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PubMed1996

Ecological metaphors as scientific boundary work: innovation and authority in interwar sociology and biology.

The development of human ecology during the interwar period was a significant scientific innovation enabled by the sociological use of biological concepts as tropes for social organization. This examination of the connections between biology and sociology illuminates a process whereby new scientific knowledge is generated, new scientific communities are formed, and individuals become scientists. These relationships were arranged around the negotiable boundaries between the social and the natural in 20th-century science. This process is examined through an analysis of scientific texts, metaphor transaction in science, and mentoring practices that reveal the transmission and bounding of knowledge and authority.

Biology↗
PubMed2003

The impact of papers in Sociology of Health and Illness: a bibliographic study.

This paper examines the citation counts of papers published in the first 25 years of the Sociology of Health and Illness. According to this measure only a small number of papers have made a major impact on the discipline of sociology of health and illness and an analysis of these select papers identifies some common themes. In particular, 'successful' papers have provided important theoretical constructs for the field while exploration of aspects of identity has been a recurrent focus.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1975

A medical sociology course in a revised curriculum.

This article describes some of the factors that have been involved in the development of a medical sociology course in a revised undergraduate curriculum in the University of Dundee. The course content and the educational techniques used are discussed. The aim of the course is to give a sociological perspective on medicine which it is hoped will be of value to medical students whatever their future careers may be.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1985

Population studies: an integrated course in epidemiology and sociology for medical students.

At the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, an integrated course in epidemiology and sociology for preclinical students was introduced in 1979. The course--Population Studies--is taken by the 100 second-year medical students in the summer term before they enter their clinical years. It occupies one full day and one half day each week for 8 weeks--approximately 80 hours of tuition. Population Studies is unusual in two respects. Firstly, it introduces a substantial amount of epidemiology into the preclinical curriculum. And, secondly, this is the only London medical school to integrate the teaching of sociology and epidemiology into the one course.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1991

Family attachments and medical sociology: a valuable partnership for student learning.

This paper reports association within a curriculum of a theoretical programme in medical sociology for undergraduate medical students with a practical family attachment. These two components constitute the 'sociology' element of a course in behavioural science, and have equal weight for assessment purposes. Recognition of, on one hand, the mutuality of the two elements, and on the other, their similar but distinct theoretical underpinnings, suggests that such an association has the benefit of retaining the individual contributions of each component to student learning, while enabling theoretical and practical components to inform each other. Both are administered from the Department of General Practice of the University of Sheffield, UK. The consequences of such an educational provision are discussed.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed2005

The historical universal: the role of cultural value in the historical sociology of Pierre Bourdieu.

Best known for his pioneering study Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, in which the aesthetic attitude of disinterestedness is accounted for as the expression of a class ethos, Bourdieu has become something of an icon of relativism. In thus effecting a Bakhtinian 'discrowning' of official hierarchies of the arts, he is often celebrated for his concern to place all tastes, popular and high, on a similar footing, equally rooted in specific class practices. Only a careless inattention could support such a conclusion. From his early interventions in French cultural policy debates up to and including The Rules of Art and Pascalian Meditations (1996), Bourdieu has consistently repudiated the view that a sociological approach to questions of aesthetic judgment must result in a levelling form of relativism. In exploring why this should be so, this paper considers the issues at stake in the forms of 'historical universalism' that are associated with Bourdieu's account of the autonomy of the aesthetic sphere. It does so with a view to identifying some of the difficulties underlying his understanding of sociology as a historical practice.

Culture↗
PubMed2006

Re-counting 'illiteracy': literacy skills in the sociology of social inequality.

Recent media reports have repeated claims that there are very large numbers of illiterate people in Britain, seven million adults being the most common figure. The moral panic this engendered has helped to justify educational initiatives and greater public spending on basic skills. However, a closer investigation of definitions and measurements of illiteracy in major national studies reveals the peculiarity of this social construction of illiteracy. Not least, it is argued that the numbers actually suffering significant literacy deficits are much lower than reported. Partly because British sociology has given literacy little attention (despite the advent of the 'New Literacy Studies'), official accounts of illiteracy remain unduly 'normative', seriously under-estimating cultural differences like gender, ethnicity and class. A new classification of low literacy skills is proposed, with the intention of demonstrating connections with structural accounts of social inequality and sociological theory. Low levels of literacy skill remain important because they are related to other forms of social inequality, even when the number of people disadvantaged in this way is much smaller than previously claimed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Group models, group dynamics, sociological and psychological aspects of group formation and evaluation.

Several group models are defined: a mechanistic model, a model of conflicts, a cybernetic model, a field-theoretical model, an organismic model, an interactionistic model. In all these models the group is a dynamic entity which is based on a mutual dependence of the members. From this sociological-horizontal-interactional point of view the group is therefore an entity. From a psychological-vertical aspect the group is rather a common situation in which the individual members remain in their experience separated from each other. To understand the group therapeutic dynamics it is necessary to keep in mind these two levels. From the sociological aspect, e.g. the frequency and kinds of interactions, the relationship of the inside-distances between the members to the distances of the members to the outside is decisive for group cohesion. The more the total interaction in a group augments, the more the emotionally loaded interactions increase. The significance of group cohesion in the therapeutic process is documented also by means of standardized rating scales. The normative effect of the group, the different roles in it, the group structure have to be considered if the group is to be used as a therapeutic mean. From the psychological point of view five phases of group development can be differentiated: 1) explorative contact, 2) regression, 3) catharsis, 4) insight, 5) social learning. By a factor analysis Lieberman et al. have found out that independent of the method used, the following types of group leaders were successful: the "provider", the "social engineer", the "energizer".

Group Processes↗
PubMed2006

Expanding research on the racial disparity in medical treatment with ideas from sociology.

While hundreds of studies document racial differences in the use of medical procedures in the United States, by comparison little is known about the causes of these differences. This gap in knowledge should serve as a call to sociologists who, drawing on their disciplinary tradition of studying inequality, could improve understanding of the disparity. This article offers suggestions about how medical sociologists in the USA might bring sociology to the study of racial disparities in medical treatment. The article begins by reviewing the existing approaches to understanding the racial disparity in medical treatment. After considering the extant research and its limits, the article goes on to describe how a few specific concepts from sociology - cultural capital, social networks, self-presentation and social distance, all framed in a race critical framework - and more diverse methodological approaches can advance studies of the racial disparity in medical treatment.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sociological functionalism, exchange theory and life-cycle analysis: a call for more explicit theoretical bridges.

There has been a notable lack of articulation between mainstream sociological theory and the work of social gerontologists. This paper suggests four reasons for this, and reviews the basic assumptions and applications to gerontology of two well-established frameworks in sociological theory: structural-functionalism and exchange. With more rigorous and systematic integration of gerontological data with social and social psychological theory, more comprehensive explanations of life course phenomena would result. Moreover, the age variable would be considerably by other sociologists as less of a control and more of a relevant variable in its own right.

Geriatric Psychiatry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The sociology of intimacy in the nurse-patient relationship.

This article examines intimacy from a sociological perspective. It reveals that 'over-involved' or 'intimate' nurse-patient relationships do not tend to be welcomed by nurses. The work of certain theorists is explored to provide a sociological explanation of intimate nurse-patient relationships and to highlight the complexities of nurses developing intimate relationships with patients in the workplace.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Subalterns of technopoly: brokering techno-power in academic sociology.

Drawing on responses to a small-scale sensitizing sociological probe of 'technological stratification' in academic sociology, this article considers the role of academic staff delegated to oversee the distribution of information and communications technology resources within their departments between the years 1987-1996. From their recollections as local 'gatekeepers' of the new knowledge technologies, these 'subalterns of Technopoly' perceived themselves as relatively powerless 'techno-power brokers' unable to make a significant difference to the 'technological stratification' they encountered in their working environments in that period.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

[Health and sickness as sociological concepts].

Health and illness, as widely used terms in scientific literature, leave a wide scope as to their definition and conceptual interpretation. The medicotechnical perspective refers to health and illness as objective changes in the structure and/or functioning of the human body and mind, as a result of which the bodily and mental integrity of the human organism is affected detrimentally. On the contrary, the social sciences, and especially medical sociology, define health and illness essentially in terms of the social system within which they occur. The main task of medical sociology is to pay attention to those social systemic and sociocultural aspects of health and illness which are sometimes grossly neglected or insufficiently understood by the medical sciences, thereby to contribute to a comprehensive approach to these phenomena.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[State models (utopias) and sociology of medicine].

Social science was well developed at the end of the 18th century, but the theory or rather the methodology of sociology became a source of investigation only in the 19th century. The aspects of society were already studied in ancient times, though--since this term was not known--they thought of an omnipotent state as the only structure of human coexistence. Their judgement about the human community--what we call society today--were expressed inside the political science. In our times the investigation of sociology was primarily interested in what a real society should be, in contradiction to the philosophers of the ancient world, the Fathers of the Church in the Middle Ages and the modern natural-lawyers, who were discussing about an ideal constitutional form. They did not describe the veritable society and its occurrences, but showed a model of social conditions to their contemporaries, which had been imagined or contemplated suitable by them. Nowadays it has gradually been accepted in modern medicine that a substantial proportion in the etiology of certain diseases and the conditions of recovery have social origin. As social circumstances are natural elements of human beings, social existence impresses all functions of human body. The practical problems of prevention and therapy of diseases beside social relevances represent a special social aspect for medicine.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2002

The categorical versus dimensional assessment controversy in the sociology of mental illness.

This paper reviews the sociological controversy over using categorical versus dimensional assessments in the study of psychological distress. The preference of sociologists for dimensional assessments is traced to two assumptions: (1) that the associations of predictors with psychological distress syndromes are most accurately operationalized by using dimensional measures; and (2) that no true discrete mental illnesses can reasonably be inferred to exist that would justify the creation of dichotomous measures. Methods are described in this paper to test both assumptions. An argument is made that the first assumption is the critical one and that dimensional analysis is useful only when it can be demonstrated that the associations of predictors with dimensional scores are constant throughout the relevant dimensional severity range. The paper closes with an argument for the tandem use of categorical and dimensional assessments in future sociological research.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2003

Critical race theory speaks to the sociology of mental health: mental health problems produced by racial stratification.

The sociology of mental health focuses on the epidemiology, etiology, correlates, and consequences of mental health (i.e., psychiatric disorder and symptoms, psychological distress, and subjective well-being) in an attempt to describe and explain how social structure influences an individual's psychological health. Critical race theory describes and explains iterative ways in which race is socially constructed across micro- and macro-levels, and how it determines life chances implicating the mundane and extraordinary in the continuance of racial stratification (i.e., racism). This paper invoked critical race theory to inform the sociology of mental health's approach to studying race and mental health by conceptualizing five hypothetical mental health problems that could exist because of racial stratification. These problems were: (1) nihilistic tendencies, (2) anti-self issues, (3) suppressed anger expression, (4) delusional denial tendencies, and (5) extreme racial paranoia. Mental health problems such as these and undocumented others can only be recognized given awareness of the social and personal implications of racial stratification.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Sociology and nursing science: reflections on an interdisciplinary approach].

The present text is not the result of a necessarily improved sociological theory. It acts rather like an exploratory questioning on the contribution of sociology to the formation and the practice of the nurses in the context of globalization. Our purpose is related more precisely to the "décloisonnement" of the disciplines and the contribution of the interdisciplinary studies. To do so, we put in perspective a new conceptual approach called the "socio-environmental approach for health" (Bouchard and his/her colleagues; 2002) which aloud to introduce and to question concepts like the governorship, globalization, the social capital, life quality and health care. This conceptual unit is not exhaustive nor even homogeneous. It only makes it possible to think of what is at stake in the development of nurses health care practice and shows the central contribution of an interdisciplinary approach.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Ben Johnson and the use of steroids in sport: sociological and ethical considerations.

This paper examines from a sociological and an ethical standpoint the problem of steroids in sport and competition. After a sociological analysis of some key ideological, social, political, and economic issues related to drugs in sport, we address the question of whether ethically we wish these developments to continue along the same path. A final analysis of the nature of the "authentic practice" makes the distinction between the practice itself with its intrinsic search for excellence and the organizations that sustain the practice but are essentially and necessarily concerned with extrinsic rewards from winning--money, power, status. Priorities have to be reexamined in light of certain fundamental ethical principles.

Attitude↗