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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative physiological disposition of some anthraquinone glycosides and aglycones.

The in vitro microbial degradation and the urinary excretion and biliary secretion in rats of two anthraquinone glycosides (sennosides A and B) and four aglycones (sennidins A and B, rhein, and danthron) were studied using a high performance liquid chromatographic system with gradient elution and amperometric detection. Microbial degradation of sennosides A and B occurred almost exclusively in the presence of mice caecum inoculae and was associated with the release of sennidins A and B. Rhein and danthron were indiscriminately metabolized by bacteria sampled from all regions of mice intestine, whereas sennidins lacked stability in biological media. The fraction of the dose administered orally to rats and recovered as aglycones or as glucuronides in bile and urine after 48 hours was five times greater for rhein (15 per cent) and danthron (13.4 per cent) than for sennosides A (1.8 per cent) and B (2.8 per cent) excreted or secreted as sennidins. These results support the concept that anthraquinone glycosides are less likely to enter the systemic circulation and, thus, are able to exert their laxative effect at lower doses than aglycones.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A physiological appraisal of polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution as bowel preparation.

Seventy-seven patients undergoing bowel preparation with either sennosides and rectal washout (S + RWO; n = 26) or polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution (PEG + E) given orally (n = 25) or by nasogastric infusion (n = 26) have been studied. PEG + E was not associated with significant physiological change in electrolytes or blood gases. Patients tolerated PEG + E well and it provided a moderate to good bowel preparation in over 80 per cent of cases. PEG + E was not associated with a change in colonic microflora and was not associated with explosive mixtures of colonic gas due to hydrogen. It is therefore a safe, quick and efficient bowel preparation and provides a safer alternative to mannitol. The solution (PEG + E) man be used orally or by nasogastric infusion and does not require an accompanying intravenous infusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of sennosides A and B purgative drugs.

Procedures are described for the analysis of the main anthraquinone glycosides of senna powder, senna fruit tablets, and sennoside tablets by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In one HPLC analysis, TLC was used to separate the glycosides prior to elution on a strong anion-exchange column with 0.1 M ammonium nitrate solution (pH 9.0) as the mobile phase. In another HPLC analysis, separation was effected using a weak anion-exchange column with 0.1 M ammonium nitrate solution (pH 5.7A) as the mobile phase.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2001

Apoptosis induction by sennoside laxatives in man; escape from a protective mechanism during chronic sennoside use?

Chronic sennoside use induces melanosis coli (MC) and possibly increases colorectal cancer risk. Sennosides alter colonic crypt length, proliferative activity, and bcl-2 expression 18 h after administration. To investigate possible mechanisms for carcinogenesis, the effects of acute sennoside use and the presence of MC on colorectal epithelium were studied. Colorectal biopsies from 15 subjects receiving sennosides 6 h before sigmoidoscopy (Sen), 15 controls (NSen), and 27 with MC [11 moderate (MMC) and 16 severe (SMC)]. were analysed for degree of apoptosis (H&E staining), immunohistochemical p53, p21/WAF and bcl-2 expression, and proliferative activity (labelling index, LI). Apoptosis (p=0.0004), intensity of p53 staining (p=0.01), and p21/WAF expression (p=0.008) were increased in Sen and SMC compared with NSen and MMC. p53 expression was increased in Sen (p=0.004). No difference in bcl-2 expression or LI was observed. Crypts were shorter in Sen (p=0.05) and longer in SMC (p=0.04) than in NSen. It is concluded that sennosides acutely induce apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells, presumably by a p53, p21/WAF-mediated pathway, resulting in shorter crypts. In severe melanosis coli, apoptosis seems to be delayed, causing longer crypts without a rise in proliferative activity or bcl-2 expression. This escape from a presumably protective mechanism may enhance the risk of carcinogenesis during chronic sennoside use.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a one-step immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of sennosides A and B.

An immunochromatographic strip test was developed to detect sennoside A (1) and sennoside B (2) using anti-1 and anti-2 monoclonal antibodies. The qualitative assay was based on a competitive immunoassay in which the detector reagent consisted of colloidal gold particles coated with the respective sennoside antibodies. The capture reagents were 1- and 2-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugates immobilised on a nitrocellulose membrane on the test strip. The sample containing 1 and 2, together with detector reagent, passed over the zone where the capture reagents had been immobilised. The analytes in the sample competed for binding to the limited amount of antibodies in the detector reagent with the immobilised 1- and 2-HSA conjugates on the membrane and hence positive samples showed no colour in the capture spot zone. Detection limits for the strip test were 125 ng/mL for both sennosides. The assay system is useful as a rapid and simple screening method for the detection of 1 and 2 in plants, drugs and body fluids.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed1997

Mitochondrial myopathy in Senna occidentalis-seed-fed chicken.

Plants of the genus Senna (formerly Cassia) have been recognized as the cause of a natural and experimental syndrome of muscle degeneration frequently leading to death in animals. Histologically, it demonstrated skeletal and cardiac muscle necrosis, with floccular degeneration and proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei. Recently, it was described as an experimental model of mitochondrial myopathy in hens chronically treated with Senna occidentalis. Currently, skeletal muscles of chicks intoxicated with seeds of the poisonous plant S. occidentalis were studied by histochemistry and electron microscopy. Since birth, the birds were fed ground dried seeds of this plant with a regular chicken ration at a dose of 4% for 11 days. Microscopic examination revealed, besides muscle-fiber atrophy, lipid storage in most fibers and a moderate amount of cytochrome oxidase-negative fibers. By electron microscopy, enlarged mitochondria with disrupted or excessively branched cristae were seen. This picture was characteristic of mitochondrial myopathy. These findings have hitherto remained unnoticed in skeletal muscle of young birds treated with S. occidentalis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Toxic peripheral neuropathy of chicks fed Senna occidentalis seeds.

Plants of the genus Senna (formerly Cassia) are poisonous to livestock and other laboratory animals, leading to a syndrome of a widespread muscle degeneration, incoordination, recumbence, and death. The main histologic lesion is necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers. Recently, a mitochondrial myopathy with ragged-red and cytochrome oxidase (COX)-negative muscle fibers was recognized in hens chronically intoxicated with parts of seeds of S. occidentalis. The purpose of the present work was to investigate if there was peripheral nerve involvement in the acute intoxication of chicks with S. occidentalis seeds. Teasing of individual fibers revealed signs of extensive axonal damage with myelin ovoids. Ultrathin sections confirmed the axonal damage. Axons were filled with membranes, some residual disorganized filaments, and enlarged mitochondria. In some instances the axon disappeared and there was secondary degeneration of the myelin sheath. The present work is the first description of the neurotoxic effect of S. occidentalis intoxication. Future work should attempt to determine the mechanisms involved in this neuropathy.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man.

The effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity were investigated in man. Spiking activity of the left and sigmoid colons was continuously recorded in seven constipated patients during two sessions from 5:00 PM to 9:00 AM. Each patient received orally at 7:00 PM on two consecutive days 30 mg of sennosides one day (sequence S) and placebo on the other (sequence P) in a random fashion. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase of peristaltic activity (migrating long spike bursts or MLSBs) after sennosides was observed between 1:00 and 7:00 AM, and a corresponding decrease between 7:00 and 9:00 AM. No change was noted in total short spike burst (SSB) activity or in SSBs characteristic of the rectosigmoid area. This study indicates that the main modification of colonic motility induced by sennosides was a stimulation of propulsive activity (MLSBs), which occurred between 6-12 hr after oral administration, the delay required for orocecal transit and metabolism of the drug.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1996

Selective uptake of intraluminal dextran sulfate sodium and senna by macrophages in the cecal mucosa of the guinea pig.

The involvement of macrophages in the passage of intraluminal substances into the lamina propria was examined in the large intestine of the guinea pig. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and senna, which, experimentally, induce ulcerative colitis and melanosis coli, respectively, were chosen for examination, since these substances are visible under the microscope without any special treatment. DSS (MW 50,000) and senna were orally administered to guinea pigs. In tissue sections of the intestine, the presence of DSS was demonstrated by toluidine blue staining, while senna was visible under the light microscope as brown pigment. In the large intestine of guinea pigs, macrophages were most numerous in the cecum, decreasing in number towards the rectum. Metachromatic reaction due to DSS was first recognized in the epithelium of the cecum, and was subsequently incorporated by macrophages. The presence of DSS, either in the epithelium or in macrophages, was not recognized in the small intestine or the distal colon. Senna pigmentation was also limited to the cecum and proximal colon, in which pigmented macrophages aggregated in the lamina propria. The two different substances administered orally were taken up in the cecum, and partly also in the proximal colon; the substances passed through the epithelium and were incorporated by macrophages. This finding suggests the existence of a weak point in the intestinal barrier in this particular portion of the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Management of postoperative constipation in anorectal surgery.

Fifty patients who had undergone proctologic operations were given a combination of standardized senna concentrate and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for prevention or treatment of postoperative constipation. Two Senokot S tablets were given on the evening of the first postoperative day. Patients who had bowel movements after receiving this dose and remained in the hospital received two tablets on each of the following two days. Otherwise, dosage was increased gradually to a maximum of four tablets twice daily until defecation occurred or until the four-day treatment period was over. All patients achieved bowel movements, and in no case was it necessary to administer an enema. No hard stools were passed on the day patients were discharged from the hospital. Overall results were excellent or good in 94 per cent of cases; these results were not affected by age. Ninety-two per cent had bowel movements after the first or second dose was administered. On the day of discharge from the hospital, fecal consistency was satisfactory in 88 per cent of cases and loose in 12 per cent. Except for a single instance of diarrhea after administration of one dose, which involved a patient with a history of loose stools, no side effect occurred during the trial. In view of these responses and the virtual absence of side effects in this study group, Senokot S tablets are judged to be of demonstrated value in the postoperative management of patients undergoing proctologic operations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative study of a standardized senna liquid and castor oil in preparing patients for radiographic examination of the colon.

X-Prep Liquid, used as a radiologic bowel evacuant, was found to be more effective, better tolerated, and more readily accepted than castor oil. The efficacy of a single full dose of this peristaltic stimulant was confirmed, and a divided dose of X-Prep Liquid was practically as effective and produced less griping and cramping. This less intensive divided-dose approach appears to be appropriate, especially in aged or debilitated patients.

Adult↗