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PubMedDate not supplied

[From the mixed dentition to the permanent dentition: how to manage space while guiding eruption?].

In the mixed dentition, when there is a discrepancy between the bony structures and the teeth, in certain cases, serial extractions are performed in order to guide the eruption of permanent teeth and obtain a correct occlusal function. The treatment consists in the extraction of primary teeth and then of first bicuspids. The choice of the first tooth to be extracted is based upon the position of the crowns of the permanent teeth and their degree of root maturation. Then the first bicuspid is extracted as soon as or prior to its eruption. This interceptive treatment has limited indications which need to be respected in order to preserve the child's future dental health. This treatment is indicated for Class I malocclusions with severe crowding or moderate crowding associated with bi-maxillary protrusion.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[Prevention and treatment of dento-maxillary discrepancy].

The many clinical and radiological signs of arch length discrepancy simplify the practitioner's task of diagnosing it early. When they need to deal with insufficient room in the dental arch, orthodontists have available to them a large variety of therapeutic possibilities that require relatively little cooperation from young patients and that often work quickly to correct beginning malocclusions in the mixed dentition or that prevent them from worsening. Orthodontists decide whether to use space maintainers, increase arch length, or embark on a program of serial extraction depending upon the type of disorder, its severity, and its etiology. The principle objectives of early treatment in arch length discrepancy cases are to re-establish a balanced occlusion and to reduce the duration and the complexity of definitive treatment in the adult dentition.

Cephalometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of malocclusion types in 7-9-year-old Iranian children.

This study assessed the malocclusion types, very severe crowding and need for serial extraction among a random sample of 7-9-year-old children in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Of the 3776 children 30.6% had normal occlusion, 47.4% class I malocclusion, 13.7% class II division 1 malocclusion (male/female ratio 3:2), 1.0% class II division 2 malocclusion (male/female ratio 3:1) and 2.1% class III malocclusion. Among the children examined, 47.9% had crowding problems and 14.7% of them had class I malocclusion with very severe crowding-more girls (17.3%) than boys (12.1%). No correlation was observed between the types of malocclusion and family size, parents' occupation or level of education.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Insect feeding deterrents in endophyte-infected tall fescue.

The presence of an endophytic fungus, Acremonium coenophialum, in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) deterred aphid feeding by Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum. Both species of aphid were unable to survive when confined to endophyte-infected tall fescue plants. Feeding deterrents and toxic factors to R. padi and Oncopeltus fasciatus, large milkweed bug, were primarily associated with a methanol extract obtained when endophyte-infected tall fescue seed was serially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were determined to be 30 to 100 times greater in the methanol extract than in the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum plant and its effect on bradykinin-induced contractions on isolated uterus.

Crinum asiaticum Linn plant is used in Malaysia as a rheumatic remedy and to relieve local pain. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of this plant extract on carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in mice. C. asiaticum was serially extracted with petroleum ether, followed by chloroform and lastly, methanol. The chloroform and methanol extracts of the plant given orally (50 mg kg-1) caused significant (p < 0.05; n = 7) reduction in paw oedema but the petroleum ether extract did not induce significant effect (p > 0.05) on paw oedema. The methanol extract was then dissolved in water and extracted consecutively with chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol. The chloroform fraction of methanol extract (CFME) treatment (50 mg kg(-1)) significantly reduced (p < 0.05; n = 7) the acute paw oedema. This may indicate that active anti-inflammatory compounds are present in the CFME. In an attempt to study the mechanism of action of its anti-inflammatory activity, the effects of CFME on BK- and histamine-induced contractions were investigated in isolated rat uterus and guinea-pig ileum preparations, respectively. It was found that CFME caused dose-dependent reduction (p < 0.05; n = 6) of the contractile response induced by BK and shifted the log dose-response curve of histamine to the right. The present findings suggest that C. asiaticum possessed an anti-inflammatory activity as suggested by its use in traditional medicine. The anti-inflammatory activity of this plant could not have been due to its anti-bradykinin activities as CFME non-specifically inhibited BK-induced contraction. It also suggest that CFME may contain compound(s) with anti-histaminic properties. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Antiplatelet activity of soy sauce as functional seasoning.

In seeking the functionality of foodstuffs applicable to medicine, soy sauce was found to show antiplatelet activity. Therefore, the active components in soy sauce were purified, structurally identified, and studied for their inhibitory effects on the aggregation of human platelets. Aqueous 2-fold diluents of soy sauce inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen and epinephrine depending on the dilution factor. Since a basic extract with diethyl ether completely inhibited collagen-induced aggregation, it was subjected to serial extractions and multistep HPLC fractionations for purifying antiplatelet components. The finally obtained isolates were identified as 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and 1-methyl-beta-carboline on the basis of EI-MS, (1)H NMR, diode array, and fluorescence spectra. Their spectral data and chromatographic behaviors were the same as those of synthetic ones. 1-Methyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline showed mean concentrations (n = 5-6) of 4.6, 4.2, 28.6, 11.6, and 65.8 microgram/mL to produce 50% inhibition of the maximal aggregation response induced by epinephrine, platelet-activating factor, collagen, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, and thrombin, respectively. Its inhibitory effect was much greater than that of 1-methyl-beta-carboline on platelet aggregation by all the tested inducers. The quantitative HPLC analysis revealed that the significant amounts of both antiplatelet compounds were uniformly contained in commercially available soy sauce. From these results, soy sauce may be referred to as functional seasoning containing alkaloidal components with the potent preventive effect on thrombus formation.

Carbolines↗
PubMed2006

The muscle protein dysferlin accumulates in the Alzheimer brain.

Dysferlin is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in muscle. Dysferlin mutations cause limb-girdle dystrophy type 2B, Miyoshi myopathy and distal anterior compartment myopathy. Dysferlin has also been described in neural tissue. We studied dysferlin distribution in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and controls. Twelve brains, staged using the Clinical Dementia Rating were examined: 9 AD cases (mean age: 85.9 years and mean disease duration: 8.9 years), and 3 age-matched controls (mean age: 87.5 years). Dysferlin is a cytoplasmic protein in the pyramidal neurons of normal and AD brains. In addition, there were dysferlin-positive dystrophic neurites within A beta plaques in the AD brain, distinct from tau-positive neurites. Western blots of total brain protein (RIPA) and sequential extraction buffers (high salt, high salt/Triton X-100, SDS and formic acid) of increasing protein extraction strength were performed to examine solubility state. In RIPA fractions, dysferlin was seen as 230-272 kDa bands in normal and AD brains. In serial extractions, there was a shift of dysferlin from soluble phase in high salt/Triton X-100 to the more insoluble SDS fraction in AD. Dysferlin is a new protein described in the AD brain that accumulates in association with neuritic plaques. In muscle, dysferlin plays a role in the repair of muscle membrane damage. The accumulation of dysferlin in the AD brain may be related to the inability of neurons to repair damage due to A beta deposits accumulating in the AD brain.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed1992

Reattachment of surface array proteins to Campylobacter fetus cells.

Campylobacter fetus strains may be of serotype A or B, a property associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure. Wild-type C. fetus strains contain surface array proteins (S-layer proteins) that may be extracted in water and that are critical for virulence. To explore the relationship of S-layer proteins to other surface components, we reattached S-layer proteins onto S- template cells generated by spontaneous mutation or by serial extractions of S+ cells with water. Reattachment occurred in the presence of divalent (Ba2+, Ca2+, Co2+, and Mg2+) but not monovalent (H+, NH4+, Na+, K+) or trivalent (Fe3+) cations. The 98-, 125-, 127-, and 149-kDa S-layer proteins isolated from strains containing type A LPS (type A S-layer protein) all reattached to S- template cells containing type A LPS (type A cells) but not to type B cells. The 98-kDa type B S-layer protein reattached to SAP- type B cells but not to type A cells. Recombinant 98-kDa type A S-layer protein and its truncated amino-terminal 65- and 50-kDa segments expressed in Escherichia coli retained the full and specific determinants for attachment. S-layer protein and purified homologous but not heterologous LPS in the presence of calcium produced insoluble complexes. By quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the S-layer protein copy number per C. fetus cell was determined to be approximately 10(5). In conclusion, C. fetus cells are encapsulated by a large number of S-layer protein molecules which may be specifically attached through the N-terminal half of the molecule to LPS in the presence of divalent cations.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Charge heterogeneity of rat pituitary prolactin in relation to the estrous cycle, gonadectomy, and estrogen treatment.

Pituitary samples were obtained from female rats at various stages of the estrous cycle, and from intact male and gonadectomized rats with and without estradiol treatment. The pituitary extracts with 60% EtOH pH 9.5, were fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), and immunoreactive prolactin (IR-PRL) was measured by RIA. Three types of IR-PRL molecular species were found in these IEF profiles. The first type (species A) was consistently found in an area of pH 4.5-5.4, and consisted of two main subspecies with pls 5.0 (Al) and 5.25 (A2). Species A occupied most part of pituitary IR-PRL in males, gonadectomized animals, and in females in a basal state such as diestrus (D) II 17:00. Species A was also found exclusively in the serum at proestrus (PE) 19:00. The amounts of species A decreased notably when the secretion became active from PE 15:00 to 22:00, then increased at estrus (E) 6:00 and 10:00 when the second type (species B), which was found in the area of pH 5.4-6.8 only in trace amounts at basal states, increased markedly. Species B decreased again at E 17:00, while species A fully recovered. Species B also increased when PRL biosynthesis was stimulated by estradiol in intact male and gonadectomized rats. These findings indicate that species A must be the storage and secretory type of IR-PR, and that species B must be IR-PRL in the biosynthetic process which is to be finally converted into species A. A third type (species C) was found in a region of pH 3.5-4.5 in the IEF profiles of gonadectomized animals. This species is possibly IR-PRL molecules under degradation. When the pituitary was extracted serially with 0.25 M ammonium sulfate pH 5.5 (fraction AMS) first, then with 60% EtOH pH 9.5 (fraction ET), fraction AMS contained mostly species B and C, while fraction ET contained species A almost exclusively. The results obtained with this differential extraction roughly coincided with IEF data, though some disagreements were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Skin mini-erosion sampling technique: feasibility study with regard to serial glucose measurement.

PURPOSE: To describe a dermally non-invasive serial sampling technique and to test its clinical feasibility with regard to glucose measurement. METHODS: A standardized skin mini-erosion devoid of the epidermal barrier, and covered by an artificial one, was formed by a suctioning technique. Interstitial fluid (IF) was extracted serially by brief application of negative pressure, and its glucose content compared with that in capillary or venous blood samples. RESULTS: The procedure caused no discomfort. The epidermis regenerated rapidly after experimentation. There were no complications. In non-diabetic subjects (n = 13) the mean of all IF values measured daily for 6 days was 6.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (+/-SE). The corresponding capillary blood glucose value was 5.6 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, and the venous glucose value was 5.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l. The differences between IF glucose values and invasive control values remained within narrow limits throughout. The 2SD limits of agreement for the differences were 1.44 mmol/l (IF vs. capillary blood samples) and 1.76 mmol/l (IF vs venous samples) respectively. The OGTT curves suggested glucose kinetics to be similar in IF and in capillary blood. In diabetic subjects, the mean of IF values determined serially during one day was 15.3 +/- 1.0 mmol/l (range, 6.7-21.8 mmol/l), and the corresponding mean capillary value was 12.0 +/- 0.9 mmol/l (range, 3.3-17.2 mmol/l). The ICC for all paired photometric observations was 0.948. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the new sampling technique to be a feasible approach for clinical and experimental purposes. A functionally integrated sampling patch is entering the clinical testing stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver.

The effects of ginseng root powder and of serially extracted solvent fractions of ginseng on avian hepatic cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis and on avian serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels were examined. In one study, White Leghorn females were fed for 4 weeks a corn-based diet (control) or an experimental diet in which was incorporated 0.25% Wisconsin ginseng or an equivalent quantity of a serial solvent fraction [petroleum ether (PESF), methyl alcohol (MESF), water (WASF)] or of the residue. beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in each of the treatment groups (31-37% of control activity) except that fed the extracted residue (90% of control, N.S.). Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was lowered in parallel (45-64% of control, P less than 0.01) by all treatments except the residue (100% of control). Also with the exception of the residue treatment, each ginseng treatment effected a lowering of the serum total cholesterol level (67-83% of control, P less than 0.01) and of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (53-81% of control, P less than 0.01). Lipogenic activities and serum triglycerides levels were lowered (P less than 0.01) by two of the ginseng treatments. The PESF treatment was the most effective suppressor of each parameter, 74% and 68% respectively, of the control values. The WASF also had significant impact. Not one of the experimental diets influenced the serum high density lipoprotein level. The PESF, the potent source of suppressors, effected a change in the ratio of low to high density lipoprotein cholesterol from 1.46 (control) to 0.88. The levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver under these conditions showed a similar pattern as that of serum. In companion studies, broiler females were fed 0.28% Chinese red ginseng root powder or its various fractions. The results confirmed those recorded above. The factor(s) responsible for lowering the serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were generally more concentrated in the PESF and WASF of ginseng and each was significantly more effective than was ginseng root powder. Ginsenosides (saponins) are considered to be the active agents for the suppression of cholesterogenesis and lipogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of two types of diesel exhaust particles.

In an earlier study using a recombinant yeast screen we found that a suspension of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and some extracts of DEP are not estrogenic but possess anti-estrogenic activity. In the present study, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of two types of DEP, type-1 (old type) and type-2 (new type) were compared. Whole DEP of both types were found to possess estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities. The DEP were serially extracted with organic solvents and then with 1 M ammonia and 1 M HCl. In type-2 DEP, the ratio of dry weight of a hexane extract was higher than those of methanol and ammonia extracts, which were lower than those in type-1 DEP. In the hexane extract, estrogenic activity was found in both types of DEP. In the benzene and dichloromethane extracts, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities were found in both types of DEP. In the methanol extract, estrogenic activity was found in type-2 DEP, and extracts of both types decreased the activity of estrogen. Anti-estrogenic activity was found in extracts of ammonia and HCl from both types of DEP. It was found that both type-1 and type-2 DEP possess estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1981

Postsynthetic variants of creatine kinase MM.

MYocardial CK-MM has been found to undergo postsynthetic modification after AMI. Studies by isoelectric focusing of normal heart extracts, serial serum samples from patients with AMI, normal sera, and sera from patients with DMD revealed the presence of four variants, designated MM-I, MM-II, MM-III and MM-IV, at pH values 6.90, 6.62, 6.36, and 6.20, respectively. The MM variants, together with two MB variants, could also be demonstrated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Heart extract contained primarily MM-I. Serum samples obtained early after infarction (9 to 12 hr) showed predominantly MM-I, MM-II, and MM-III. With increase in time after infarction (24 to 96 hr), there was a gradual shift in which MM-I and MM-II decreased while MM-III and MM-IV increased. These results could be mimicked by incubating an extract of human heart with normal serum for increasing time intervals. Normal serum and serum from DMD patients--both of which contain steady-state levels of MM isoenzyme activity--showed all four variants. There was, however, a preponderance of MM-I and MM-II in normal serum, whereas serum from DMD patients showed a preponderance of MM-II and MM-III. We conclude that the process of postsynthetic modification after AMI probably starts at the site of injury in the myocardium because the variants can be demonstrated in the serum within a few hours after infarction. Further modification then occurs in the circulation after enzyme release from the site of injury has ceased. These data suggest that analysis of CK variants may provide a unique means of assessing the time of onset of necrosis in AMI and may have potential for detecting reinfarction and for monitoring the duration of enzyme release from the site of injury.

Creatine Kinase↗
PubMed1993

[Change in trigeminal mesencephalic neurons after teeth extraction in guinea pig].

Trigeminal mesencephalic (Mes V) neurons innervating the periodontal mechanoreceptor (PMR) are known to play an important role in controlling the bite force and jaw-movements during mastication. After teeth loss, the PMR disappears due to loss of the periodontal membrane. The present work is a study on whether cell death is induced in the Mes V neurons in association with teeth loss. The upper and lower incisors were extracted on the right side in 5 guinea pigs (extraction group) and the other 5 guinea pigs were kept intact (control group). In the extraction group, the animals were kept alive for 58-119 days after teeth extraction. Serial coronal sections (50 microns thick) were made of the midbrain and pons and stained with cresyl violet. The Mes V neurons were counted on every other section. In the caudal half of the Mes V nucleus, where the neurons innervating the PMR are reported to be located, the number of neurons was less on the right side than on the left side (P < 0.01) in the extraction group, while there was no difference between the right and left sides in the control group. We conclude that teeth extraction can induce cell death in the Mes V neurons innervating the PMR and produce a significant change in the brainstem mechanisms controlling mastication.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Met- and leu-enkephalin immuno- and bio-reactivity in human stomach and pancreas.

Acid extracts of human pancreas and gastric corpus and antral mucosa and muscularis were investigated for the presence of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin by radioimmunoassay, Sephadex chromatography and radioreceptor assay. As the assays for leu-enkephalin crossreacted with those for met-enkephalin, only cyanogen bromide-treated samples were used for the determination of leu enkephalin. Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was destroyed by more than 94% when treated with cyanogen bromide. Serial extract dilutions displaced 125 I labelled met-enkephalin and 125 I leu-enkephalin in the respective enkephalin radioimmunoassay both roughly parallel to the standard curves. Sephadex chromatography of the extracts resulted in elution of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity similar to the size of 3H-met-enkephalin, and these eluates displaced 3H-met-enkephalin from rat brain membranes in an opioid radioreceptor assay. The highest concentration of met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in tissue obtained at surgery was in the mucosa of the body of the stomach. Met- and leu-enkephalin receptor bioreactivity concentrations exceeded immunoreactivity concentrations. These investigations provide evidence of the presence of met-enkephalin- and leu-enkephalin-like substances in human stomach and pancreas.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2003

Clinical application of 20 MHz endosonography and anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoblots to predict regression of low-grade gastric MALToma by H. pylori eradication.

AIM: We tested whether serial 20 MHz endosonography (EUS) and anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoblots can predict the complete regression of gastric MALToma by H. pylori eradication. METHODS: The serums of 17 MALToma patients, including 15 with low grade and two with high grade, were collected before therapy. Fifteen patients with low-grade MALToma and 18 nonMALToma patients, all infected with H. pylori, have been followed with serum sampling, endoscopy, and EUS on enrollment, on the 2nd, 6th, and 12th months after anti-H. pylori therapy. All sera were tested for anti-H. pylori immunoblots, including 19.5, 26.5, 30, 35, 89, 116 KDa (CagA), FldA. The DNAs were extracted serially from the biopsy of MALToma patients before and after therapy to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene monoclonality. RESULTS: MALToma patients had higher prevalence rates of anti-FldA protein, 19.5 and 30 KDa antibodies of H. pylori (p < 0.01). After H. pylori eradication, MALToma patients had negative seroconversion of 19.5, 26.5, 30, and 35 KDa antibodies (p < 0.05), but not in CagA and FldA. The PCR monoclonality occurred in 80% (12/15) of the MALToma patients before therapy, but did not correlate with any seroconversion of anti-H. pylori immunoblots after therapy (p > 0.05). Complete regression of MALToma was observed in 73.3% (11/15) of patients. Evaluation with 20 MHz EUS, for the initial tumor depth and its normalization on the 6th month had 90.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity to predict the complete regression. DISCUSSION: The negative seroconversions of the smaller-molecular-weight proteins, but not CagA and FldA, correlate with regression of MALToma by H. pylori eradication. 20 MHz EUS can effectively predict the therapeutic response of MALToma.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nonuniform behavior of multiple isoactins in the same cell is a cell-dependent phenomenon.

The functional significance of multiple isoactins in the same cell is still not understood. To address this question, we examined the response of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle alpha-isoactins to a serial extraction procedure applied to both muscle and nonmuscle cell types. We compared these extraction results with results obtained with the beta- and gamma-nonmuscle actin isoforms from the same cells. In differentiated BC3H1 nonfusing muscle cells (smooth muscle alpha-isoactin), in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (cardiac alpha-isoactin), and in chick skeletal muscle cells (cardiac alpha-isoactin), different fractions were found selectively enriched in either the nonmuscle or the muscle-specific actin isoforms compared with their relative abundance in whole cell extracts. Conversely, when these same isoactins were examined either in undifferentiated BC3H1 cells or in mouse nonmuscle cells stably transfected with a cardiac alpha-isoactin gene, no enrichment of these isoforms above their relative abundance in whole cell extracts was observed. These results indicate that within the muscle or muscle-like cells examined, the different actin isoforms were either selectively utilized or localized. These results further show that isoactin-specific responses observed were apparently related to the cell type in which they were found and not to differences in inherent physical properties such as solubility of the different isoactins examined.

Actins↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructure of the olfactory neuron of the bullfrog: the dendrite and its microtubules.

The ciliated dendritic bulb of the olfactory neuron of the bullfrog was studied with the electron microscope, with emphasis on microtubular elements. Methods used included various fixation procedures with and without detergent extraction, serial sectioning, microtubule polarity assays, and an assay to demonstrate F-actin. Structural continuity exists, via microtubules, between the ciliary membrane and the perikaryon of the neuron. One type of structural link connects the distal end of the basal body to the plasma membrane and, in slightly oblique cross sections of the basal body, the link shows a highly characteristic tripartite profile resembling a claw hammer. The six to ten basal bodies of a dendritic bulb have a lateral foot that serves as an organizing center for microtubules, and these microtubules (totaling about 150) extend toward the perikaryon in the basal half of the epithelium. Polarity assays indicate that the attached or minus ends of dendritic microtubules are in the dendritic bulb, with their plus or fast-growing ends near or within the perikaryon of the neuron. It is shown that dendritic microtubules are depolymerized by direct osmium tetroxide fixation, in contrast to olfactory axonal microtubules, which persist after such fixation. F-actin appears to be abundantly present in the dendritic bulb of the neuron, and it is possible that this actin could play a role in shape changes of the dendrite. The various findings provide new information about the olfactory dendrite, its microtubule organizing centers, and the nature and relationships of its microtubules.

Actins↗