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PubMed2004

An in vitro larval motility assay to determine anthelmintic sensitivity for human hookworm and Strongyloides species.

With the implementation of programs to control lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminths using broad spectrum anthelmintics, including albendazole and ivermectin, there is a need to develop an in vitro assay for detection of drug resistance. This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the effects of ivermectin and benzimidazoles on the motility of larvae of the hookworm species Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum, and Necator americanus, and Strongyloides species including Strongyloides stercoralis, and S. ratti. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated with each of the parasite species, with distinct differences observed between the various species. In pilot field testing of the assay with N. americanus larvae recovered from human fecal samples, a dose-response relationship was observed with ivermectin. While the assay has demonstrated the ability to determine drug responsiveness, its usefulness in resistance detection will require correlation with the clinical outcome among individuals infected with parasite strains showing different drug sensitivities.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed2005

Strongyloides stercoralis recombinant NIE antigen shares epitope with recombinant Ves v 5 and Pol a 5 allergens of insects.

A new recombinant protein (NIE) for immunodiagnosis of human Strongyloides infection has 13% to 18% amino acid identity with antigen 5 insect venom allergen, but the C-terminal segment of NIE showed highest identity with Ves v 5 (yellow jacket) and Pol a 5 (paper wasp). A rabbit polyclonal anti-NIE antibody identified a single band of NIE antigen as well as bands of Pol a 5 and Ves v 5 antigens, and mouse anti-Pol a 5 and anti-Ves v 5 sera reacted with recombinant NIE antigen by Western blot. A cyanogen bromide-digested C-terminal fragment of NIE was reactive with mouse anti-Ves v 5 and Pol a 5 antibodies as well as with rabbit anti-NIE serum. Although IgE and IgG antibodies from pooled sera from Strongyloides-infected patients reacted with Pol a 5 and Ves v 5 recombinant antigens on immunoblots, neither antigen inhibited human IgG reaction with NIE antigen in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eosinophilic ascites due to Strongyloides stercoralis.

We report the case of a patient with eosinophilic ascites in whom filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were found in smears of the ascitic fluid. The ascites resolved after therapy with albendazole. Eosinophilic ascites can rarely result from parasitic infections including Strongyloides stercoralis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. In immunocompetent subjects, pulmonary disease caused by the parasite is unremarkable but the same can be life threatening in immunocompromised subjects. Though described in literature it is rarely seen in Indian subjects. We report a patient with ARDS due to Strongyloides stercoralis complicating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with neutropenia.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Methods of isolating pure cultures of invasive intestinal helminth larvae of the genus Strongyloides, suborder Strongylata].

A special diagnostic laboratory aid L-STAR has been made and new methodics has been worked out of isolating pure cultures of invader larvae of Strongyloides papillosus and nematodes of ruminant gastrointestinal tract of the Strongylata suborder from various substrates. L-STAR competes successfully with a currently used device and with potential modifications of Baermann's method (1917). Invader larvae of strongyloids and strongylata are easy to recover in a short time if L-STAR is used. When the material is treated and examined in veterinary and human parasitological laboratories, or when the material is recovered directly in field conditions (on pastures, in runs, etc.), safe and hygienic conditions are secured with respect to labour safety in an infectious environment. This aid can be used not only for diagnostics, but also for effective isolation of pure cultures of invader larvae for further studies and experimental purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the modified Baermann's method in the laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis.

This study compares the modified Baermann's method with the formol-ether concentration and the direct/saline techniques in the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in stool specimens. This study was conducted at Wonji-Shewa Sugar Estate located at about 110 kms. south east of Addis Abeba. Of the 718 randomly selected and examined stool specimens, 125 were found positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Of these 98% were recovered by the modified Baermann's method, 23% by the formol-ether, and 22% by the direct saline techniques. The rate of recovery by the modified Baermann's method was significantly different (p less than 0.001) compared with those of the direct and the formol-ether concentration techniques. There was no difference (p greater than 0.1) between the direct saline and the formol-ether methods. The modified Baermann's method accounted for over 60% of the total positive findings. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the method excelled the other two techniques by four fold. Thus, the modified Baermann's method by the Merck and Sharp Dohme Company is effective, cheap and simple to use and hence recommended for routine use and epidemiological surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the development of different geographical strains of Strongyloides stercoralis in a fecal culture].

Considerable differences have been established in the development of tropical Strongyloides strains and strains from moderate climatic zone in feces-soil mixture in the laboratory conditions. At 22-23 degrees, 25 degrees and 30 degrees C tropical strains developed predominantly or exclusively in indirect manner, while strains from moderate climatic zone developed mainly in direct (at 22-23 degrees C) of direct and mixed manner (at 25 and 30 degrees C). At 37 degrees C the development of strongyloides in inhibited, particularly in strains from moderate climatic zones. The concentration of filaria-shaped larvae was the highest at optimal temperature of 25 and 30 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the development of the free-living stages of Strongyloides ratti in axenic culture.

The effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration on the development of the free-living stages of Strongyloides ratti in axenic culture was examined. Hatching of S. ratti eggs was inhibited at very low oxygen levels. Development of all organisms was inhibited in medium gassed with less than 4% O2 in 0.03% CO2 with the remainder N2. Between 8 and 21% O2 there was no significant difference in the percentage developing directly to filariform larvae, free-living females, or free-living males. Cultures gassed with CO2 concentrations greater than 1% in 21% O2 with the remainder N2 manifested inhibited development to filariform larvae, whereas concentrations between 5 and 7.5% enhanced development to free-living females. There was a positive effect on increasing the CO2 concentration from 0.03% to 5% on development to filariform larvae and male worms at levels of 1% and 2% oxygen in nitrogen, respectively. Direction of development, either directly to the filariform larva or to the free-living female, was influenced by CO2 and O2 concentrations encountered by the egg or the newly hatched larva of the parasitic female in axenic culture. The axenic culture system permits an important experimental approach to the study of factors modulating the differentiation of the free-living stages of Strongyloides.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Study of Strongyloides stercoralis in the duodenal juice obtained by the examination of a string capsule or the Enterotest].

We present our experience in the investigation of Strongyloides stercoralis in the duodenal juice obtained by the "string capsule" o Enterotest, in 1,511 patients from the Gastroenterology Service of the National Hospital "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" IPSS, between January 1985 to July 1990. We found 36 patients parasitized with Strongyloides stercoralis, an incidence of 2.4%. This method was good tolerated and have proved to be simple, fast, effective and allowing to examine simultaneously many patients at a very low cost.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Strongyloides species infestation in young infants of papu, New Guinea: association with generalized oedema.

Clinical and laboratory details of thirteen infants with "Swollen Belly Sickness" who has abdominal distension, respiratory distress, generalised oedema, and variable disturbance of gastrointestinal function were analysed. The intimate connection between the syndrome and infection with Strongyloides species closely resembling Strongyloides fulleborni - is discussed, and a standard treatment using thiabendazole, plasma transfusion and antibiotics, is proposed.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infestation detected by sputum cytology.

This case report is of an immunosuppressed patient in whom a diagnosis of disseminated Strongyloides infestation was made by cytologic examination of sputum, bronchial washing and brushing although a negative bronchial biopsy was reported. For those patients receiving steroids or immunosuppressives, the important role of cytology in the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis is emphasized. The morphologic characteristics of this adult intestinal nematode and the differential diagnosis are also described.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parasites in cytodiagnosis: a case report of Strongyloides stercoralis in Papanicolaou smears of gastric aspirate, with a review of the literature.

A case is reported of a 79-year-old Jamaican patient suspected of having malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. This diagnosis was excluded by a Papanicolaou stain of his gastric aspirate, which revealed ova and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. This is the first time such ova have been reported in a Papanicolaou smear of gastric aspirate. A review of the literature on parasites encountered in the Papanicolaou smear is presented. The primary goal of the Papanicolaou cytologic screening technique is early diagnosis of malignancy. However, like fungal, bacterial and viral infections, parasitic infections impose themselves on cytodiagnosis. Here we report a case of Strongyloides stercoralis infection diagnosed in a Papanicolaou smear of gastric aspirate.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[Strongyloides stercoralis myelitis].

A 66 year-old man presented with a myelitis associated with eosinophilia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Specific serological procedures in blood and stool examinations led to the diagnosis of myelitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis. Physiopathology of medullary lesions is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of myelitis in the course of Strongyloides infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a non-immunosuppressed tourist with involvement of the central nervous system.

In the present case report a 50-year-old woman is presented with a Strongyloides stercoralis infection after a one-month stay in Sri Lanka. She showed a severe involvement of the central nervous system without a correlation of an immunosuppression. Strongyloides stercoralis is regarded as the cause of the cerebral involvement. Other possible causes are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Intestinal ileus secondary to Strongyloides stercoralis infection: case report and review of the literature.

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode that is widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Immigration patterns, travel, and poor hygiene can place patients in the United States at an increased risk. Endemic regions in the southeastern United States have been identified. The infected host may be asymptomatic or present with a wide variety of complaints. Abdominal findings may mimic an acute abdomen or intestinal obstruction, which may lead to an avoidable laparotomy. A massive infection of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs is termed hyperinfection syndrome. Disseminated strongyloides occurs when other organs are involved. This can be life-threatening. A prominent predisposing factor to severe infection is a patient's status as an immunocomprised host. Asymptomatic infected hosts can become symptomatic after the initiation of corticosteroid therapy or other immunosuppressive medications. Strongyloidiasis should be considered in patients with transient pulmonary infiltrates and gastrointestinal complaints. A recent travel history, poor hygiene, cutaneous manifestations, or blood eosinophilia may point to the diagnosis. Negative stool cultures do not rule out the diagnosis, and esphogogastroduodonoscopy with aspiration cultures and mucosal biopsy greatly increase the diagnostic yield. A high index of suspicion is necessary to establish the diagnosis, and unnecessary laparotomies can be avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fatal Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection diagnosed by Papanicolaou-stained sputum smears.

Opportunistic infections with Strongyloides stercoralis are rare in Western countries. However, individuals with cellular immunity defects may develop a disseminated infection. We report the case of a 78-year-old Italian male who developed progressive respiratory failure six weeks after initiation of corticosteroid therapy for temporal arteritis. Infective filariform Strongyloides stercoralis larvae, found in the sputum one day before death, clarified the complex clinical picture. It is advisable that before and during immunosuppressive treatments, the stools and body fluids of patients should be screened for parasites.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

L-dopa malabsorption in a parkinsonian patient with Strongyloides stercoralis duodenitis.

We report a parkinsonian patient initially responding to L-dopa who developed a severe loss of drug efficacy due to Strongyloides stercoralis duodenitis. The patient was put on mebendazole and metronidazole, and the parasitosis abated, allowing L-dopa reduction by 33%. Our patient illustrates the advisability of searching for Strongyloides stercoralis when L-dopa malabsorption is suspected in Parkinson's disease.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The importance of Strongyloides stercoralis revisited].

Strongyloidiasis is a worldwide parasitic disease and of great importance in Brasil. Among the diverse species of Strongyloides, only the following are of importance to man: S. stercoralis, S. fulleborni and S. fullerboni-like. Eventhough S. stercoralis is an intestinal helminth, strongyloidiasis is a systemic infection that can affect, beside the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, CNS, liver and biliary tract, pancreas, genitourinary tract and skin. The great majority of cases are asymptomatic, having a chronic and benign course. Among the symptomatic subjects, the gastrointestinal and pulmonary symptoms prevail. For unknown reasons, strongyloides infection may result in severe, disseminated disease. Immunosuppressive, therapy was identified as an important risk factor for disseminated illness. Diagnosing strongyloidiasis may be difficult, and eventhough the parasitological stool examination is the most used diagnostic test, sometimes larvae cannot be identified. Immunodiagnosis is not yet assessible for routine usage and is still a subject of research. Thiabendazole remains the drug of choice for treatment of strongyloidiasis, but other drugs, such as ivermectin, have been used. The purpose of this paper was to review the important aspects of the S. stercoralis infection in man.

Animals↗