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PubMed1999

Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), the sole species in the EEE antigenic complex, is divided into North and South American antigenic varieties based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Here we describe serologic and phylogenetic analyses of representatives of these varieties, spanning the entire temporal and geographic range available. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed additional genetic diversity within the South American variety; 3 major South/Central American lineages were identified including one represented by a single isolate from eastern Brazil, and 2 lineages with more widespread distributions in Central and South America. All North American isolates comprised a single, highly conserved lineage with strains grouped by the time of isolation and to some extent by location. An EEEV strain isolated during a 1996 equine outbreak in Tamaulipas State, Mexico was closely related to recent Texas isolates, suggesting southward EEEV transportation beyond the presumed enzootic range. Plaque reduction neutralization tests with representatives from the 4 major lineages indicated that each represents a distinct antigenic subtype. A taxonomic revision of the EEE complex is proposed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of Trypanosoma rangeli strains isolated in Central and South America: an overview.

Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagelate parasite that infects domestic and sylvatic animals, as well as man, in Central and South America. T. rangeli has an overlapping distribution with T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, sharing several animal reservoirs and triatomine vectors. We have isolated T. rangeli strains in the State of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil, which dramatically increased the distribution area of this parasite. This brief review summarizes several studies comparing T. rangeli strains isolated in Santa Catarina with others isolated in Colombia, Honduras and Venezuela. The different methods used include indirect immunofluorescence and western blot assays, lectin agglutination, isoenzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, triatomine susceptibility, in vitro cell infection assays, and mini-exon gene analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Vaccines and foot-and-mouth disease eradication in South America.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have been a component of disease control and eradication strategies in South America ever since the first national programmes were created in the 1960s. By the mid 1970s, with the aid of international loans, FMD control programmes were implemented in almost every country and control measures strengthened. Livestock production forms are still a determining factor in the spread and prevalence of FMD and regional control/eradication strategies based on these forms were developed during the 1980s, as part of the Hemispheric Plan for FMD Eradication, developed by Panaftosa-PAHO/WHO and the South American countries. The widespread use of oil-adjuvant vaccines and the development of strategic schemes of coverage were instrumental in decreasing clinical disease and in controlling FMD to a point that eradication could be sought. This resulted in the recognition of countries and regions as free with and without vaccination Reappearance of FMD in Argentina, Southern Brazil and Uruguay were controlled with the aid of mass vaccination of bovines and other susceptible species, under special circumstances. Clinical FMD has been absent from Uruguay since August 2001; from Argentina since January 2002 and from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil since July 2001. To prevent reintroduction of FMDV into free areas, national programmes must stress primary prevention activities with regional approaches and vaccination campaigns based on homogeneous coverage and timing, especially along international borders.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Peopling of Andean South America.

Archeological, craniometrical, and genetic information is utilized to reconstruct possible migration routes used in the peopling of Andean South America. Special emphasis is given to the elaboration of craniometrical isoline maps and its application in testing models of population displacement based on archeological data. A genetic distance analysis among linguistic groupings complements the conclusions based on archeological and craniometrical information.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Genetic variability of Tunga penetrans (Siphonaptera, Tungidae) sand fleas across South America and Africa.

Tunga penetrans is a widely distributed sand flea, infecting men and domestic animals. It originated in South America, but it is now also endemic of Sub-Saharan Africa due to a recent accidental introduction. Previous genetic analyses indicated a very limited variability in the Ecuadorian populations; on the other hand, samples from Madagascar resulted to be genetically isolated. To better examine the genetic variability of T. penetrans, a wider sampling was analysed for mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase II) and nuclear (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer [ITS] 2) DNA sequences. The mitochondrial marker confirms the low genetic variability, with few haplotypes characterizing the majority of individuals from different populations. Haplotype distribution is in agreement with a recent colonization of Africa and with a rapid spreading across this continent. Moreover, a consistent gene flow between the Pacific and Atlantic South American populations emerges, possibly due to human and/or animal cross-Andean dispersal. On the other hand, the ITS2 marker depicts a sharply diverging pattern with samples collected in Ecuador unequivocally distinguished from the Brazilian and African ones. On the whole, taking into account also the molecular features of the marker used, data here presented are better interpreted in the light of a high dispersal ability of T. penetrans, probably reducing the phylogeographic signal.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America.

The evolutionary history of Maniraptora, the clade of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes birds and the sickle-clawed Dromaeosauridae, has hitherto been largely restricted to Late Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits on northern continents. The stunning Early Cretaceous diversity of maniraptorans from Liaoning, China, coupled with a longevity implied by derived Late Jurassic forms such as Archaeopteryx, pushes the origins of maniraptoran lineages back to Pangaean times and engenders the possibility that such lineages existed in Gondwana. A few intriguing, but incomplete, maniraptoran specimens have been reported from South America, Africa and Madagascar. Their affinities remain contested, however, and they have been interpreted as biogeographic anomalies relative to other faunal components of these land-masses. Here we describe a near-complete, small dromaeosaurid that is both the most complete and the earliest member of the Maniraptora from South America, and which provides new evidence for a unique Gondwanan lineage of Dromaeosauridae with an origin predating the separation between northern and southern landmasses.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

The body that knows: from Cashinahua epistemology to a medical anthropology of lowland South America.

This article develops an anthropology of the body in its material and social environment among the Cashinahua (Huni Kuin) from Brazilian and Peruvian Amazonia. The Cashinahua body, it shows, is thought of as produced by others, not as growing naturally. Growth can be defined as the corporeal accumulation of knowledge in the form of "soul." The article describes the verbal, medical, and other techniques used to transform it into "a body that knows." In the Cashinahua understanding, a healthy body is one that constantly learns through the senses and expresses the accumulated knowledge in social action and speech. An ill body is one that no longer knows. Curing, therefore, acts to restore a person's capacity to know. The whole article defends the proposition, then, that a prior condition for any medical anthropology in the Cashinahua case is a thorough examination of Cashinahua epistemology. Finally, through comparative discussion of other peoples in lowland South America, it seeks to show that this is also the case more widely in the ethnographic region. Ultimately, it suggests that ethnography in lowland South America undermines the possibility of a "medical anthropology" per se.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in South America.

We describe two cases of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in South America. These Brazilian patients presented with subretinal worms similar in size to those described in the southeastern United States. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis occurring outside the United States and Caribbean Islands.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the subterranean rodent Ctenomys opimus Wagner (Ctenomyidae) from Bolivia, South America.

Of 35 tuco-tucos (Ctenomys opimus) collected in Bolivia, South America, 31 (88%) had eimerian oocysts in their feces at the time they were examined. Eighteen (58%) of the 31 infected animals were concurrently infected with 2 or 3 eimerian species. Four species of Eimeria were recovered and are described as new species based on the characteristics of sporulated oocysts. Oocysts of Eimeria granifera n. sp. were ellipsoidal, 21.1 x 17.2 (15-26 x 11-20) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 11.3 x 7.1 (8-14 x 5-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria montuosi n. sp. were spheroidal, 24.2 x 22.0 (21-28 x 18-25) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 10.5 x 7.3 (8-14 x 6-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria opimi n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 24.3 x 21.8 (18-29 x 15-26) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 11.6 x 7.6 (10-13 x 6-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria oruroensis n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 27.3 x 23.6 (23-32 x 20-28) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 13.2 x 8.6 (10-16 x 8-11) micron.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Convergent evolution of gigantism in damselflies of Africa and South America? Evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data.

Extreme large body size is rare in modern Zygoptera (damselflies). Only the South and Central American damselfly family Pseudostigmatidae and one African species, Coryphagrion grandis, share the morphological trait of gigantism. By means of phylogenetic analyses using two mitochondrial markers (16S rDNA and ND1) and one nuclear marker (EF1) in combination with an existing morphological data set, we trace the evolution of gigantism in damselflies. Individual and combined data sets were analyzed using the maximum parsimony, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood algorithms. Regardless of the algorithm used and the data set analyzed all principal tree topologies support a monophyly of the damselfly taxa displaying giant body size. This supports the view that the evolution of gigantism in damselflies from Africa and South America is not the result of convergent evolution due to strikingly similar habitat preferences, but rather the result of close genealogical relationship. Because modern odonates evolved before the split of Africa from Gondwanaland, the proposed phylogeny suggests that C. grandis represents a Gondwana relict.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

[Cholera pandemic hits South America. Consequences for The Netherlands as import country of food and animal food].

The cholera-pandemic raging in South-America calls for measures of health protection with respect to citizens of countries importing food or feed components from the areas where the disease has struck. Instead of ruggedly barring importation a more humanitarian policy is recommended, relying on assistance with the introduction of and adherence to rigorous measures of longitudinally integrated microbiological safety assurance, to be monitored in cooperation with importing countries. Examples of how canned foods of neutral pH, fishery products, vegetables, fruits and fishmeal should be processed-for-safety for this purpose are presented.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Volatile components of selected species of the liverwort genera Frullania and Schusterella (Frullaniaceae) from New Zealand, Australia and South America: a chemosystematic approach.

The volatile components of 25 taxa of the liverwort family Frullaniaceae from New Zealand, Australia and South America have been analyzed by GC-MS. The present Frullania species are chemically divided into five major types: (1) sesquiterpene lactones, (2) sesquiterpene lactones-bibenzyls, (3) bibenzyls, (4) 2-alkanone and (5) triterpene types; the latter two chemo-types are newly proposed for the genus. Schusterella chevalierii, belonging to the Frullaniaceae, is closely related chemically to the sesquiterpene lactone type of the Frullania species since it elaborates two eudesmanolides, beta-cyclocostunolide and dihydro-beta-cyclocostunolide as major components.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

The Moraceae-based dart poisons of South America. Cardiac glycosides of Maquira and Naucleopsis species.

The use of cardenolide-containing Moraceae in the dart poisons of South America is reviewed. Those prepared by the Chocó Indians of western Colombia--called niaará or kieratchi--have probably been made from the latex of Naucleopsis amara and N. glabra. In Ecuador, the Colorado Indians used N. chiguila, while the Coaiquer Indians still derive a poison from the latex of N. naga and the Cayapá Indians occasionally make use of a blowgun poison, hambi, which probably also comes from a Naucleopsis species. The Kaborí (Rio Uneiuxi Makú) Indians of north-western Brazil may have utilized Maquira coriacea, but a more recent collection documents N. mello-barretoi latex as a source of their poison. The Tikuna Indians of western Brazil included leaves and bark of N. stipularis in one of their poisons. The principal cardiac glycosides present in Maquira species are strophanthidin-based and the main ones occurring in Naucleopsis species are antiarigenin- as well as strophanthidin-based. The structures of two new glycosides, isolated from dart-poison samples, have been established as strophanthidin beta-D-glucomethylosido-D-alloside and beta-D-digitoxosido-D-alloside. The former is a major component of pakurin, the crystalline glycoside mixture prepared by Santesson in 1928 from a Chocó Indian poison.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

Endemic and epidemic trends of poliomyelitis in Central and South America.

An inverse ratio between infant mortality rates and poliomyelitis case rates has been observed rather constantly in some parts of the world. The available data from Latin America have been examined in this connexion and, there also, the ratio seems to hold moderately well. A general supposition both for Latin America and elsewhere is that in countries where the infant mortality rate falls below 75 per 1000 live births, the poliomyelitis case rate will bear watching, since although the disease may not have been much of a problem in such countries in the past, experience has shown that it may suddenly or gradually become one.

Epidemics↗
PubMed2005

Nectar concentration and composition of 26 species from the temperate forest of South America.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Floral nectar concentration and chemical composition of 26 plant species native to the temperate forest of southern South America are reported and the relationships with the flower type are evaluated. METHODS: Nectar concentration was measured with a hand refractometer and sugar composition was analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Plant species were classified into flower type categories based not only on floral features but also on data from the literature and field observations on their pollinators. KEY RESULTS: Most data on nectar are new reports at the generic and/or specific level. Plant species in which more than one population was studied showed significant among-population variation in nectar sugar concentration and composition. Results showed a weak relationship between nectar traits and flower type. Many species had nectar containing 50 % or more sucrose (17 of 26 species), independent of the main pollinator. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that (a) nectar characteristics did not show a clear association with different flower types or with plant taxonomic membership, and (b) different populations of the same species showed large variability in sugar composition, the results suggest that other factors (e.g. historical and environmental) could be involved in determining the sugar composition of the highly endemic plant species from this region.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2004

Doses from 222Rn, 226Ra, and 228Ra in groundwater from Guarani aquifer, South America.

Groundwater samples were analysed for 222Rn, 226Ra, and 228Ra in Guarani aquifer spreading around 1 million km2 within four countries in South America, and it was found that their activity concentrations are lognormally distributed. Population-weighted average activity concentration for these radionuclides allowed to estimate a value either slightly higher (0.13 mSv/year) than 0.1 mSv for the total effective dose or two times higher (0.21 mSv/year) than this limit, depending on the choice of the dose conversion factor. Such calculation adds useful information for the appropriate management of this transboundary aquifer that is socially and economically very important to about 15 million inhabitants living in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.

Half-Life↗
PubMed2006

Cassava in South America, Brazil's contribution and the lesson to be learned from India.

South America is responsible for about half of the cassava world production. In the 1970's productivity of the crop on the continent was about 15 ton/ha, and dropped continuously until reaching 12 ton/ha in 2004. India's productivity of cassava increased from 10 ton/ha in the 1970's to 28 ton/ha in 2004. Brazil contributed significantly to improving cassava crops through the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas in the 1960's and 1970's. The Universidade de Brasília released high-protein content hybrids, apomictic clones and explored the potential of indigenous landraces.

Agriculture↗