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PubMed1972

On shyness.

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Anxiety↗
PubMed1969

[Shyness].

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Character↗
PubMed2000

Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between shy-inhibited temperament in childhood and anxiety problems in early adolescence using a prospective, longitudinal data set from a large community sample. METHOD: Relationships between shyness ratings on age-appropriate temperament scales and anxiety problems were analyzed, looking both forward and backward in time from infancy to adolescence. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of children rated as shy on 6 or more occasions over 8 surveys in childhood had anxiety problems in adolescence, compared with 11% who were never shy. Persistence of shyness and its presence in middle childhood increased risk for anxiety. A highly reactive temperament added to shyness did not increase the risk for anxiety. Few children with an anxiety diagnosis in early adolescence had a history of shyness. CONCLUSIONS: Prediction from childhood shyness to adolescent anxiety disorder is modest but clinically meaningful in a community sample. However, most shy children did not develop an anxiety disorder and most adolescents with anxiety disorders had not been especially shy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Employing automatic approach and avoidance tendencies for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept: The implicit association procedure (IAP).

A new chronometric procedure, the Implicit Association Procedure (IAP), was adapted to assess the implicit personality self-concept of shyness. A sample of 300 participants completed a shyness-inducing role play and, before or after the role play, a shyness IAP, a shyness Implicit Association Test (IAT), and direct self-ratings. The experimental group was instructed to fake nonshyness. The control group did not receive this instruction. IAT and IAP were unaffected by position effects, and were less susceptible to faking than direct self-ratings with regard to mean levels and correlates. Under faking, correlations between direct and indirect measures decreased, and direct but not indirect measures showed higher correlations with social desirability and lower correlations with observed shyness. Despite many similarities, the true correlation between IAT and IAP was estimated only .61, indicating high method-specific variance in both procedures. The findings suggest that indirect measures are more robust against faking than traditional self-ratings but do not yet meet psychometric criteria for practical assessment purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Night and day: are siblings as different in temperament as parents say they are?

Twin studies suggest that parent ratings of temperament exaggerate differences between twins. The present study examined whether such contrast effects also operate for nontwin siblings. The activity level (AL) and shyness of 95 nontwin sibling pairs (ages 3 to 8 years) were assessed via parent ratings and objective measures (actigraph and observer ratings). Siblings showed no resemblance in either parent-rated AL or shyness; however, sibling resemblance for actigraph AL and observer-rated shyness was substantial. Thus, parents do contrast their nontwin siblings when rating these 2 temperament dimensions. Moreover, the importance of sibling differences in temperament to the sibling relationship and differential maternal treatment varied across the different measures of AL and shyness, suggesting that parent perceptions may play a role in these associations.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Elevation of plasma beta-endorphin levels of shy elderly in response to novel laboratory experiences.

Heightened psychophysiological reactivity to the novel or unfamiliar is a leading characteristic of sky or behaviorally inhibited individuals. To assess one aspect of the physiological stress response in shyness, the authors compared the morning plasma beta-endorphin levels of 15 extremely sky, healthy elderly individuals with beta-endorphin levels of 15 extremely outgoing persons on three pairs of 2 successive days. The primary finding was that sky participants exhibited significantly higher levels of beta-endorphin on the 1st days of each pair of days, compared with the 2nd days in the laboratory. No main effect for shyness or interaction between shyness and diet on endorphin levels was found. The findings are consistent with a peripheral opioid hyperreactivity to novelty in shy elderly persons. Shyness may constitute a risk factor for panic disorder in younger adults and for nasal allergies and certain cancers in older adults. Experimental design and interpretation of future studies of shy individuals' stress responses may need to consider novelty versus familiarity of the procedures and setting.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Reasons for non-compliance in colorectal cancer screening with fecal occult blood test.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the reasons for non-compliance with fecal occultblood test in the screening programme for colorectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: The people who had never participated in the screening programme for colorectal cancer served as the subjects of this study. A structured questionnaire which included the reasons for rejection was sent to each of non-compliers. They were requested to choose two major reasons which were described in a best way that why they did not participate in the programme. The frequency of the stated reasons were analysed from the viewpoint of both sex and age effects. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 439 people was identified as non-compliers, and 356 (81.1%) people completed the questionnaire. No significant difference was noted in response to the questionnaire between male and female as well as aged 40-59 and those 60-79. The most commonest reason was felt well (47.8%) in male, fear or shyness of further examination (40.2%) in female, and also felt well (48.5%) in aged 40-59, fear or shyness of further examination (40.1%) in aged 60-79. Significant differences were observed in the frequencies of felt well (p<0.01), fear or shyness of further examination (p<0. 01), busy for work (p<0.01) and fear of cancer (p<0.01) between male and female, and also felt well (p<0.01), fear or shyness of further examination (p<0.01), busy for work (p<0.01) and coexistent disease (p<0.01) between aged 40-59 and those 60-79. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that public education about the concept of asymptomatic illness, the benefits of early detection, the safety and painless colonoscopy, and the effective treatment should be emphasised to increase compliance with screening for fecal occult blood.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperament and child dental fear.

PURPOSE: The relationship between dental fear and temperament in children was investigated in 124 Swedish children aged 5-7 and 10-12 years. They represented dentally fearful (65) and not fearful (81) children, and were drawn from a larger population-based patient pod. The aims of the investigation were to study the relationships between temperament on one hand, and dental fear and dental behavior-management problems on the other hand. METHODS: Dental fear was measured by the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS) and the Children's Dental Fear Picture test (CDFP), while the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability (EAS) Temperamental Survey was used to assess four aspects of temperament: negative emotionality, shyness, sociability, and activity. RESULTS: Using Student's t test, children with dental fear had statistically significantly higher scores on shyness compared with normative data on EAS from Sweden. When fearful children were compared with the others in the study group by the use of Student's t test, children with dental fear scored statistically significantly higher on both shyness and negative emotionality. CONCLUSION: Thus, children expressing shyness and/or tendencies of negative emotionality should be considered patients at risk for developing dental fear problems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Autonomic correlates of social anxiety and embarrassment in shy and non-shy individuals.

Social anxiety and embarrassment are closely related constructs, both of which are relevant to the study of shyness. To examine the psychophysiological correlates of anxiety and embarrassment in relation to shyness, we measured autonomic arousal (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, skin conductance level, and blushing response) in shy and non-shy female participants while they performed tasks designed to elicit either social anxiety or embarrassment. Results indicated that social anxiety and embarrassment are difficult to disentangle at the autonomic level. Blushing may be an important psychophysiological marker of shyness and social anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Shy girls and boys: a new look.

A new look at shyness in young children involves selecting for shyness, using criteria involving both natural and laboratory contexts, categorizing children (including a group between the two extremes), and including the sex of the child in analyses. Children of both sexes differed significantly across low, medium, and high shy groups, with negative mood, worries and fears, and problem behaviour in preschool being associated with high shyness. Although boys in general and high shy boys in particular had the highest problem behaviour scores in preschool (including acting out behaviour), maternal interactions with high shy boys were positive: significantly more positive than with boys who were high shy in natural settings but low shy in the laboratory, or with high shy girls. Of the girls, maternal style was most positive for the medium shy girls, who also received the highest relative frequency of positive maternal actions during a brief task-significantly higher than medium shy boys, as well as high shy girls.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Correlations between humor styles and loneliness.

In a previous study, a significant negative correlation between shyness with affiliative humor and a significant positive one with self-defeating humor were reported. Since shyness and loneliness share many of the same characteristics, poor social skills and negative affect, for example, significant negative correlations of loneliness with affiliative and self-enhancing humor and a significant positive one with self-defeating humor were hypothesized. 106 community college students (34 men, 72 women) ranging in age from 17 to 52 years (M=23.5, SD=7.7) were tested. The hypotheses were supported. Interrelationships among humor, shyness, and loneliness should be examined within one study.

Adolescent↗