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PubMed1999

Playing one's cards face up in analysis: an approach to the problem of self-disclosure.

A policy of consistent willingness on the analyst's part to make his or her own views explicitly available to the patient is discussed and illustrated by clinical vignettes. Playing one's cards face up is contrasted with contemporary conceptions of selective self-disclosure by the analyst, especially with respect to the way ground rules for the analytic treatment relationship get established. The objective of the analyst playing his or her cards face up is to create a candid dialogue, thus facilitating maximally effective collaboration between analyst and patient. Concerns about the analyst's self-disclosure foreclosing exploration of the patient's unconscious fantasies and transferences, or intruding upon the patient's autonomy, are addressed, as is the relation between self-disclosure and an individual analyst's personal style.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Self-disclosure, depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

The objectives of this paper were to examine the personality variable of self-disclosure, or the tendency to share feelings with others, and its relationship to depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Of the 87 adolescents who were assessed, 53 had made a suicide attempt and 34 had never shown any suicidal behavior during their lifetime. There was a significant relationship between suicidality and low levels of self-disclosure, which appears to be mediated by anxiety and depression. This sharing difficulty was most significantly marked between the adolescent and his/her family and seemed to be mediated by feelings of depression and anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Interpersonal trust, self-disclosure and control in adult children of alcoholics.

Personality differences between 39 adult children of alcoholics and 28 control subjects were evaluated using measures of self-disclosure, trust, and control. The former group had higher need for interpersonal control, but no differences between groups were found on trust or self-disclosure. Sex of the alcoholic parent was related to personality functioning. Subjects with alcoholic fathers had higher scores on the control measure, while subjects with alcoholic mothers had lower trust scores. For adult children of alcoholics small but significant correlations were found between distress associated with parental alcoholism and trust (lower) and reported involvement with alcohol (higher). These results provide some support for the hypothesis that the effects of parental alcoholism persist into early adulthood. The differences documented were modest and did not suggest dysfunction in the sample of adult children of alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Congruence of counselor self-disclosure and perceived effectiveness.

Sixty-seven college students rated a counselor on expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness based on reading 1 of 2 randomly assigned session transcripts. The desire to choose the depicted counselor was also measured. In both transcripts, the counselor self-disclosed his or her use of prayer. A single-client statement varied across the 2 transcripts such that one contained a congruent counselor self-disclosure (counselor disclosure after client disclosure) and the other included an incongruent self-disclosure (counselor disclosure without client disclosure). A potential covariate, religiosity, was examined but did not draw significant variance. Participants in the congruent group reported a more favorable total perception, a higher attractiveness perception, and a greater desire to choose the counselor than did participants in the incongruent group. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-disclosure and the treatment of substance abuse.

Identification and treatment of the substance-abusing physician has led to outcome studies focusing on years of abstinence and resultant work performance, but little has been written addressing the therapeutic changes recovery brings in the personal lives of these physicians or in their approach to similarly addicted patients. The unique position of recovering psychiatrists engaged in the treatment of substance-abusing patients has not been addressed. Self-disclosure is a major issue and becomes unavoidable if the psychiatrists meet their patients at Twelve-Step meetings. This paper begins a discussion of the issues of self-disclosure and anonymity for recovering psychiatrists. The informal method used to gather information highlights the sensitivity of these issues for both patients and psychiatrists. The clinical examples show the importance of evaluating the psychodynamic impact of self-disclosure on the patient, the psychiatrist, and their treatment relationship.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-disclosure. Reconciling psychoanalytic psychotherapy and alcoholics anonymous philosophy.

Therapists working in the addictions field and practicing from a psychoanalytic psychodynamic framework are often confronted with the patient's need to know, the demand for therapist self-disclosure. Consistent with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) principles, many patients state that they cannot be helped unless the therapist is revealing of their personal background. This paper discusses the theoretical roots of therapist self-disclosure and the AA philosophy and offers suggestions for how the two might be reconciled.

Alcoholics Anonymous↗
PubMed1985

Hypertension, perceived clinician empathy, and patient self-disclosure.

The purpose of this study was to compare groups of outpatient hypertensive and diabetic patients to a control group (no known chronic illnesses) on their perceptions of clinician empathy and the importance and difficulty of disclosing information about themselves to health care providers. It was hypothesized that hypertensives would differ from the other groups in perceiving less clinician empathy and in attributing less importance, but greater difficulty, to self-disclosing. The sample was 54 hypertensives, 47 diabetics, and 115 nonchronically ill patients. Each subject completed the Empathy scale of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and a patient self-disclosure questionnaire. The empathy hypothesis was supported but the self-disclosure hypotheses were not. Hypertensive patients differed from other patients in perceiving the least clinician empathy and in attributing the greatest importance to discussing their responses to health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

When the analyst is ill: dimensions of self-disclosure.

This article examines questions related to the "inescapable," the "inadvertent," and the "deliberate" personal disclosures by an analyst. Technical and personal considerations that influence the analyst's decision to disclose, as well as the inherent responsibilities and potential clinical consequences involved in self-disclosure, are explored, with particular attention to transference-countertransference dynamics, therapeutic goals, and the negotiation of resistance. The author describes her clinical work during a period of prolonged illness, with case vignettes that illustrate how-self-disclosure may be regarded as both an occasional authentic requirement and a regular intrinsic component of clinical technique.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Projective identification, self-disclosure, and the patient's view of the object: the need for flexibility.

Certain patients, through projective identification and splitting mechanisms, test the boundaries of the analytic situation. These patients are usually experiencing overwhelming paranoid-schizoid anxieties and view the object as ruthless and persecutory. Using a Kleinian perspective, the author advocates greater analytic flexibility with these difficult patients who seem unable to use the standard analytic environment. The concept of self-disclosure is examined, and the author discusses certain technical situations where self-disclosure may be helpful. (The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1999; 8:225-233)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Criteria for therapist self-disclosure.

Experienced clinicians were interviewed to explore the criteria utilized in intentional therapist self-disclosure. Three themes emerged: the psychotherapy relationship, therapist self-awareness, and most significant, theoretical orientation. Five categories of criteria were identified: modeling, fostering the therapeutic alliance, validating reality, encouraging the patient's autonomy, and the therapist's satisfaction.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

The effects of instructions on self-disclosure.

In a study of the effects that instructions have on self-disclosure, two groups of male and female college students (N = 120) were asked to select items for discussion with a same sexed stranger under one of two sets of instructions: (a) Ss were asked to select items that they were interested in discussing or (b) Ss selected items they were willing to discuss. Results indicated that changing one word from "interested" to "willing" produced significantly higher potential disclosures in all Ss from low to high disclosers.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Self-disclosure of HIV-1 antibody test results: the San Francisco General Hospital Cohort.

We followed 93 subjects from the San Francisco General Hospital Cohort for one year after notifying them of their HIV-1 antibody test results in order to examine self-disclosure, reactions, and concerns regarding disclosure. By one year post-notification, 92% of gay friends, 82% of primary sexual partners, 56% of new sexual partners, 46% of co-workers, 71% of physicians, 37% of dentists, 57% of psychotherapists, and 37% of family members had been told. Subjects were twice as likely to tell primary sexual partners, and more likely to self-disclose to all categories of persons (except physicians and dentists) than anticipated prior to notification. Least favorable reactions to seropositivity were from male family members and primary sexual partners, while seronegative subjects experienced unfavorable reactions only from some family members. Subjects were most concerned about health insurance (71%) and stigmatization (61%), but the latter declined (to 36%) at 12 months. Although encouraging, these findings suggest that self-disclosure should be discussed in both pre- and post-test counseling sessions.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1984

Self-disclosure patterns in clinical and nonclinical couples.

Examined differences in the self-disclosing patterns of 10 clinical and 10 nonclinical couples in a structured interview using the Self-Disclosure Coding System (SDCS), a behavioral content analysis system designed to assess the basic parameters of disclosing behavior. A discriminant function analysis revealed that two SDCS variables, (1) time spent talking; and (2) judged degree of congruence between verbal content and affective manner of presentation, could discriminate the two groups and would classify correctly 70% of the couples. These results suggest that it is not what clinical couples say, but how they say it that will distinguish them from nonclinical couples.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction and subsequent self-disclosure.

A male E and a female E each conducted a single session of EMG biofeedback training with 24 male and 24 female Ss (N =96) under one of three conditions: verbal reinforcement presented contingently on EMG reduction, yoked noncontingent verbal reinforcement, and no verbal reinforcement. After the biofeedback session, all Ss completed a Journard Self-disclosure Scale. Sex of S and verbal reinforcement conditions did not affect EMG biofeedback performance, but Ss treated by the male E decreased EMG mean and standard deviation more than Ss treated by the female E (p less than .01). Ss who received noncontingent verbal reinforcement reported being least willing to disclose to the E (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of the interpersonal influences that may affect biofeedback performance and self-disclosure.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed2000

Full amnesty could encourage provider self-disclosure.

The Federal government's current policy toward healthcare providers that voluntarily disclose improprieties has been ineffective because it offers no guarantee of immunity from prosecution. To be successful, a self-disclosure program must offer real incentives to providers to come forward. The government's self-disclosure programs with respect to tax, environmental, and antitrust laws provide models for an effective amnesty program. The success of these three programs, and particularly of the antitrust program, suggests that healthcare providers would be encouraged to come forward and disclose improprieties if, under certain specific conditions, the OIG and DOJ offered a guarantee of full amnesty to the entity and its officers, directors, and employees.

Financial Management, Hospital↗
PubMed1980

Prediction of self-disclosure from objective personality assessment techniques.

Prior theory and research have suggested that self-disclosure may have a curvilinear relationship with psychological disturbance. The present study investigated the hypothesis using the CPI, MMPI, and Bipolar Psychological Inventory and employing Ss (N = 28) from a correctional institution. Analyses involved correlational, multiple regression and discriminant analysis techniques. The results offer partial support for the hypothesis and add substantially to the external validity of prior research.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Racial differences in self-disclosure of suicidal ideation and reasons for living: implications for training.

Racial differences in suicidal self-disclosure and reasons for living were investigated in 2 separate studies. In Study 1, a random sample of archival client and therapist intake data from a university counseling center for 1 year was examined, and results indicate that ethnic minority clients do not self-disclose suicidal ideation as readily as their nonethnic minority peers. In addition, a significantly higher number of ethnic minority clients were deemed "hidden ideators" because their suicidal ideation only became evident when a counselor performed a suicide risk assessment. Only 1 of the 36 ethnic minority clients with suicidal ideation in the sample voluntarily self-disclosed this ideation at intake without an assessment by the therapist. Study 2 used the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) and compared African American and European American college students from an introductory psychology course. The RFL is a useful instrument to compare potential race differences in reasons people report for choosing not to kill themselves, because it does not require respondents to self-disclose (or to have) current suicidal ideation. The results from Study 2 indicate European Americans report fewer reasons for choosing not to kill themselves than their African American peers and that African Americans scored significantly higher than European Americans on the moral objections and survival and coping beliefs subscales of the RFL. Implications for training counselors in suicide risk assessment, prevention, and treatment with ethnic minorities are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗