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PubMedDate not supplied

[The knowledge on health and the social sciences].

In this paper the main question is about the health complete interpretation. It is an epistemological discussion. It starts with the obstacles in the comprehension from several sciences (i.e. phisiology, epidemiology, and sociology) about the health as a social and collective problem. The point is how to do the research and the conceptual interpretation. Finally, the authors explain theirs point of view: the most important is the nature and specificity of the objet health. Not view disciplinary. They show a model to understand the analysis of the health from the social sciences perspective.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Human ethics review and social sciences: several emerging ethical issues.

The extension of ethical review to research in the social sciences and humanities has raised a number of new issues for Institutional Ethics Committees. The emergent issues discussed here are: the relationship between subject and researcher, the use of data to which employment gives access, the impact of questionnaires, the impact of sampling techniques, the impact of observation, when the subject is an organisation, and conflicting rights to research. These issues underscore the importance of IECs maintaining a flexible and watchful oversight of research and the impossibility of a simple clutch of rules to guide ethical research in this domain.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1994

Social science and psychiatric epidemiology. A difficult relationship.

The difficulty in the relationships among the social sciences, psychiatry and epidemiology is important because it inhibits incremental growth of scientific knowledge regarding human behavior. This in turn handicaps coping with social, psychological and cultural perturbations which currently threaten human existence. A major reason for the difficulty in the relationships is the presence of divergent views among the various relevant disciplines with regard to the nature of the scientific process. This article presents an outline of the scientific process modelled on those sciences which focus on living systems. Growth in scientific knowledge is seen to occur as a result of a spiral movement in which articulating conceptual and operational transactions alternate. A problem of our time is that parts of the spiral are often disengaged and conducted independently in a way that makes impossible the incremental synthesis of theory, hypotheses, premisses and data.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2006

Integrating social science and design inquiry through interdisciplinary design charrettes: an approach to participatory community problem solving.

Interdisciplinary collaborations that aim to facilitate meaningful community outcomes require both the right mix of disciplinary knowledge and effective community participation, which together can deepen collective knowledge and the capacity to take action. This article explores three interdisciplinary design charrettes, intensive participatory workshops that addressed specific community problems and provided a context for integrating design and social science inquiry with local community knowledge. Evaluation data from the charrettes shed light on how students from the design and social science disciplines experienced the charrettes, and on their interactions with community members. Key advantages to this interdisciplinary, community-based collaboration included expanded knowledge derived from the use of multiple modes of inquiry, particularly the resulting visualization tools that helped community members understand local issues and envision novel solutions. Key drawbacks included difficulties in balancing the two disciplines, the tendency for social scientists to feel out of place on designers' turf, and the increased disciplinary and interpersonal conflicts arising from a more diverse pool of participants.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed2004

Perspectives on behavioral and social science research on cancer screening.

The first section in the current article offered several themes that characterize behavioral and social science cancer screening research to date and are likely to be relevant for studying the adoption and utilization of future screening technologies. The themes discussed included the link between epidemiologic surveillance and the priorities of intervention, the "at-risk" perspective that often guides research on screening and initiatives to redress disparities, the need to monitor the diversification of personal screening histories, the range of intervention groups and study designs that can be tested, the importance of including key questions in population-level surveys and national health objectives, and the desirability of clarifying the characteristics of cancer screening that make it an attractive field of study in its own right. The second section commented on emerging areas in which more research will allow additional lessons to be learned. The other articles in the current supplement presented many more lessons in a variety of areas, and other authors are encouraged to write similar articles that help to identify general themes characterizing cancer screening research.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed2000

[Technology in residences for support of a self-determined life style for the elderly. The research project "sentha" and initial results of a social science project].

Sentha is an interdisciplinary research team involving the Technical University Berlin, the Berlin Institute for Social Research GmbH (BIS), the German Centre for Research on Ageing at the University of Heidelberg (DZFA), the School of Fine Arts Berlin (HdK), and the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus (BTU). Building on empirical investigations of the role of everyday household products in the everyday life of older people, product-independent design and assessment guidelines and new products are being developed in an intensive interdisciplinary process in order to better meet the needs of older people and to enhance their autonomous living. The following paper describes the contributions from the participating disciplines and presents initial results of the social sciences subproject, describing the problems arising in living independently in old age and detecting the demands on new technological solutions. Data are based on a representative survey conducted in 1999 and including a stratified sample of 1417 men and women aged 55 and older.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

[Objectivity and subjectivity of knowledge in nomological social sciences].

In this article the question is discussed in how far the processes of understanding in the nomological social sciences an "objectivication", which is demanded of psychoanalysts, can be used for psychoanalytically gained insights to human behavior. For one it is shown that it is impossible in principle to verify or falsify hypotheses within the nomologically oriented methodological self understanding. Furthermore the logical, empirical scientific process obligated to proving hypotheses is pursued in the perspective of a psychoanalytic social psychology and the thesis is developed that these insights, which are gained in nomological research projects are also always products of neurotic-blind interaction, so that nothing can be said of the value of knowledge gained in these research findings as long as the scientists do not clarify their research practice psychoanalytically.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Statistics and mathematics anxiety in social science students: some interesting parallels.

This study illuminates some interesting parallels between statistics anxiety and mathematics anxiety in social science students. Parallel to what is confirmed for mathematics anxiety, two factors were observed to underly statistics anxiety scores, namely, statistics test anxiety and content anxiety. The study revealed modest though significant correlations between student attributes and the two confirmed dimensions of statistics anxiety. Furthermore, parallel to the inverse correlation reported for mathematics anxiety and maths course performance, statistics anxiety correlated negatively with high school matriculation scores in maths as well as self perceptions of maths abilities. These data lend support to the hypothesis that aversive prior experiences with mathematics, prior poor achievement in maths, and a low sense of maths self-efficacy are meaningful antecedent correlates of statistics anxiety and thus lend some credence to the "deficit" interpretation of statistics anxiety.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

The cultural meanings and social uses of illness. A role for medical anthropology and clinically oriented social science in the development of primary care theory and research.

Basic research that is conceptually and methodologically innovative and that fosters long-term research programs should play a role in the academic development of primary care, alongside more practical applied studies of specific clinical problems. A creative tension between the two has been a distinctive attribute of academic medicine and should be fostered in family medicine and other primary care disciplines. The biopsychosocial model offers a paradigm for the incorporation of clinically oriented social science research as one basic science approach in which primary care researchers can receive advanced training and pursue an academic career. The author briefly illustrates such a career with reference to studies (his own included) on the social uses and psychocultural meanings of illness. Somatization, a major problem in primary care, is illuminated by such a clinically applied social science research framework. Developing the scientific basis of an academic discipline involves intellectual education in systematic scholarship to create and critique concepts as much as it requires training in the application of rigorous research design and powerful statistical techniques.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2006

[The path taken by social sciences within health in Latin America: review of scientific production].

An analysis was made of the path taken by social sciences within health in Latin America, on the basis of scientific production achieved, especially in Brazil. The work is divided into the following sections: introduction; notes on the origins of the field; scientific reviews; the 1990s and studies on scientific production; previous review articles; and final comments. This study recounts the historical path taken by scientific production, using extensive documentation: bibliographic surveys, bibliographic studies and review articles. The topics surveyed within this field and some data on the professionals who work in these activities are highlighted. In the conclusions, emphasis is given to the great vitality of the field, which in just a few decades has attained importance within the scientific scene.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Doing interdisciplinary research in social sciences and medicine.

Research themes of interest to both clinical and social sciences have been proliferating in recent years. While the personal experiences of individuals who conduct interdisciplinary research probably vary widely, several general models of research and its conduct seem to be quite common. This is illustrated using the author's personal experiences, beginning from his disciplinary roots in medical geography.

Geography↗
PubMed2006

Social science and bioethics: the way forward.

It is no surprise that bioethics and sociology developed an adversarial relationship: bioethicists value the clear descriptions of ethically charged situations provided by social scientists, but doubt the ability of those trained in social science to logically derive and discern 'the good'. For their part, social scientists - experts in observing and collecting data about the way the world is- find bioethicists ignorant of the ways elegantly crafted solutions to ethical problems get altered when incarnated in varied social and cultural settings. This discipline-centred self-affirmation can be a satisfying exercise, but it offers nothing to the project of promoting more moral medicine and health care. The articles collected in this volume demonstrate the value of collaboration between social scientists and bioethicists. Focusing on four themes found in recent sociological research in bioethics - ethics of research, the creation of moral boundaries, bioethics and social policy, and the bioethical imagination - this anthology offers practical models of co-operative work where the strengths of each discipline are brought together to advance our understanding of bioethical issues and to show the way toward just and effective social policy.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Teaching social sciences at a medical school: the story of one course (1965-90)].

This article analyzes the history of the course in social sciences applied to the field of medicine, offered at Unicamp's Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas for 25 years (1965-90). It shows how this particular course was influenced by the international seminars that defined new directions in medical education during the 1950s. It also explores the role played by the Pan-American Health Organization and by Brazilian institutions in posing health care as a social issue. This history is divided into three periods: initial experiences, from 1965 to 1969; construction of a social health-care project in the 1970s; and the 1980s consolidation of this project. The various teaching approaches always sought to incorporate the social dimension and its dynamics in order to gain a better understanding of the health-sickness process and the organization of health practices.

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

Emerging trends in the application of the social sciences to health and medicine.

Tensions are inevitable between funders seeking to solve specific health care issues within existing frameworks and many social scientists who see health and health care as reflections of societal stratification and processes of power and control. Many current and impending issues require deep scrutiny of values and meaning systems as they relate to class, gender, ethnicity and other forms of social differentiation. Interdisciplinary efforts provide social scientists important problem-solving opportunities but also occasions to refine disciplinary theories and methods. In recent years such efforts have resulted in increased sensitivity to demographic imperatives, prospective investigations, social experimentation, a growing appreciation of the complexity of life trajectories, development of more complex models of causation and remediation, and a revival of interest in meaning systems and their effects on ultimate outcomes. Social scientists have come to play a variety of roles in health services and policy research that contribute to a fruitful interplay of theory and practice. Major roles include helping to frame issues and how they are attacked; anticipating emerging trends, issues and problems; monitoring health and the provision of health services; evaluation and assessment; and implementation processes. The contributions of the social sciences to understanding complex organizational arrangements, structures, cultures, managerial approaches, financial arrangements and regulatory processes are increasingly evident and part of a culture of informed thinking.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1988

Social science and medical education in Nigeria.

In response to Nigeria's 'old' and seemingly intractable health problems and the emergence of a 'new' epidemiology of behaviour-related and social disorders, there is an urgent need for greater participation of social scientists in the training of front-line health care practitioners and delivery of care. This study was conducted to determine the current extent of involvement of the social sciences in Nigerian medical education. A survey was carried out in all schools/colleges of medicine in the country. Nineteen social scientists, comprising 1 anthropologist, 10 psychologists and 8 sociologists, were identified in 10 of the 12 schools. Questionnaires were sent to all of them and 12 were returned. Analyses of the data collected showed that most psychologists were affiliated with departments of psychiatry and sociologists with community health/social medicine. Psychologists spent most of their time in teaching, clinical work and research (in that order); and sociologists in teaching, research and health care delivery. Most of the social scientists perceived their work as essential in the training of medical doctors and thought that the medical school provided a good opportunity for research. But a significant number of them complained of status inequality with their medically-trained colleagues. This was regarded as one of several obstacles to greater participation of social scientists in Nigerian health care. It was suggested that while social scientists were essential in the training of health care personnel, they needed to diversify their inputs (emphasizing health promotion and disease prevention) in accordance with a broadened and socially relevant view of health and illness.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Beyond maximizing: some remarks on optimality and efficiency in the social sciences.

The author is dealing with the concept of homo oeconomicus and its relationships to maximizing, satisficing and optimizing practices, from the viewpoint of social sciences. Whereas in physics extremality-principles hold sway, in human affairs the "best" goals and courses of action usually lie between minima and maxima. In this context, attention is given to the fact that the exploding costs of the health system in western welfare states make it necessary to consider more thoroughly the double-maximization of the measures and of the goals of care. Nevertheless, the ideal typification of homo oeconomicus is useful to the classification and, sometimes, even to the explanation of those goal-oriented activities, where only limited resources are at hand.

Delivery of Health Care↗