SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SENSATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Sensory origin of lobeline-induced sensations: a correlative study in man and cat.

1. Intravenous injections of lobeline HCl into twenty-six normal young male human volunteers produced sensations of choking, pressure or fumes in the throat and upper chest at a mean threshold dose of 12 micrograms kg-1. 2. Reflex changes in breathing pattern usually appeared just before the sensations. Increasing the dose of lobeline increased the intensity of the sensations gradually until a dry cough appeared at a mean threshold dose of 24.3 micrograms kg-1. At these doses there was a mean difference of 0.3s in the latencies for sensation and respiratory reflex; in four subjects there was no difference at all. 3. In cats anaesthetized with 35 mg kg-1 sodium pentobarbitone, injecting 25-67 micrograms kg-1 lobeline into the right atrium sensitized thirteen out of seventeen rapidly adapting receptors (RARs). In three out of four cats lobeline had no excitatory effect on the RARs in the absence of normal activity (i.e. when it was injected while artificial respiration was suspended), but on restarting the respiration the activity increased greatly. After injecting lobeline, the activity increased during inflation or deflation or in both phases of the respiratory cycle. It also increased greatly during deflation produced by suction of air from the lungs after lobeline. Such presumed increased activity in the RARs of man produced by forced expiration to residual volume at the time lobeline-induced sensations were expected did not enhance the sensations in any subject. 4. In all the subjects tested, forced expiration alone, which should stimulate RARs, never produced a dry cough or sensations similar to those produced by lobeline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1981

Effect of aging on respiratory sensations produced by elastic loads.

We compared the effects of graded elastic loads on respiratory sensations in 19 healthy subjects greater than 60 yr of age to 21 healthy subjects less than 30 yr old. The magnitude of the respiratory sensation was quantitated by two well-established psychophysical techniques. In the magnitude-estimation method, subjects indicated the intensity of the sensation experienced with numbers; in the cross-modality method, the level of sensation was signaled with a dynamometer activated by thumb pressure. In addition, the effects of nonrespiratory stimuli were compared in the two groups. With both methods, the logarithm of the response to elastic loads was linearly related to the logarithms of the stimulus. The slope of the line relating the log of the response to the log of the stimulus (beta) was significantly greater in the younger group than in the older group using the magnitude-estimation method but not with the cross-modality matching test. There were no differences in the ability of the two groups to assign numbers to line length. However, the older group had a lower beta for magnitude estimation of thumb force than the younger group. The results suggest 1) that respiratory sensation follows Steven's law and grows exponentially with the stimulus; 2) that the growth of sensations produced by elastic loading is less in older than in younger individuals; and 3) differences in the perception of the mode used for matching in the cross-modality test may obscure significant differences in the sensations elicited by respiratory stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Thalamic stimulation-evoked sensations in chronic pain patients and in nonpain (movement disorder) patients.

1. Little is known about the effect of central and peripheral nervous system injury on the processing of somatosensory information at the thalamic level in humans. The role of the human thalamic ventrocaudal nucleus (Vc) in nociception is not well understood because reports of nociceptive neuronal responses and stimulation-evoked pain are rare. In this study, we have characterized effects of microstimulation in the tactile region of Vc. Specifically, we investigated the incidence of painful sensations evoked by thalamic microstimulation in patients with and without chronic pain. 2. Data were obtained during stereotactic thalamic procedures for relief of pain or motor disorders. Patients were divided into three groups, those with 1) central poststroke pain (PSP, n = 13); 2) nonstroke pain (NSP, n = 23); and 3) movement disorders (controls, n = 24). Most (15 of 23) of the NSP patients had peripheral nerve damage. Tungsten microelectrodes were used to record neuronal responses in the thalamus and to deliver stimuli. Localization of tactile Vc was determined according to stereotactic coordinates and neuronal responses to innocuous somatic stimuli. At selected sites, microstimulation (1-s trains, 300 Hz, 0.1-0.2 ms pulses, < 100 microA) was performed and the patient was requested to describe the quality of the sensation and its peripheral location (projected field, PF). 3. Microstimulation in tactile Vc commonly evoked paresthesia-type sensations. Threshold stimulation never evoked pain in the NSP patients and evoked pain at only 2% of Vc sites in the movement disorder patients. In these latter 2 groups of patients, stimulation at > 98% of Vc sites evoked paresthesia. By contrast, in the PSP patients, 28% of Vc sites stimulated evoked painful sensations at threshold. Suprathreshold stimuli evoked painful sensations at 46% of Vc sites in the PSP patients but at only 8% of Vc sites in NSP patients and 12% of Vc sites in the movement disorder patients. 4. The thresholds to evoke paresthesia in the NSP and movement disorder patients were significantly lower than the thresholds in the PSP patients. However, stimulation thresholds to elicit pain were similar in all patient groups. 5. All patients were capable of differentiating stimulation-evoked paresthesia from pain. Stimulation-evoked painful sensations in the PSP patients were often described as burning and sometimes as "sharp," "shocking," or "unpleasant." By contrast, the quality of pain evoked in the other patient groups was typically described as unpleasant or shocking. Pain could be evoked at sites throughout tactile Vc, although most sites were located in the ventral 2/3 of the nucleus. 6. In the movement disorder patients, the location of the projected sensation usually corresponded to the location of the receptive fields of the tactile neurons recorded at the same site. By contrast, in both groups of pain patients there was a high incidence of mismatches between the projected and receptive fields. 7. These results suggest that the effective thalamic output from Vc to the cortex is affected by somatosensory deafferentation in pain patients. In addition, in the PSP patients there are also changes in the thalamocortical processing of noxious information. The increased incidence of thalamic-evoked pain in PSP patients may be due to 1) loss of low-threshold mechanoreceptive thalamic neurons such that nociceptive neuronal output is now prominent, 2) reduced tonic inhibition of thalamic or cortical nociceptive neurons, and/or 3) unmasking or strengthening of nociceptive pathways.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Phantom bladder sensations: a new concern for stoma care workers.

The phenomena of phantom limb pain and sensations are well recognized in the medical literature. However, historically, there has been little more than passing reference to phantom pain and sensations of visceral organs. In particular, phantom bladder pain has been barely recognized. This article describes the result of a small survey of urostomists (n=50) who experienced bladder pain and sensations that were described by the respondents as being a perpetuation of the pain and sensations that they experienced before cystectomy or urinary bladder diversion surgery. Respondents reported a varied frequency of sensations, unhelpful healthcare professional responses and a range of strategies that they employed to deal successfully with the pain and sensations. The findings of this study are important because they have identified significant issues for stoma care patients that need to be addressed by those involved in stoma care and which could lead to significant quality of life improvements. This research has shown that stoma care workers need to include the possibility of the occurrence of phantom bladder sensations in preoperative counselling, acknowledge and support postoperative patients by confirming the validity of their experience and by using interventions, identified in this study, that can minimize the effects.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

[Temporal and spatial pattern analysis of pharyngeal swallowing in patients with abnormal sensation in the throat].

There are many patients who complain of abnormal sensations, such as an obstructive sensation, foreign body sensation, difficulty in swallowing, etc., in the throat, which do not have an obvious cause. The causes of such unpleasant symptoms have not been adequately investigated. As one of the potential factors in volved in abnormal sensations in the throat, we considered the existence of subclinical dysphagia. We then performed videofluoroscopic analysis in patients with an abnormal sensation in the throat to examine whether or not there were functional disorders in swallowing. Videofluoroscopy was performed in 42 subjects, 30 patients with abnormal sensation in the throat and 12 volunteers without swallowing problems. We devised a temporal and spatial analysis system of swallowing using personal computer technology. Videofluoroscopic swallowing sequences during spoon feeding (3-5ml) and drinking from a cup (15-20ml) of liquid barium, were analyzed. The results suggest that two temporal measurements of swallow from videofluoroscopic studies are appropriate for parameter of subclinical dysphagia: the time it takes the bolus to move through pharynx from the point at which the bolus head passes the tongue base until the bolus head extends caudally beyond the piriform sinus while feeding from a spoon (S2), and the time it takes the bolus to move through the upper esophagus from the point at which the bolus head passes the bottom of the piriform sinus until the bolus tail passes the same point while drinking from a cup (C1). Then, we selected C1 and S2 for variables and detect the patients who have subclinical dysphagia with cluster analysis. Forty-two subjects were divided into two groups: those composed of 14 patients (cluster 1), and those composed of 16 patients and 12 controls (cluster 2). We thought 14 patients in cluster 1 would have subclinical dysphagia for the cause of abnormal sensation in the throat. Temporal and spatial analysis revealed three forms of pharyngeal swallow in cluster 1. In 6 patients, the bolus stall in the valleculae prior to the onset of the pharyngeal swallow. In other 6 patients, the bolus stall in the piriform sinus before swallowing reflex. In the other 2 patients, the bolus moved smoothly but slowly without delay in pharynx. Our results indicate that a delayed swallowing reflex is the main functional finding in videofluoroscopy in patients with subclinical dysphagia contributing to an abnormal sensatin in the throat.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Phantom limb pain in the human brain: unraveling neural circuitries of phantom limb sensations using positron emission tomography.

Pain and other phantom limb (PL) sensations have been proposed to be generated in the brain and to be reflected in activation of specific neural circuits. To test this hypothesis, hypnosis was used as a cognitive tool to alternate between the sensation of PL movement and pain in 8 amputees. Brain activity was measured using positron emission tomography. PL movement and pain were represented by a propagation of neuronal activity within the corresponding sensorimotor and pain-processing networks. The sensation of movement was significantly (corrected for multiple comparisons) related to activity in the supplementary motor area and the primary sensorimotor cortex. The sensation of a painful PL posture activated the same brain areas but was weaker and less extended in the supplementary motor area. In contrast to the sensation of movement, pain was significantly related to activity in the thalamus, anterior cingulate, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Subjectively rated PL pain sensation correlated positively to activations in the anterior and posterior cingulate. These findings provide evidence that PL sensations are produced by the same central nervous processes that underlie the experience of the body when it is intact and that the corporeal awareness of PL pain is encoded in a thalamocortical network.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Sensations evoked by selective mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the conjunctiva and cornea.

PURPOSE: To study the sensations evoked by selective mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the conjunctiva and compare them with those elicited by similar stimulation of the cornea. METHODS: Six young subjects participated in the study. Using a gas esthesiometer, selective mechanical (air puffs at flows from 0 to 264 ml/min), chemical (0--80% CO(2) in air), and thermal (air at temperatures from -10 degrees C to +80 degrees C) stimulation was performed on the center of the cornea and on the temporal conjunctiva. The intensity, degree of irritation, stinging and burning pain components, and thermal characteristics of the evoked sensation were evaluated after each stimulus in separate, 10-cm continuous visual analogue scales (VASs). The ability of the subjects to identify the quality of the stimulus applied to the cornea and the conjunctiva was also studied. RESULTS: The subjective intensity and thermal components (cooling or warming) of the sensation reported after mechanical, chemical, and heat stimulation were similar in the conjunctiva and cornea, although lower VAS scores were always reported in the conjunctiva for the irritation and the stinging and burning pain components. In the cornea, stimulation with low temperatures was perceived as a cooling sensation with an irritative component. In the conjunctiva, cooling was perceived as a purely cold sensation. Subjects showed similar discrimination capability in the cornea and the conjunctiva for the various types of stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: Sensations evoked in the cornea by selective mechanical, chemical, and heat and cold stimulation always presented an irritation component. In the conjunctiva, stimuli of the same intensity are always perceived as less irritating than in the cornea. Cold and other non-noxious subqualities of sensation can be evoked in the conjunctiva.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The moxibustion sensations and the therapeutic effects.

Generally speaking, moxibustion sensation is longer than that of inducing needling sensation. Usually, it takes over half an hour to have the moxibustion sensation. Once the moxibustion sensation appears, it will directly reach the affected area, and then the symptoms will be obviously alleviated. The moxibustion sensation may remain a longer time and give a stronger stimulation, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect. It is found that it takes a relatively long time to get the moxibustion sensation in the first treatment, but the time would be shortened afterwards. This may be due to the accumulated effect of moxibustion or the result of eliminating obstruction from the affected channels and collaterals. In addition, a comfortable body posture with relaxed muscles is conducive to the generation and transmission of the moxibustion sensation. Some patients may feel thirsty after the moxibustion treatment. In this case, more drinks can be offered.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed1993

Pin sensation as a predictor of extensor carpi radialis recovery in spinal cord injury.

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine if initial preservation of C5 pin sensation could predict extensor carpi radialis (ECR) motor recovery in the zone of partial preservation after spinal cord injury (SCI). The study compared initial C5 pin sensation and initial ECR strength as predictors of ECR motor recovery after C4 and C5 SCI. The initial motor and sensory evaluation was done less than seven days after injury. Motor power was graded from absent (0/5) to normal strength (5/5). Pin sensation was graded as absent (0/2) decreased (1/2) or normal (2/2). The manual muscle test was performed weekly to four weeks and than at three, six, and 12 months after injury. An ECR muscle grade of > or = 3/5 was defined as recovery. C5 pin sensation at the lateral antecubital fossa significantly correlated with ECR recovery to > or = 3/5 (p < 0.001). Only two of nine subjects with absent C5 pin sensation recovered ECR to > or = 3/5, whereas 14 of 15 subjects with 1/2 or 2/2 C5 pin sensation had ECR motor recovery to > or = 3/5. All ten subjects with 1/5 or 2/5 initial ECR strength had ECR motor recovery. Five of six subjects with 0/5 initial ECR strength and subsequent ECR recovery to > or = 3/5 were found to have C5 pin preservation. In conclusion the presence of 1/5 to 2/5 initial ECR strength or 1/2 or 2/2 C5 pin sensation were highly significant predictors of ECR motor recovery to > or = 3/5 in C4 and C5 motor complete quadriplegic subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Sensation seeking and hormones in men and women: exploring the link.

Risky behaviors (e.g., binge drinking, drunk driving, risky sex) are increasing among U.S. college students, and the personality trait of sensation seeking provides a potential link between such norm-breaking behaviors and biological processes. We examined the relationship between sensation-seeking behaviors and two hormones, testosterone and cortisol, in male and female college students. Hormone levels were hypothesized to contribute to the variability of individual scores on Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale. As expected, males scored higher on the scale than females, but the data failed to support the generally accepted positive relationship between testosterone and sensation seeking for either sex. Instead, our results support the existence of a significant inverse relationship between cortisol and sensation seeking in men, but not in women, even after adjustment for testosterone levels and age. Our study contributes to the current literature by (a) supporting the association between risky behavior and a hormone other than testosterone, (b) being the first to examine the association between cortisol and sensation seeking in women, and (c) identifying a possible effect of gender on the association between hormones and sensation-seeking behaviors. Gendered social norms and expectations are likely to be partly responsible for this effect. Theory-guided interdisciplinary research is needed to improve understanding of the biological influences on human behavior, and special attention must be paid to social context, women's perceptions of their expected behavior, and gendered socialization regarding norm-breaking or risky behaviors, which may obscure biological links to female behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Clinical features of the localized girdle sensation of mid-trunk (false localizing sign) appeared in cervical compressive myelopathy patients.

Cervical compressive myelopathy patients sometimes show localized girdle sensation in the mid trunk (so-called false localizing sign). This symptom often confuses physicians, but the clinical features and mechanism of this symptom are still unclear. We investigated the clinical features and possible mechanism. In each of five cases of cervical compressive myelopathy disease with and without mid-truncal girdle sensation, the clinical features, degree and shape of cord compression were analysed. The girdle sensation was expressed as a vague or burning sensation, and was localized with a width of 3 or 4 dermatomes from the T3 to T11 level. There was no correlation between the appearance of the girdle sensation and etiology and level of cervical cord compression. Pyramidal tract signs and disturbance of superficial sensation were observed in all cases. Furthermore, on axial MRI, the midline ventral surface of the cervical cord was remarkably compressed in cases with girdle sensation, as if the compressive lesion entered the anterior medial fissure of the cervical cord. From these findings, this false localizing sign may be caused by severe compression of midline ventral structure of the cervical cord. Ischemia of the thoracic watershed zone of the anterior spinal artery from the compression of the anterior spinal artery at the cervical level might also be considered to be a possible cause.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The Thermocross: a simple tool for rapid assessment of thermal sensation thresholds.

We have developed the Thermocross, a simple device for rapid assessment of thermal sensitivity, tested it on healthy subjects and diabetic patients and evaluated its use in identifying patients whose sensation loss may expose them to the risk of neuropathic foot injury. Thermal discrimination deteriorated with age (P less than 0.001) in healthy subjects, but all the controls could detect a temperature difference less than or equal to 10 degrees C. In diabetic patients, the deficit in thermal sensation detected by the Thermocross paralleled the decline of nerve conduction. Thermocross thermal sensation was impaired in 87% of 38 ulcerated feet of 26 diabetic patients. We conclude that the Thermocross is a suitable tool for screening for sensation loss and that diabetic patients with impaired thermal sensation are vulnerable to ulceration. The Thermocross could also serve a useful educational purpose, the implications of reduced thermal sensation probably being more meaningful to patients and health care personnel than those of a reduction in the traditionally tested vibration sensation.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗

PubMed1985

Sensation in the gastrointestinal tract.

There are similarities between sensation in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and somatic sensation. This review concentrates on parasympathetic (vagal) components of GI sensation rather than the sympathetic (splanchnic) elements. A wide range of enteroceptors have been described over the whole length of the gut which subserve several different sensory modalities. Fibres from these enteroceptors project to the medulla, primarily to the nucleus of the solitary tract. In the medulla there is considerable integration of afferent information from different parts of the GI tract. Regulatory peptides are present both in the brain and in the GI tract. It is likely that these peptides may play a role in the modulation of sensory information in the medulla. Parallels may be drawn at a receptor level between somatic sensation and sensation in the GI tract. More centrally, sensory mechanisms relating to the gut seem less highly organized than in somatic sensation. This reduced influence of the central nervous system in GI tract sensation may be explained by the presence in the gut of a highly sophisticated intrinsic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, which pre-programmes many of the functions of the GI tract.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1983

Sensation seeking, reinforcement, and student drug use.

College student volunteers completed the Sensation Seeking Scale, a drug use survey, and provided demographic information. Subjects were also asked to generate a list of the events that they found most reinforcing (Reinforcer List). Drug use was positively related to scores on all subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale. Although neither drug use nor sensation seeking scores were related to the total number of items generated on the Reinforcer List, drug users did generate a higher percentage of items rated as high sensation producing items, and percent high sensation reinforcers was correlated with scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale. These results illustrate the importance of the sensation seeking motive as a correlate of student drug use.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Effect of vitamin E and other amelioratory agents on the fenvalerate-mediated skin sensation.

Previous investigations have demonstrated that dermal exposure to fenvalerate or other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides can produce a skin sensory response characterized by an itching/tingling sensation in humans and animals. The objective of this investigation performed in guinea pigs was to establish treatments which would be effective against pyrethroid-mediated skin sensation. Two classes of agents were tested. Barrier agents, which block penetration of substances through the skin, did not significantly reduce the fenvalerate-mediated skin sensations. Post-treatments with steroidal Dermolate, antihistamine Delamine or anti-inflammatory aspirin did not significantly reduce the pyrethroid-mediated skin sensation. However, Bicozene (a local anesthetic cream) and Tashan (a vitamin A, D, and E-containing cream) were effective in reducing the pyrethroid-mediated skin sensations. Prior (30 min and 5h) dermal application of vitamin E was found to be effective in significantly reducing the fenvalerate-mediated skin sensation; even when applied 29 h prior to fenvalerate exposure, there appeared to be a reduced skin response. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a pesticide synergist, reduced the fenvalerate skin sensations when applied either directly to the skin or in conjunction with the pyrethroid.

Anesthetics, Local↗

PubMed2006

Appetite sensations and satiety quotient: predictors of energy intake and weight loss.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to further evaluate the validity and clinical meaningfulness of appetite sensations to predict overall energy intake as well as body weight loss. METHODS: Men (n = 176) and women (n = 139) involved in six weight loss studies were selected to participate in this study. Visual analogue scales were used to measure appetite sensations before and after a fixed test meal. Fasting appetite sensations, 1 h post-prandial area under the curve (AUC) and the satiety quotient (SQ) were used as predictors of energy intake and body weight loss. Two separate measures of energy intake were used: a buffet style ad libitum test lunch and a three-day self-report dietary record. RESULTS: One-hour post-prandial AUC for all appetite sensations represented the strongest predictors of ad libitum test lunch energy intake (p < or = 0.001). These associations were more consistent and pronounced for women than men. Only SQ for fullness was associated with ad libitum test lunch energy intake in women. Similar but weaker relationships were found between appetite sensations and the 3-day self-reported energy intake. Weight loss was associated with changes in appetite sensations (p < or = 0.01) and the best predictors of body weight loss were fasting desire to eat; hunger; and PFC (p < or = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that appetite sensations are relatively useful predictors of spontaneous energy intake, free-living total energy intake and body weight loss. They also confirm that SQ for fullness predicts energy intake, at least in women.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys.

Sensation seeking is central to research on the prevention of risky health behaviors, but current measures of sensation seeking are fairly long, thereby reducing their chances of inclusion in some research projects. Hence, we developed and evaluated two brief indices of sensation seeking, a four-item measure that retains the framework of the Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V) and a shorter two-item measure focusing on the risk-taking elements of sensation seeking. We compared the performance of the new indices with that of two well documented but longer measures of sensation seeking. The evaluation was based on data provided by more than 5000 teens and pre-teens in grades 7 through 11. Psychometric analyses revealed that the internal consistency of the two new measures was very good overall and across grade and sex categories. Additionally, the new indices correlated as expected with a series of risk and protective factors as well as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Both indices performed in ways remarkably similar to the established measures of sensation seeking and should prove useful for future research involving risky health behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Thermal sensation and comfort in women exposed repeatedly to whole-body cryotherapy and winter swimming in ice-cold water.

Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC; -110 degrees C) and winter swimming (WS) in ice-cold water are severe ambient cold exposures, which are voluntarily practiced by humans in minimal clothing. The purpose was to examine thermal sensation and thermal comfort associated with WBC and WS. Twenty women similar in body mass index, age, physical activity, and use of hormonal contraception were pairwise randomized either to the WBC group or the WS group. The duration of each WBC exposure was 2 min, which was repeated three times per week for 3 months (13 weeks). Similar exposure frequency was used for the WS group, but each exposure lasted 20 s in outdoor conditions. Thermal sensation and comfort were asked with standard scales. After WBC, 65% of the thermal sensation votes were 'neutral' or 'slightly cool.' After WS, 81% of the thermal sensation votes were 'warm,' 'neutral,' or 'slightly cool.' Majority of comfort votes immediately after exposures in WBC group (98%) and in the WS group (93%) were 'comfortable' or 'slightly uncomfortable.' Thermal sensation and comfort became habituated in both groups at an early stage of trials, but the changes were less conclusive in WS group due to variable conditions outdoors. In the WBC group, cold sensation was less intense already after the second exposure. In conclusion, repeated exposures to WBC and WS in healthy women were mostly well tolerated and comfortable. The results indicate that during repeated severe whole-body cold stress of short duration, thermal sensation and comfort become habituated during the first exposures.

Adult↗