry that offers an impressive level of predictable and successful esthetic results. It is useful in the diagnosis, communication, and treatment phases of esthetic cases regardless of the treatment plan. Smile-imaging builds esthetics into the case instead of adding them on at the end. It is available to any dentist without having to spend time learning a computer program or investing in equipment. Full-face pictures of the patient are all that are required from the dentist.

Esthetics, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Hearing smiles and frowns in normal and whisper registers.

Two experiments measured listeners' abilities to detect facial expression in unfamiliar speech in normal and whisper registers. Acoustic differences between speech produced with neutral or marked facial expression were also assessed. Experiment 1 showed that in a forced-choice identification task, listeners could accurately select frowned speech as such, and neutral speech as happier sounding than frowned speech in the same speakers. Listeners were able to judge frowning in the same speakers' whispered speech. Relative to neutral speech, frowning lowers formant frequencies and increases syllable duration. In both registers, judgments of frowning and its relative happiness were significantly poorer for lip-rounded vowels, suggesting that listeners may recover lip protrusion in making judgments. Experiment 2 replicated the finding [V. Tartter, Percept. Psychophys. 27, 24-27 (1980)] that listeners can select speech produced with a smile as happier sounding than neutral speech in normal register, and extended the findings to whisper register. Relative to neutral, smiling increased second formant frequency. Results are discussed with respect to nonverbal auditory emotion prototypes and with respect to the direct realist theory of speech perception.

Emotions↗
PubMed2004

Smile aesthetics and malocclusion in UK teenage magazines assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN).

OBJECTIVE: There is a significant demand for orthodontic treatment within the UK from adolescent girls, a group known to be influenced by the media portrayal of body form and body image, which may extend to the presentation of malocclusions. This study examined the portrayal of malocclusion in a media type that targets teenage girls under 16 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A representative selection of 1 month's magazines targeting this group were investigated, and the frequency and severity of malocclusions displayed were assessed. Two calibrated examiners viewed all the smiles (on two occasions) using a modification of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and assigned an Aesthetic Component Score to each smile. RESULTS: It was found that the aesthetic score is low (less than 7) for the majority of models (92.8%) indicating no need or a borderline need for treatment. Only 7.2% of models exhibited a definite need for treatment. CONCLUSION: It appears that the portrayal of malocclusion in teenage magazines does not reflect the general treatment need of the adolescent population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Humor and smiling: cortical regions selective for cognitive, affective, and volitional components.

BACKGROUND: The interrelationships among humor, smiling, and grinning have fascinated philosophers for millennia and neurologists for over a century. A functional dissociation between emotional facial expressions and those under voluntary control was suggested decades ago. Recent functional imaging studies, however, have been somewhat at odds with older studies with respect to the role of the right frontal cortex in the perception of humor. METHODS: Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity was measured in 13 subjects during the presentation of "funny" vs "nonfunny" versions of essentially the same cartoons and compared with BOLD activity associated with "merely grinning" at similar nonfunny cartoons via fMRI. RESULTS: Humor perception was correlated with BOLD activity in the left temporo-occipitoparietal junction and left prefrontal cortex and humor-associated smiling (recorded with an MR-compatible video camera) with bilateral activity in the basal temporal lobes. Unexpectedly, both conditions were also accompanied by a decrease in BOLD activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex. Voluntary "grinning" in the absence of humorous stimuli was accompanied by bilateral activity in the facial motor regions. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the clinically derived hypothesis of separate cortical regions responsible for the production of emotionally driven vs voluntary facial expressions. The right orbitofrontal decrease reconciles inconsistencies between clinical and functional imaging findings and may reflect a disinhibition of facial emotional expression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of social stimuli on laughing and smiling in young children with Angelman syndrome.

The effects of social stimuli present and absent on laughing and smiling in 2 young children with Angelman syndrome were assessed via a multielement design. Results indicated that laughing and smiling for either child was unaffected by the social stimuli assessed in the social interaction condition. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of biological variables and environmental stimuli on children with specific genetic disorders across the lifespan.

Angelman Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

When the face reveals what words do not: facial expressions of emotion, smiling, and the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse.

For survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), verbal disclosure is often complex and painful. The authors examined the voluntary disclosure-nondisclosure of CSA in relation to nonverbal expressions of emotion in the face. Consistent with hypotheses derived from recent theorizing about the moral nature of emotion, CSA survivors who did not voluntarily disclose CSA showed greater facial expressions of shame, whereas CSA survivors who voluntarily disclosed CSA expressed greater disgust. Expressions of disgust also signaled sexual abuse accompanied by violence. Consistent with recent theorizing about smiling behavior, CSA nondisclosers made more polite smiles, whereas nonabused participants expressed greater genuine positive emotion. Discussion addressed the implications of these findings for the study of disclosure of traumatic events, facial expression, and the links between morality and emotion.

Adolescent↗