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PubMed1998

The size of sebaceous glands in relation to the size of hair follicles on the heads of some small mammals (Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia).

Many large sebaceous glands have been described, and functions such as scent production suggested, but gland size has seldom been studied in relation to the surface area of their hair follicles. However, investigating this relationship is essential for establishing whether glands produce more sebum than would be required for lubricating associated hair alone. Here, the relationship between sebaceous gland size and the surface area of the associated hair follicles has been studied. Glands on the heads of 20 species from three orders were compared with those associated with fur hairs. In all species, the fur hairs had small hair follicles with small sebaceous glands, as had the mystacial and submandibular hairs of Rodentia. Medium-sized glands and hairs were found in the mystacial and submandibular region in Insectivora, and in the circumoral region in Chiroptera and Rodentia. Large glands and hairs were found on a pad in the corner of the mouth in Rodentia. Although the size of glands was not directly proportional to hair size, some gross trends were noted. Vibrissae had either no or very small sebaceous glands. It is likely that sebum has to be provided from elsewhere to lubricate their surfaces. The glands on the snout of Insectivora and Chiroptera are clearly enlarged and could probably produce more sebum than would be required for grooming vibrissae alone. In Rodentia, vibrissae were surrounded by small hair and glands, and the nearest glands large enough to provide sebum were the glands on the pad in the mouth corner.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Human sebaceous glands engage in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis.

BACKGROUND: The skin and its appendages support aerobic glycolytic and glutaminolytic metabolism. Their major fuels are glucose and glutamine, which are, however, largely catabolized anaerobically. OBJECTIVES: For the human sebaceous gland it has been reported that glucose, lactate and acetate provide good lipogenic substrates but that glutamine does not. Therefore, we have investigated the intermediary metabolism in vitro of freshly isolated human sebaceous glands to determine if their metabolism of glutamine is anomalous relative to the rest of the skin. METHODS: Glycolytic rate, glucose and glutamine oxidation, and glucose metabolism by the pentose phosphate pathway were determined in freshly isolated human chest sebaceous glands. Further, sebaceous intermediary metabolites were analysed using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Moreover, glands were maintained in vitro as whole organs to investigate the effects of precursors and inhibitors of polyamine synthesis on rates and patterns of lipogenesis and DNA synthesis. RESULTS: We confirm that the human sebaceous gland is a glycolytic and glutaminolytic tissue. Glucose is mainly converted to lactate, with only 6% of glucose being oxidized to CO(2). Glutamine is largely converted to glutamate, alanine, serine, glycine, aspartate, threonine, lactate and ammonia, with only 12% being oxidized. We have also shown that exogenous glutamine is required for cellular proliferation and lipogenesis by human sebaceous glands. However, in its absence spermidine could fully restore rates of DNA synthesis and lipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Although glutamine is a poor substrate for sebaceous lipogenesis, this cannot be attributed to its lack of catabolism. We have shown that glutamine is an essential fuel, but that it can be replaced by exogenous spermidine. Therefore, we suggest that in sebocytes both glutamine and spermidine may act as essential purine and pyrimidine precursors.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1982

The effect of several endocrine factors on the growth of ventral sebaceous gland of Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia, Mammalia) in diffusion chambers.

The growth of cells of ventral sebaceous gland of Rhombomys opimus was studied in diffusion chambers. The surface properties of these cells and intercellular contacts have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. After 10 to 12 days of cultivation the cells formed aggregates showing a recognizable histological pattern (the ventral sebaceous gland). The pituitary and ovarian gland explants had a significant effect on the differentiation and mitotic activity of epithelial cells of the ventral sebaceous gland. Apparently it is the cell surface itself that alters during the active processes of secretion and differentiation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Fenestrated capillaries in the ventral sebaceous gland of the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus.

The ventral sebaceous gland of the Djungarian hamster is a macroscopically visible organ situated in the midventral area of the abdominal wall. It consists of densely packed acini arranged in lobules with common excretory ducts. The rich vascular network of the gland is characterized by fenestrated capillaries. Fenestrated endothelium has not yet been reported as a characteristic and regular finding within sebaceous glands. Results are discussed with regard to proliferation rate of sebocytes and the demand of fluid and nutrient supply.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Carcinoma of sebaceous glands on the head and neck. A report of four cases.

Carcinoma of sebaceous glands most commonly occurs on the eyelids and caruncles of the elderly. Local recurrences after would-be adequate treatment and distant metastases are common in this malignancy in this site. Carcinomas of sebaceous glands arising elsewhere in the skin also have a strong tendency to recur locally, but are said to be much less likely to metastasize. Our experience with four such carcinomas on the head and neck have led us to believe that the malignancy is biologically aggressive anywhere if not adequately treated at the onset.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Familial nevoid sebaceous gland hyperplasia affecting three generations of a family.

Familial sebaceous gland hyperplasia is a benign entity with onset at puberty and a tendency to worsen with age. It is characterized by a nevoid symmetric pattern in the sebaceous areas of the face sparing the orbital, perinasal, preauricular and perioral areas showing prominent follicular openings and interfollicular dermal yellowish or white prominent skin. Usually, the face is affected, with the neck, column and thorax affected in a milder pattern. We describe a family with familial nevoid sebaceous gland hyperplasia in three consecutive generations. All the patients were successfully treated with oral isotretinoin. The pedigree suggests autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Androgen metabolism in sebaceous glands from subjects with and without acne.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are differences in the activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5alpha-reductase (responsible for the production of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, respectively) in sebaceous glands obtained from men and women with and without acne. DESIGN: Single-center examination of androgen levels and sebaceous gland enzyme activity in a cohort of volunteers. SETTING: Academic referral center. PATIENTS: Thirty-four subjects, consisting of 8 women with acne, 10 women without acne, 8 men with acne, and 8 men without acne. INTERVENTIONS: Single visit for blood sampling and 2 biopsies of forehead skin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum levels of androgens were determined and compared with the activity of 5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in sebaceous glands microdissected from skin samples. RESULTS: No significant differences in the activity of 5alpha-reductase or 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in sebaceous glands according to the presence of acne were noted in either men or women. The activity of 5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was significantly greater in sebaceous glands from men (n = 16) than women (n = 17). The oxidative activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was 2-fold higher in men than women. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone were significantly higher in women with acne than in women without acne. No differences in serum androgen levels were noted in men on the basis of the presence of acne. CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum androgen levels are associated with the presence of acne in women. A role for locally produced androgens in this process, however, cannot be excluded.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1976

Effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and testosterone on cutaneous and modified sebaceous glands in the rat.

The effects of alpha-MSH and testosterone propionate on sebum secretion, sebaceous gland volume, dermal lipogenesis, and preputial gland weight and lipogenesis were examined in hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomy reduced sebum secretion, sebaceous and preputial gland size, and dermal and preputial gland lipogenesis. The greatest effects were seen on the biosynthesis of wax esters and squalene. Testosterone propionate (TP) increased sebum secretion, sebaceous gland volume and preputial gland weight and lipogenic activity, but had no significant effect on the pattern of lipid labelling. alpha-MSH had no effect on sebaceous or preputial gland size, but increased sebum secretion and dermal lipogenesis, especially wax ester biosynthesis. When given together TP and alpha-MSH had a synergistic effect on sebum secretion and on dermal and preputial gland lipogenesis, and the pattern of lipid labelling was shifted towards normal. TP and alpha-MSH also showed synergism in increasing preputial gland weight, but together they had no greater effect on sebaceous gland volume than that achieved with TP alone. These results suggest that TP and alpha-MSH have different actions on the sebaceous glands with alpha-MSH acting predominantly on lipogenesis and TP on cellualr proliferation and turnover leading to an increase in gland size. Preputial glands differ from cutaneous sebaceous glands in their response to alpha-MSH and androgen which could be a reflection of their more specilized function.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Androgen receptor status of the oral sebaceous glands.

In recent years, the receptor status of the estrogens and progestins and their relationship to the oral mucosa and its disease processes have been described. However, investigations regarding the androgens have largely been neglected. The androgens have diverse physiologic effects throughput the body and mediate their actions through androgen receptors (ARS) in various target organs. One of these, the sebaceous gland of the skin (dermal sebaceous gland, DSG) has been evaluated extensively in regard to ARS status. However, to our knowledge, the ARS status of the oral sebaceous glands (OSG) has not yet been elucidated. We attempt to evaluate the ARS status of 10 cases of OSG, in addition to other tissue components of the oral mucosa, using immunohistochemical techniques with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) ARS. Sebaceous glands in all cases examined exhibited a moderate to more intense degree in immunoreactivity for ARS. Other tissue components, however, including the overlying epithelium and vascular endothelium, were essentially nonreactive. Our results indicate that, like the DSG, the OSG may be a target for the androgenetic hormones.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Sebaceous glands in the esophagus.

We report a case of sebaceous glands in the esophagus diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. The patient was a 47-year-old Korean man presented with postprandial pain of several months duration. An endoscopic examination disclosed an early gastric carcinoma in the gastric antrum and a 0.4 x 0.4 cm sized irregular lobulated nodule in the middle esophagus. Microscopically, the lobule was proven to be sebaceous glands in the submucosa. Possible histogenesis of this lesion is discussed.

Choristoma↗

PubMed1986

Passage of lanthanum through the intercellular spaces of the sebaceous gland.

Lanthanum introduced intradermally into cattle, sheep, goats, ponies and rats penetrated into the sebum through the intercellular spaces of the sebaceous gland. It is concluded that the sebaceous gland is permeable to the passage of small molecules outwards and probably in some circumstances inwards. Since the constituents of sebum are not all produced by necrosis it is likely that the sebaceous gland is not a simple holocrine gland.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Differential effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid and an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on the sebaceous glands of the hamster flank organ.

The effect of subcutaneously administered 13-cis-retinoic acid and an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on the sebaceous glands of the hamster flank organ were compared. As previously reported, 13-cis-retinoic acid caused a marked diminution of sebaceous gland size without affecting other androgen dependent structures. The aromatic retinoid derivative showed no effect upon any of the flank organ components. Studies utilizing androgen stimulated female confirmed our previous finding that 13-cis-retinoic acid prevented the growth of sebaceous glands without affecting the development of dermal pigmentation or large pigmented hair follicles. The aromatic retinoid derivative showed slight, if any, effect upon sebaceous gland size and no effect upon pigmentation or pigmented follicle development. The findings with this model system suggest that any efficacy of Ro 10-9359 in the treatment of acne would be by some mode other than the inhibition of sebum production.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Influence of photoperiodism on testicular function and sebaceous glands in Syrian hamster.

The photoperiod (i.e., the daylight fraction of the 24-h day and its seasonal changes) influences the annual cycle of many mammalian species. Especially the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), which is an appropriate animal model to investigate the sebaceous gland activity, shows a strong photoperiodism controlling the sexual development as well as the function of androgen-controlled organs such as sebaceous glands. Short photoperiods with accompanying long dark periods lead to a sexual regression while long photoperiods stimulate the recrudescence. In light-physiologic studies Syrian hamsters were exposed to different light schedules. The daily light exposure was increased from 8 to 12, 13, 14, and 16 h. Sebaceous gland areas, weight of testes and accessory glands, tubular areas, and plasma levels of testosterone were determined. Syrian hamsters are sexually stimulated at a daily light exposure of 14 h. Below this light threshold the sexual regression begins. At a light schedule of 8 h the testes shrink, plasma testosterone levels and sebaceous gland areas show a significant reduction ("photoperiodic castration"). Therefore, in experiments of androgen-controlled organs of the Syrian hamster a minimum daily light period of 14 or 16 h is necessary for a sufficient testicular function and therefore for an effective stimulation of the sebaceous gland activity. Control animals of the same age and the same light schedule should be required to avoid pitfalls of photoperiodic effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The effect of methotrexate on the expression of a cysteine protease inhibitor (type 2 cystatin) in rat sebaceous glands.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether rat cystatin S, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, is present in rat sebaceous glands, and to measure the effects of methotrexate on the expression of cystatin in these glands. With methotrexate treatment, the number of skin sebaceous cells expressing cystatin increased from 13.9% to 34.3% (P < .05). A smaller increase (from 15.3% to 23.9%; P = .1) was observed in Zymbal sebaceous glands. Type 2 cystatin could not be detected in the major salivary glands, nor in trachea, lung, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, liver, kidney, or pancreas, in any of the rats given either saline or methotrexate. Our results suggest that type 2 cystatin is a constituent of normal sebaceous glands, and that the amount of cystatin present in these glands increases with methotrexate administration. We speculate that, in addition to the protective functions ascribed to sebaceous lipids, sebum may augment the physical barrier of skin through secretion of cysteine proteinases that may be pharmacologically modulated.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effect of nutrition on seasonal patterns of LH, FSH and testosterone concentration, testicular mass, sebaceous gland volume and odour in Australian Cashmere goats.

The effects of season and diet on LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations, testicular mass, sebaceous gland volume and male odour were examined in mature Australian cashmere goat bucks fed ad libitum with diets of low or high quality for 16 months under natural photoperiod at 29 degrees S, 153 degrees E (n = 6 per treatment). Each week plasma was sampled, the bucks were weighed, scored for male odour and assessed for testicular mass based on scrotal circumference. Each month a skin sample was taken from the occipital region for histological assessment of sebaceous gland volume. For each variable there was a clear circannual cycle that was significantly influenced by dietary treatment. In bucks fed the low-quality diet, the timing of seasonal changes in LH and testosterone concentration, sebaceous gland volume and odour score was similar, with a mid-autumn peak. In each case the high-quality diet advanced, extended the duration and increased the magnitude of the seasonal increase. FSH concentrations peaked in late spring (in bucks on the high-quality diet) or summer (in bucks on the low-quality diet), reaching a nadir in early winter. The high-quality diet significantly increased concentrations only in the last 2 months of the experiment (spring). There was no overall association between these variables and change in testicular mass; instead, it was strongly correlated with voluntary feed intake and change in body mass, themselves subject to seasonal variation with a winter or spring peak. The high-quality diet induced large increases in body mass and testicular mass during the first months of the experiment without influencing the seasonally low concentrations of FSH, LH and testosterone present at the time. These results demonstrate that the male, like the female, Australian cashmere goat, exhibits marked reproductive seasonality, and that nutrition is a powerful modulator of the seasonal cycle. They suggest that testosterone concentration, sebaceous gland volume and odour score are ultimately dependent upon LH secretion, which appears to be under strong seasonal (photoperiodic) control, with the effects of enhanced nutrition limited to periods when photoperiodic inhibition is waning. However, seasonal regulation of testicular mass, and therefore sperm production, appears to be primarily dependent on changes in voluntary feed intake and growth, with the seasonal cycle of testicular mass more a consequence of the seasonal appetite or growth cycle than of changing gonadotrophin concentrations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1976

[Sebaceous gland tumors in dogs].

Histologically were investigated 37 cases of neoplastic growths and 2 cases of hyperplasia in canine sebaceous glands. From this number 24 tumours of circumanal glands (20 adenomas and 4 carcinomas) and 13 tumours of sebaceous glands in extraanal localization were found. The average age of affected dogs was 9 years. In the neoplastic tissue of circumanal adenomas three differentiation degrees of sebaceous cells were identified. Biological behaviour is favourable, tumours destructured the tissue only topically. Malignant neoplasias consisted of tumorously proliferated, lowly differentiated sebaceous cells. Tumours observed in the ear and external ear canal are histologically similar to human cutaneous sebaceous gland adenomas and therefore from the viewpoint of comparative oncology they are important. In therapy, surgical extirpation is applied with possible estrogen combination.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2004

[Fine needle aspiration cytology of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma and its differential diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) features and differential diagnosis of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. METHODS: Four cases of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma diagnosed by FNAC were reported and confirmed by biopsy. Three of the cases were in early stages with tumor sizes smaller than 10 mm in diameter and without metastasis. The smears were stained by routine H & E and SudanIII methods. The cytologic findings were described and compared to corresponding histological features, and moreover, compared to chalazion, pilomatrixoma and eyelid basal cell carcinoma. RESULTS: Neither hemorrhage nor infection were found after the examination. Abundant cells were observed in the sebaceous carcinoma FNAC smears. Two types of tumor cells were found: one showed tumor cells differentiating toward sebaceous gland, with large pale cells and vacuolated cytoplasm, the other demonstrated poorly-differentiated cell with dark and irregular nuclei. Numerous vacuoles with inequality of size were found in cytoplasm or in background in all four cases, and the SudanIII stain showed that these vacuoles contained lipid. Some smears demonstrated cells with basaloid, fusiform or squamous features, corresponding to various histopathological types. In contrast, smears of chalazion displayed inflammatory granuloma, containing several types of inflammatory cells without malignant cells. Smears of pilomatrixoma were cellular with three cell populations, which included bland sheets of basaloid cells, nucleated basophilic cells and anucleated keratinized "ghost cells", along with calcific debris. The smears of basal cell carcinoma were typically less cellular, more tightly cohesive and had smaller clusters of uniform hyperchromatic basaloid cells without vacuolization in cytoplasm or background. Overall, the cytological features of eyelid sebaceous carcinoma were distinct from those of chalazion, pilomatricoma and basal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: FNAC is a safe and effective approach for the diagnosis of eyelid sebaceous carcinoma and lipid stain is useful in differential diagnosis. The application of FNAC may be important in reaching an early diagnosis and initial treatment of eyelid nodule.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of testosterone and anabolic steroids on the size of sebaceous glands in power athletes.

The effect of testosterone and anabolic steroids on the size of sebaceous glands was studied by means of interactive morphometry in skin biopsies of power athletes. The subjects used self-administered high doses of testosterone and anabolic steroids during a 4-week strength training period. After 4 weeks' use of hormones, the area of sectioned sebaceous glands enlarged significantly by a factor of 89.2% (p less than 0.005). The number of cells in the so-called differentiating cell pool (DCP) and in the undifferentiated cell pool (UCP) also increased significantly (p less than 0.025, p less than 0.05, respectively). The size of the area occupied by UCP cells increased significantly (p less than 0.05). The study suggests that high doses of testosterone and anabolic steroids lead to an enlargement of sebaceous glands in male power athletes.

Adult↗