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PubMed2001

[Chronic pain and impairment of function after a sting by the great weaver fish (Trachinus draco)].

A 50-year-old fisherman was stung in his right hand by a Great Weever fish (Trachinus draco). The crew did not have sufficient medical knowledge to adequately treat him on board. Severe pain, oedema of the hand, fever, vomiting and syncope occurred. Treatment with antibiotics, on board, after disembarkation and later in hospital for six days reduced the severity of the symptoms. However, two years after the accident, the patient still suffered from a dysfunction of the right hand as well as extreme fatigue and intermittent joint complaints. The symptoms mostly commonly arising from a Weever fish sting are: severe pain, local erythema and oedema. Systemic symptoms may sometimes occur: headache, syncope, bradycardia, fever and hypotension. The symptoms of continuous joint pain and severe fatigue following a Weever sting have not been previously described. The Weever fish venom contains a mixture of biogenous amines, of which some are known: 5-hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and histamine. The venom's composition has yet to be fully elucidated. In the event of a Weever fish sting, the first aid which should be given is: clean the wound and immerse the affected part of the body for at least 30 minutes in water which is as hot as the victim can tolerate (40-45 degrees C). Persons at risk from Weever fish stings are bathers, especially from the Lesser Weever fish (Echiichthys vipera), and sea fishermen. General practitioners and first aiders in coastal areas as well as sea fishermen should be informed about the first aid to be given in the event of a Weever sting.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Insect venom allergy. Removing the sting of killer bees!].

Systemic anaphylactic reactions to bee or wasp stings are potentially life-threatening. Up to 5% of the population are affected. In the large majority of patients, an insect venom allergy can be diagnosed on the basis of the medical history, skin tests and determination of venom-specific serum IgE antibodies. Sensitization to insect venom (only "positive" test results) and insect venom allergy ("positive" test results and a history of systemic reactions of the immediate type to stings) must be carefully differentiated. Hyposensitization with bee or wasp venom reliably protects almost all patients with systemic sting reactions of the immediate type. Nevertheless, this unproblematic treatment of a potentially life-threatening allergy fails to reach many patients. If a sting challenge or a "field sting" is tolerated during the period of desensitization, treatment can be terminated after three to five years. If, however, the individual patient is at a particular risk, hyposensitization must be continued for a longer period, possibly even life-long.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaphylaxis to insect sting associated with urticaria pigmentosa.

Anaphylaxis associated with insect stings has been reported to cause approximately 40 deaths per year in the United States. Immunotherapy with venom extracts is a well-established method of treatment of allergy to insect stings. The duration of therapy is based mainly on the initial symptoms and the presence or absence of systemic symptoms during therapy. Evaluation of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G levels as well as repeat skin tests and sting challenges may also provide some additional benefit but are not as useful as the former two criteria. Patients with mastocytosis have a particularly increased risk for anaphylaxis after insect stings. There are many case reports of individuals first diagnosed with mastocytosis after an episode of anaphylaxis after an insect sting, in addition these patients tend to have more severe reactions as well as repeated episodes of systemic reactions during immunotherapy. Early diagnosis of mastocytosis and proper treatment can contribute greatly to the outcome in patients who present with venom allergy.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2006

[The changes and clinical significance of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin level in bee sting poisoning].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and endothelin (ET) levels and their clinical significance in patients with bee sting poisoning. METHODS: TNFalpha and ET were measured in 97 patients with bee sting poisoning and the results were compared with those in 35 healthy controls. The 97 patients were divided into three groups i.e. mild poisoning group, moderate poisoning group and severe poisoning group and they were also divided according to prognosis into death group and survival group. RESULTS: The levels of serum TNFalpha (1.36 +/- 0.37) microg/L and ET (55.20 +/- 12.60) ng/L in the slight poisoning group increased a little, but they were not significantly different from those in the controls (1.09 +/- 0.25) microg/L and (50.90 +/- 8.80) ng/L (P > 0.05). In the moderate and severe poisoning groups the levels of serum TNFalpha (2.82 +/- 0.79) microg/L, (4.02 +/- 0.93) microg/L and plasma ET (139.30 +/- 58.80) ng/L, (210.50 +/- 86.30) ng/L were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.01). The levels in the severe poisoning group were much higher than those in the moderate poisoning group and the latter much higher than those in the controls. The levels of serum TNFalpha (4.53 +/- 0.89) microg/L and plasma ET (267.50 +/- 98.70) ng/L in the death group were much higher than those in the survival group (2.40 +/- 0.82) microg/L, (107.60 +/- 57.90) ng/L (P < 0.01). The levels of serum TNFalpha were positively correlated with those of plasma ET (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: TNFalpha and ET may be involved in the pathogenesis of bee sting poisoning. It is shown that the higher the levels of serum TNFalpha and plasma ET, the severer degree of the poisoning and the higher fatality rate. Serum TNFalpha and plasma ET levels may be important clinical index in judging the patients, condition and their prognosis in bee sting poisoning. It was an important clinical significance, that may be useful for medicating with antagonist and inhibitor against TNFalpha and ET to prevention and depress death rate in the patients with bee sting poisoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Insect stings and visits to emergency departments].

For four representative hospitals, emergency room contacts were registered during 1988, 1989 and 1990. A total of 2,935 of these contacts were due to insect stings, equivalent to approximately 9,000 p.a. in the whole of Denmark. For insect sting allergics and for others with severe reactions to insect stings it is important to realize that stings can occur during whole year and during day as well as at night. However, 59% were stung in July or in August and 46% between 3 and 9 p.m. Stings on head or hands were most common. Only 2% required admission and only 5% were controlled in out-patient clinics or by doctors outside hospitals. This means that surprisingly few patients were referred for allergy testing and possibly immunotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of diagnostic tests for hymenoptera sting allergy.

The authors examined correlations among individual Hymenoptera venom skin tests, venom radioallergosorbent tests (RAST), venom-induced leukocyte histamine release (LHR) assays and individual Hymenoptera whole body extract (WBE) skin tests in 37 patients with histories of systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings. Significant positive correlations were seen between the venom skin test results and results from either the venom RAST or the LHR assay for most venoms. There was a relatively high frequency of positive WBE skin tests in association with other negative tests. The ultimate diagnostic test for stinging insect sensitivity is a deliberate sting challenge; in lieu of such a sting the clinical history and the venom skin test appear to provide the best estimate of clinical Hymenoptera sting sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hyperreactivity to bee stings: reevaluation.

(a) A survey of beekeepers in Israel did not show that they differed allergy-wise from the general population. (b) Twenty-eight non-beekeeper systemic reactors to bee stings were not necessarily more allergic or more exposed to stings than the others. These systemic reactors had a spontaneous kinin system hyperreactivity and in some of them changes in the immune system and a complement defect were detected. We think that predisposition may enhance the likelihood of a systemic reaction to bee stings. Thus the common denominator for the hyperreactivity to bee stings is not their exposure to stings nor their allergic background but rather the spontaneous kinin activity and a possible defect in their immunological system.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A survey of wasp sting injuries in urban Auckland from December to April in 1991/2 and 1992/3.

AIM: To determine the numbers and the seasonal variations in patients seeking medical consultation for wasp sting injuries in urban Auckland. METHOD: A monthly record of the number of people seeking treatment for wasp stings was kept by 50 general practitioners from 18 medical centres and accident and emergency departments from three hospitals in urban Auckland. RESULTS: From December to April, 47 people in 1991/2 and 49 in 1992/3 received treatment for wasp sting injuries from the family practitioners surveyed. In addition, 27 people and 35 people received treatment at the three accident and emergency clinics over the same time period in 1991/2 and 1992/3 respectively. Paper wasps were found to be responsible for the majority of the sting injuries reported. CONCLUSION: Our data indicates that wasp stings have a significant impact on the health of the Auckland population and indicates the urgent need for more detailed studies in other parts of New Zealand.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Activation of the contact system in insect-sting anaphylaxis: association with the development of angioedema and shock.

A postulated role of the contact system in anaphylactic reactions to insect stings was investigated. During prospective, in-hospital sting challenge, we collected serial blood samples from five normal volunteers and 16 patients with a history of insect-sting anaphylaxis. Activation of the contact system was assessed by measuring plasma levels of factor XIIa-C1-inhibitor and kallikrein-C1-inhibitor complexes as well as those of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (HK). In addition, antigenic levels of (pre)kallikrein, factor XII, and HK were measured. No significant changes in contact system parameters were observed in any of the five volunteers or the four patients who did not develop an anaphylactic reaction after sting challenge. In contrast, significant changes in contact system parameters occurred in 7 of the 12 patients with anaphylactic symptoms after challenge. Peak levels of either C1-inhibitor complex were found 5 minutes after the onset of anaphylactic symptoms. The increase in C1-inhibitor was most pronounced in the 4 patients with angioedema, 2 of which also developed shock. However, activation of HK was observed in all four patients with angioedema, the two patients with shock but no angioedema, as well as in 1 of the remaining 6 patients with anaphylactic symptoms other than angioedema or shock. Thus, activation products of the contact system may be involved in the pathogenesis of angioedema and shock in insect-sting anaphylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Immunologic reactivity on one year follow-up of subjects without allergy to Hymenoptera stings.

We studied Hymenoptera stings in 72 pest-control operators without any previous systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings, and investigated their venom-specific IgE levels in serial specimens collected over one year. At the initial evaluation, venom-specific IgE was present in 25 (34.7%) of 72 pest-control operators, and venom-specific IgE titer significantly decreased as the time interval from the last sting increased (p < 0.001). In most cases, venom-specific IgE disappeared less than 3 years after the last sting. On the other hand, the ratio of subjects with positive CAP for venom-specific IgE was significantly increased with an elevation of total serum IgE level (p < 0.001). After the one year follow-up, venom-specific IgE titer in the 25 subjects with positive CAP decreased significantly (p = 0.026). Total serum IgE level modified the decline significantly (p = 0.011), but the time interval from the last sting did not. In elevated total IgE level (>250 IU/ml), the decline of venom-specific IgE tended to be slow.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stinging insect allergies. Assessing and managing.

BACKGROUND: Mortality secondary to insect sting anaphylaxis, though uncommon in this country, is a genuine risk to patients with venom hypersensitivity. A number of non specific and specific preventive measures are available to minimise this risk. They include proper patient counselling regarding sting avoidance and the use of self injectable adrenaline, as well as venom specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: This article attempts to review the spectrum of insect sting reactions, their appropriate assessment and subsequent management. Anaphylaxis is particularly emphasised with regard to first aid treatment and subsequent prevention. DISCUSSION: The most common causes of insect stings in Australia are bees and wasps. Insect sting reactions cover a spectrum of responses, from normal to anaphylactic. Immunotherapy is indicated in those patients who experience anaphylactic responses. The presence of venom specific IgE must be demonstrated before commencing immunotherapy. Venom sensitive patients should be educated in anaphylaxis first aid with adrenaline self injectable syringes.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2026

cGAS-STING signaling in aging and age-related diseases: therapeutic promise and precaution.

Endogenous cytoplasmic DNA (cytoDNA) is increasingly recognized as a mediator of tissue dysfunction and disease progression during aging. As a major cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway can translate aging-associated cytoDNA accumulation into innate immune and inflammatory programs. This review summarizes the evolutionary and signaling features of the cGAS-STING cascade and critically discusses its crosstalk with aging-associated intracellular molecular threats, including nuclear genomic and chromatin stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative-metabolic stress, and defective clearance of nucleic acids or damaged organelles. We further synthesize evidence linking dysregulated cGAS-STING activation to inflammatory remodeling, senescence-associated changes, cell injury, fibrosis, and tissue dysfunction, while highlighting the context-dependent roles of this pathway across physiological aging and ARDs. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential and limitations of cGAS-STING modulation, emphasizing that successful translation will require context-defined therapeutic windows, tissue- and cell-specific targeting, subcellular compartmentalization, and long-term safety assessment.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

DNA-PKcs and PARP1 at the interface between DNA damage responses and cGAS-STING signaling: context-dependent roles and therapeutic implications.

AIMS: To explore the roles of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in both the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway mediated immune response, and to analyze the therapeutic potential of their inhibitors. METHODS: This is a review article synthesizing recent findings on the functions of DNA-PKcs and PARP1 in DDR, their context-dependent effects on the cGAS-STING pathway and the therapeutic mechanisms of their inhibitors. RESULTS: DNA-PKcs and PARP1 are key components of two major DDR mechanisms. Beyond their canonical repair functions, both factors significantly regulate the cGAS-STING pathway, a central mediator linking cytoplasmic DNA and the type I interferon response. CONCLUSION: DNA-PKcs and PARP1 connect genome maintenance with innate immune signaling through context-dependent mechanisms. Targeting these proteins represents a promising strategy for modulating cGAS-STING signaling and improving disease treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Tryptase and histamine release due to a sting challenge in bee venom allergic patients treated successfully or unsuccessfully with hyposensitization.

BACKGROUND: Hyposensitization with been venom leads to full protection in most, but not all patients with IgE-mediated systemic reactions to bee stings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of clinical reactivity to the release of mediators and to changes of antibody concentrations in the peripheral circulation at a bee sting challenge test. METHODS: Blood was sampled before (1 min) and at 15, 60 and 180 min after a sting challenge from 19 patients on hyposensitization. Of these six still reacted and 13 were protected. Histamine, mast cell tryptase, bee venom-specific IgE and IgG in the serum, and histamine release from peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) upon exposure to bee venom were determined. RESULTS: Tryptase above the detection level was found only at 15 (60) min in 4/6 (1/6) patients who reacted. After the sting challenge there was a significant increase of the histamine levels in patients who reacted at 15 min (P < 0.05) and in patients who did react at 60 and 180 min (P < 0.01). The total histamine content of PBL was significantly decreased after 15 and 60 min in patients who reacted (P < 0.01) and in those that did not (P < 0.05). Bee venom-induced histamine release was significantly reduced in patients reacting and those that did not at 15 min (P < 0.05), and was significantly decreased in reactors also at 60 and 180 min (P < 0.05/0.01). Specific IgG antibodies showed a minor decrease (P < 0.05) after the sting challenge in both groups, whereas specific IgE did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that bee venom anaphylaxis is associated with the release of mediators from both mast cells as well as basophils. Successful hyposensitization does not induce a state of immunological non-reactivity, but rather alters the magnitude and the pattern of mediator release.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The STING in the refluxing duplex system.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of the subureteric Teflon injection (STING) procedure in the refluxing duplex ureter. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The STING procedure was performed in 23 patients (five boys and 18 girls, mean age 6.5 years, [range 1.5-14]) with six refluxing upper and 31 refluxing lower moieties. Teflon was injected separately into each moiety of the duplex. All patients were assessed by a micturating cystourethrogram and ultrasonography at least 3 months after treatment and the results were analysed retrospectively for the success rate of each refluxing unit and the overall cure rate of patients. RESULTS: No patient suffered ureteric obstruction. After the first STING the unit cure rate was 57% but only nine of 23 patients were completely cured. This improved to a unit cure rate of 68% and 11 patients cured after a second STING. CONCLUSION: Because the patient cure rate was poor we do not advocate using the STING to treat vesicoureteric reflux in the duplex kidney.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of undercover police stings of gun dealers on the supply of new guns to criminals.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of undercover police stings and lawsuits against gun dealers suspected of facilitating illegal gun sales in three US cities (Chicago, Detroit, Gary) on the flow of new firearms to criminals. METHODS: An interrupted time series design and negative binomial regression analyses were used to test for temporal change in the recovery of guns used in crimes within one year of retail sale in both intervention and comparison cities. RESULTS: The stings were associated with an abrupt 46.4% reduction in the flow of new guns to criminals in Chicago (95% confidence interval, -58.6% to -30.5%), and with a gradual reduction in new crime guns recovered in Detroit. There was no significant change associated with the stings in Gary, and no change in comparison cities that was coincident with the stings in Chicago and Detroit. CONCLUSIONS: The announcement of police stings and lawsuits against suspect gun dealers appeared to have reduced the supply of new guns to criminals in Chicago significantly, and may have contributed to beneficial effects in Detroit. Given the important role that gun stores play in supplying guns to criminals in the US, further efforts of this type are warranted and should be evaluated.

Binomial Distribution↗
PubMed1995

Subureteric Teflon injection (STING). Results of a European survey.

Subureteric Teflon injection (STING) has been successfully used by several investigators for treating vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in children. This multicentre European survey reviews the results of STING in 6,216 ureters. Twenty-two paediatric surgeons/urologists from 18 centres in Europe answered an enquiry regarding their experience with STING in the treatment of VUR. 6,216 refluxing ureters were injected with Polytef paste in 4,166 children during 1984-1990. There were 975 boys and 3,191 girls. Their ages ranged from 2 months to 14 years (mean 5.1 years). The reflux was grade I in 4.4% of ureters, grade II in 36.1%, grade III in 40.2%, and grades IV and V in 19.3% of ureters. All patients were followed up for periods ranging from 3 months to 81/2 years and 90% were followed up for more than 2 years. 76.3% of all ureters stopped refluxing after a single injection of Teflon paste, cure rate increased to 84.9% after a second injection. A further 10.2% of refluxing ureters showed significant improvement in the grade of reflux after a single injection and needed no further treatment. 1.3% of ureters were cured after a third or fourth injection. Failure to correct or improve VUR was seen in 224 ureters (3.6%), necessitating reimplantation. Twenty ureters (0.32%) developed vesicoureteric junction obstruction following STING and these were reimplanted without difficulty. Results of this multicentre survey confirm that STING is an effective day care procedure for treatment of all grades of VUR. 95% of all ureters were cured or showed significant improvement after two injections of Teflon paste.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The uncertainty of the toxic effect of stings from the Urtica nettle on hunting dogs.

This paper questions the effect of the sting from the Urtica species of nettle on hunting dogs, particularly in the US. Research in this area is limited and is reflected in the wide use of a particularly unsound literature reference on the subject. A general account is given of which types of "nettle" plant have a toxic sting, how the mechanism of the sting works, and the toxic substances it contains. The effects experienced by hunting dogs appear to represent a condition other than contact urticaria, which is normall the result of being stung by nettles (Urticas in particular). The possibility is discussed that the signs were caused by another plant, also commonly labelled a nettle, or that possibly they were caused by other than the direct stinging of soft tissues. Further research should be done on the toxic elements in the sting of Urtica chamaedryoides, indicated in some literature as the "guilty" plant.

Animals↗