Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Sex Distribution--statistics”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Muscle activity and jaw movements as predictors of chewing performance.

Chewing performance can be defined in terms of the reduction in food particle size after 15 chewing strokes. In this study, the relationship between chewing performance and electromyographic activity was investigated to develop optimal values of electromyographic variables, based on their ability to predict chewing performance. Electrognathographic and electromyographic recordings from surface electrodes over the digastric (abductor), masseter, and temporalis (adductors) muscles were made from 24 subjects while they chewed a hard fruit gum. A moderate negative correlation was found between the food particle size and the root mean square calculation for masseter activity (-.48; P < .01). Weaker positive correlations were found between particle size and the asynchrony of ipsilateral and contralateral anterior temporalis muscles (.36; P < .05). A multiple regression model of electromyographic and electrognathographic variables was able to predict chewing performance with an R2 value of .66. If chewing performance is used as an output measure of masticatory function, it may be possible to determine optimal ranges for electromyographic variables and jaw movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Jaw movement tremor as a predictor of chewing performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate normal physiologic tremor in jaw movement as a factor that may influence chewing performance more directly than either muscle activity or jaw displacement. Chewing performance was defined in terms of the reduction in food particle size after 15 chewing strokes. Data on chewing particle size and electromyographic activity were available for 24 asymptomatic adults from an earlier study. Jaw movements during chewing were recorded using electrognathography, and velocity and acceleration in three planes were determined. Power spectrum for acceleration was calculated during opening and closing phases of the chewing cycle. The frequency of the peak amplitude in the power spectrum represented physiologic tremor of the jaw. Tremor frequencies during both opening and closing phases of the chewing cycle were strong predictors of chewing performance. A multivariate model composed of variables derived from acceleration, together with electromyographic and jaw movement variables, produced a multivariate model that was able to predict chewing performance with an adjusted R2 value of .78.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Psychological disorders and their correlates in an Australian community sample of preadolescent children.

The nature and correlates of psychological disorders of preadolescent children from the longitudinal Australian Temperament Project (ATP) are reported. Almost half of the children identified via checklists completed by mothers, teachers, and the children themselves as being in the at-risk range for disorder received a DSM-III-R diagnosis. Nine per cent of comparison, or low-risk, children also received a diagnosis. Internalising disorders were the most common, and 44% of cases had multiple problems. Children rated as problematic by all three informants or by child plus teacher were the most likely to receive a diagnosis. The at-risk group had more difficult temperament, poorer family and peer relationships, lower levels of social skills, and were of lower SES than the comparison group. There were minimal differences on these variables between at-risk children who did, or did not, receive a DSM-III-R diagnosis. It is argued that especially for boys, checklists from multiple informants are effective tools for identifying clinically significant disorders.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

The impact of comorbidity and age on survival with laryngeal cancer.

Previous studies have evaluated the effects of comorbidity on survival in patients with cancer. We applied the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) to a cohort of patients with laryngeal cancer to validate its use and to assess the prognostic impact of age. Our study population consisted of 152 patients with laryngeal cancer who were seen over a 10-year period. Patients were assigned CCI scores and were categorized into low- and high-grade comorbidity groups for comparison. Age adjustments were performed by adding 1 point to the Charlson score for each decade over the median age. Low- vs. high-grade comorbidity was a valid predictor of survival independent of TNM (tumor, nodes, and metastases) stage. Low-grade comorbidity was present in 126 patients; their median survival was 41 months. High-grade comorbidity was present in 26 patients; their median survival was 8 months (p = 0.0002). The addition of the age factor to the CCI did not improve our prognostic ability. There was no difference in CCI groups with respect to tobacco and alcohol use, gender, treatment modality, or mean time to recurrence. The incidence and severity of complications were also similar in the two groups. We conclude that the CCI is a strong predictor of survival in patients with laryngeal cancer. The confounding effects of comorbidity should be considered in the TNM staging of laryngeal cancer to improve our prognostic ability. Further investigations are necessary to assess the validity of this index in patients with other head and neck cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical association and survival in 18 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical and serologic features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with pulmonary hypertension (PHT). METHODS: Case records were reviewed for 419 Chinese patients with SLE from a single center in Hong Kong between January 1985 and June 1997. Patients with PHT were compared with SLE controls. The diagnosis of PHT was made when the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), measured by 2 dimensional echocardiogram and Doppler studies at rest, was >30 mm Hg, or at postmortem. Clinical features, serologic profile, and outcome of those with PHT were compared with those without PHT. Thirteen patients had repeat echocardiogram to determine subsequent PASP. RESULTS: Eighteen of 419 patients, all female, were identified as having PHT. The clinical and serologic features of patients with SLE with PHT were similar to those without PHT except for serositis and Raynaud's phenomenon, which occurred more frequently in patients with PHT (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, respectively). The age at diagnosis of PHT was 30.5+/-10.2 (mean +/- SD) years. The duration of followup from time of diagnosis of PHT was 23.6+/-20.1 months. PASP was 52+/-23.4 mm Hg. There were 4 deaths. Survival of PHT patients as a group was 40.2+/-5.18 (95% CI 30.1-50.4) months. Repeat echocardiogram in 13 patients revealed a mean reduction in PASP of 21.3% over a median interval of 43 (range 4-52) months. CONCLUSION: Raynaud's phenomenon is associated in patients with SLE with PHT. The prognosis of these patients is variable, with the majority of patients having mild to moderate disease showing little change over 2 years. Nearly a quarter died and a few improved markedly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and long-term follow-up data of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: a ten-year review.

A total of 69 children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and 48 with septic arthritis admitted in the period 1978 through 1987 were included in a retrospective review. Epidemiologic and bacteriologic data were analyzed and compared with those of an earlier study (1965 through 1975), confined to the same geographic area. Long-term outcome was evaluated by a questionnaire and clinical and radiographic follow-up. A significant increase in the admission rate for both disorders was observed. The long-term outcome was favorable: major sequelae were found in three patients (3%), minor sequelae in two patients (2%). The benign long-term outcome may well be related to rapid hospital admission and appropriate long-lasting antibiotic treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Carotid atherosclerosis in patients with suspected coronaropathy: the relationship to traditional risk factors in the 2 vascular areas].

UNLABELLED: In order to evaluate the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis (CA) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to identify the differential role of traditional risk factors, we analyzed data concerning 290 patients aged 61.9 +/- 10.8 years who underwent color duplex ultrasound of extracranial arteries before coronary angiography. Significant CA (stenosis > or = 50% in at least one extracranial artery) was disclosed in 44 patients (15%); significant CAD (stenosis > or = 70% at least in a major epicardial vessel) was documented in 238 patients (82%). Age and smoking were significantly associated with both CAD (respectively, p = 0.034 and p = 0.050) and CA (respectively, p = 0.000 and p = 0.000), but a stronger correlation was documented with CA (r = 0.325 vs r = 0.125 for age; r = 0.218 vs r = 0.114 for smoking). Diabetes (p = 0.031) and male gender (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with CAD, and hypertension (p = 0.029) with CA. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional risk factors play different roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease of carotid and coronary circulation. Color duplex evaluation of the carotid arteries can be useful in high-risk patients, particularly if candidates for coronary surgery.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization by phenotype of families with atopic dermatitis.

The aetiology of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but is probably multifactorial, with interactions between several genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies indicate a strong genetic factor, but the susceptibility genes are unknown. This paper, describing the phenotypes of family material, forms part of a large genetic study seeking to identify susceptibility genes for atopic dermatitis by linkage analysis. We selected families with at least 2 siblings affected with atopic dermatitis (1,097 affected siblings who together form 650 affected sib pairs and 49 affected half-sib pairs). We established a phenotype database of information about the affected siblings and their relatives, in total 5,830 individuals. All siblings were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and participated in a standardized interview covering aspects of atopy and atopic dermatitis. Of the affected siblings, 72% suffered or had suffered from asthma and/or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and 74% had raised total and/or allergen-specific IgE serum levels. Seventeen percent of the siblings had been hospitalized for atopic dermatitis. Sixty-nine percent had 1 or both parents with atopic dermatitis. Among siblings with 1 parent with atopic dermatitis, 37% had a father with atopic dermatitis and 63% had a mother with atopic dermatitis, indicating maternal preponderance. Analysis of the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in relation to the birth order in the sibship shows an increased risk of atopic dermatitis in persons born early in a sibship. Although the families were selected for genetic sib-pair linkage analysis, we believe that this material is representative of atopic dermatitis families managed at hospitals in Stockholm.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lipoprotein(a) in coronary heart disease: a case-control study.

To determine the significance of lipoprotein(a) levels in coronary heart disease patients, a case-control study was performed with 48 newly diagnosed coronary heart disease patients and 23 controls who were evaluated using clinical history and biochemical examination. Lipoprotein(a) was measured by quantitative latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric method. Geometric means of biochemical parameters were obtained. Comprehensive lipid tetrad index was calculated using a previously validated formula. There was no significant difference in prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and smoking in cases and controls. Dietary intake of calories, fats, fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins was also similar. The levels of fasting glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly different in cases and controls (p > 0.05). Low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio (4.33 +/- 1.5 vs 4.29 +/- 1.8) and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (6.59 + 1.7 vs 6.69 +/- 2.2) were similar. The mean lipoprotein(a) levels were significantly greater in cases (11.95 +/- 2.8 mg/dL, range 1-102 mg/dL) as compared to controls (6.68 +/- 3.4 mg/dL, range 1-73 mg/dL) (t = 2.08, p = 0.041). As compared to controls, in coronary heart disease cases, mean lipoprotein(a) levels in patients upto 50 years (10.27 +/- 2.8 vs 7.27 +/- 3.4 mg/dL) as well as those over 50 years (12.99 +/- 2.9 vs 4.91 +/- 3.5 mg/dL) were significantly more (p < 0.05). Coronary heart disease patients had a slightly greater prevalence of high lipoprotein(a) levels, 20 mg/dL or more (31.3 vs 13.0%; chi 2 = 2.83, l-tailed p < 0.05). Comprehensive lipid tetrad index (total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) divided by high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) was also slightly higher in cases (14688.2 +/- 3.6) than in controls (8358.2 +/- 4.3) (t = 1.68, 1-tailed p < 0.05). This study shows that lipoprotein(a) levels are significantly more in both younger and older coronary heart disease patients as compared to controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Atypical radiological images of pulmonary tuberculosis in 192 diabetic patients: a comparative study.

SETTING: Comparative studies of pulmonary tuberculosis images in diabetics have yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: To assess radiological images of pulmonary tuberculosis in a large population of diabetic patients. DESIGN: Radiographs from in-patients admitted with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes (TBDM group, n = 192) were reviewed and compared with a control group of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis alone (TB group, n = 130). RESULTS: Both groups had a similar evolution time of tuberculosis (approximately 2 years). Statistical differences were observed as follows: TBDM patients were older (51.3+/-0.9 vs. TB group 44.9+/-1.8 years, mean +/- SEM), and had a decreased frequency of upper (17% vs. 56%), and an increased frequency of lower (19% vs. 7%) and upper + lower (64% vs. 36%) lung field lesions. More TBDM patients developed cavitations (82% vs. 59%) more often in the lower lung fields (29% vs. 3%). More multiple cavities were seen in TBDM patients (25% vs. 2%). TBDM group had a lower total leukocyte count (8836.7+/-219.5 vs. 10013.1+/-345.2 cells/mm3), mainly due to a lower number of non-lymphocyte cells (6815.8+/-221.8 vs. 8095.7+/-321.9 cells/mm3). Multiple logistic regression showed that being a diabetic patient was the most important factor determining lower lung field lesions and cavities. CONCLUSIONS: This study in a large number of diabetics with pulmonary tuberculosis confirmed that their chest X-ray images significantly depart from the typical presentation. Clinicians must keep this in mind to avoid misdiagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and adrenal lesions.

PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship of long-term pancreatic hormone hypersecretion with adrenal lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and in those with sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the prevalence of adrenal lesions in 20 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and in a control group of 12 with sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. We also performed genetic testing for germline mutations of MEN1, the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene. RESULTS: Adrenal lesions were common in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, accounting for 35% of cases. All adrenal lesions were nonfunctioning and benign. The relative risk of adrenal tumors was higher in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 than in controls (p <0.05). No apparent relationship was observed of hormonal pattern or genotype with adrenal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Hormone hypersecretion by pancreatic endocrine tumors is not the primary cause of the development of adrenal lesions and the role of the MEN1 gene in adrenal tumorigenesis remains unclear. Adrenal lesions follow a benign course in most multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 cases but careful morphological and functional followup is advisable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Discharges during U.S. Army basic training: injury rates and risk factors.

This study examined injury rates and risk factors for discharge in a cohort of 756 men and 474 women in U.S. Army basic combat training (BCT) at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Investigators systematically screened trainee medical records for injuries and collected medical recommendations to temporarily remove a trainee from BCT to allow recovery from an injury. The BCT unit provided Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) scores and trainee demographic data. Discharges were identified by reviewing discharge packets and were confirmed through rosters from the BCT units. There were 102 men and 108 women discharged. Person-time injury incidence rates (for time-loss injuries) among discharged and nondischarged men were 1.87 and 0.45 cases/100 person-days, respectively (p < 0.01); the rates for discharged and nondischarged women were 1.95 and 1.01 cases/100 person-days, respectively (p < 0.01). Men had a higher risk of discharge if they had a time-loss injury (p < 0.01), but women did not (p = 0.28). Other discharge risk factors for both men and women included a medical recommendation for removal from training to recover from an injury, lower performance on any of the three APFT events, and lower educational level. Women with more body mass or a higher body mass index also had a marginally higher risk of discharge.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Interleukin 10 (IL-10), not IL-4 or interferon-gamma production, correlates with progression of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Both interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10, separately and in combination, and under in vitro and in vivo conditions in animals, have been reported to inhibit characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimentally induced arthritis. We investigated if IL-10 and IL-4 production, as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, opposing IL-4, were related to RA disease variables. A method was chosen to exclude the influence of age and disease duration. METHODS: We selected RA patients with mild and severe disease. Inclusion criteria were erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) < or = 28 mm/h and > or = 50, C-reactive protein (CRP) < or = 20 and > or = 30, Thompson joint score < or = 60 and > or = 100 and radiographic joint damage score, Sharp score < or = 30 and > or = 40. Age and disease duration were restricted: 30 to 70 years and 5 to 15 years, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the ex vivo 48 h production of T cell IL-10, IL-4, and IFN-gamma (after CD3-CD28 stimulation) was assessed and was correlated to clinical variables. RESULTS: Only IL-10 production differed significantly between the 2 groups of RA patients, being highest in the "mild" group. Taking all patients together, a strong negative correlation was found between IL-10 production and radiographic joint damage (r = -0.53, p < 0.001) as well as progression of joint damage (r = -0.56, p < 0.0001). Similar negative correlations, although less powerful, were found between IL-10 production and ESR, CRP, and Thompson joint score. No correlation was found for IFN-gamma, IL-4, or the ratio of the 2 with disease activity variables or joint damage. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the high IL-10 production found in patients with RA may be protective, especially against progression of joint destruction in RA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Familial aggregation of seven-year changes in blood pressure in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the familial resemblance for baseline and seven-year changes in blood pressure in the Canadian population. METHODS: The study participants were 857 people from 348 families in the 1988 Campbell's Survey, which was a seven-year follow-up of the Canada Fitness Survey. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured at baseline and at follow-up, and were adjusted for age and body mass index by using regression analysis. Familial correlation models were fit to the data by using path analysis, and maximal heritabilities were calculated from the most parsimonious models. RESULTS: There was significant familial resemblance for baseline blood pressure and changes in blood pressure. In general, all classes of familial correlations (spousal, parent-offspring and sibling) were significant and were of comparable magnitude. The maximal heritabilities, which are influenced to an unknown degree by genes and shared environmental factors, were 50% and 70% for diastolic and systolic blood pressures, respectively, and 66% and 41% for seven-year changes in diastolic and systolic blood pressures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant familial aggregation for blood pressure and for natural changes in blood pressure in the Canadian population. Genes may be important in explaining the familial resemblance for blood pressure; however, the presence of significant spousal correlations suggests that shared lifestyle and family environments are also important factors in the familial aggregation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of clinical factors affecting knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

This study evaluated clinical factors affecting knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. One hundred two patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were evaluated to determine the incidence of postoperative pain and the associated factors affecting this pain. Pain was evaluated according to gender, age, length of preoperative period, preoperative pain, meniscal damage, cartilage damage at surgery, extension deficit, anterior laxity, and knee extension strength. Seventy percent of patients reported pain, and the cause of pain varied. Females and older patients indicated a significantly greater degree of pain. Cases involving small anterior laxity, highly damaged cartilage, and extension deficit indicated a significantly greater presence of pain. Length of preoperative period, knee extension strength, and meniscal lesion had no correlation with the degree of pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors of mortality for salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECT: To investigate the risk factors of mortality for Salmonella infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999 we reviewed 37 cases of Salmonella infection in 31 patients with SLE from a total of 1191 hospitalized patients with SLE at a medical center in Taiwan. Contrasting cases of patients who died with those who survived, we compared clinical and laboratory characteristics of SLE at the time of Salmonella infection, with special attention to potential risk factors (sex, age, complete blood count and differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, complements, Salmonella species, infection site, reinfection, SLE presenting with Salmonella infection, associated non-Salmonella infection, etc.). RESULTS: The mean age at the onset of SLE in the 8 mortality cases was significantly higher than the 23 cases of survivors (p < 0.05). Other factors significantly related to death included associated infections other than Salmonella species, reinfection of Salmonella species, and cases of SLE presenting with Salmonella infection. Reinfection and SLE presenting with Salmonella infection were the most important risk factors of mortality for SLE with Salmonella infections: relative risk (CI) 84 (4.3-1638.8) and 63 (3.1-1296.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with SLE who are older or have associated infections other than Salmonella have an increased mortality rate when they have concurrent Salmonella infection. Patients with Salmonella infection occurring concurrently with the first presentation of SLE and patients with SLE reinfected with Salmonella species are at higher risk of mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Mortality and morbidity in peripheral neuropathy associated Churg-Strauss syndrome and microscopic polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE: Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are commonly characterized by systemic necrotizing vasculitis and frequent occurrence of axonal neuropathy. We investigated whether the neuropathy in these 2 diseases reveals differences in clinicopathologic features and predicts survival and functional outcome. METHODS: We compared 30 patients with CSS associated neuropathy with 26 patients with MPA associated neuropathy in terms of clinical, laboratory, electrophysiologic, and outcome data. RESULTS: MPA cases showed a significantly higher age at onset, a higher male/female ratio, and more extensive systemic organ involvement than CSS. Inflammatory markers including antimyeloperoxidase antibody titers were also significantly higher in MPA. Both CSS and MPA showed similar neuropathic symptoms, electrophysiologic findings, and sural nerve biopsy findings representing acute axonal changes. Functional disability assessed by modified Rankin score, muscle strength, and nerve conduction variables were similar in CSS and MPA, both in the acute peak phase and during longterm followup. However, survival was significantly worse in MPA than CSS. CONCLUSION: Neuropathy associated CSS and MPA shared common neuropathic features throughout the course, but systemic organ involvement, inflammatory marker concentrations, and relapse rates were significantly higher in MPA, which showed a poorer survival rate.

Adult↗