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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

In vitro effects of Rubella virus, strain RA 27/3, on human lymphocytes. II. Specific antigen stimulation in relation to Rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies.

Investigation has been made of the specific in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes by live or inactivated rubella virus of the strain RA 27/3. The thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes from blood donors with different serological immunity against rubella was measured following incubation with the viral antigens. UV-inactivated rubella virus caused a moderate degree of stimulation of lymphocytes from seropositive individuals. On the other hand, live rubella virus stimulated lymphocytes from donors with low titres of anti-rubella HI-antibodies but not lymphocytes from donors with high antibody titres. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Hemolytic anemia following postnatally acquired rubella during the 1975-1977 rubella epidemic in Japan.

Hemolytic anemia following postnatally acquired rubella first was reported by Sato et al. in 1977. Thirteen cases of hemolytic anemia (including two cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome) following postnatally acquired rubella infection reported in a nationwide epidemic of rubella in Japan in 1975-1977 are reviewed in this article, and another case is added. Clinical symptoms of hemolytic anemia occurred 2 to 6 days from the onset of rubella rash. Direct Coombs test was positive in three of the 11 cases tested, and the indirect test was positive in two of the 13 cases. Hemolytic anemia should be considered as a complication of postnatally acquired rubella, though to date, it has only been reported in Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Detection of IgG antibodies against rubella virus using the "Rubella-IgG-EIA SSW" test kit].

A new commercial ELISA test kit "Rubella-IgG-EIA SSW" is described for the determination of IgG antibodies to rubella virus. A panel of 99 sera was tested by "Rubella-IgG-EIA SSW" and by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI test). The results of enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and of HI test correlate well; the coefficient of correlation is 0.95, the specificity is 90.9% and the sensitivity is 100%. A coefficient of correlation was found out of 0.92 between EIA and HI test in the evaluation of the quantitative procedure. The test kit can be used for determination of immune status to rubella virus and for quantitative detection of rubella-IgG antibodies.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1989

Detection of rubella virus in fetal and placental tissues and in the throats of neonates after serologically confirmed rubella in pregnancy.

From 35 therapeutic abortions performed because rubella had occurred at 2-19 weeks of pregnancy, 120 fetal organs, 12 specimens of mixed products of conception, and 15 placentae were tested for rubella virus. Virus was isolated from 10 out of 11 fetuses (91 per cent) from women infected at 2-8 weeks, from 5 out of 8 (63 per cent) infected at 9-10 weeks, and from 2 out of 16 (13 per cent) infected at 11-19 weeks. Hybridization tests for viral RNA on 39 fetal organs from eight cases revealed infection in four additional fetuses. Virus was isolated from only 3 out of 15 aborted placentae, but hybridization tests on six placentae revealed infection in three additional specimens. Hybridization was superior to virus isolation for detecting rubella infection in products of conception and is therefore potentially the better method for examining chorionic villus biopsies. Rubella virus was isolated from the throats of 4 out of 9 infants (44 per cent) infected during the first 12 weeks of gestation, but from none of 13 infected after 17 weeks. Infants in the latter group are unlikely to infect susceptible contacts.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of rubella virus E2 and C proteins in protection against rubella virus in a mouse model.

An animal model is described that can provide further information for evaluating novel vaccines against rubella virus (RV). A group of mice was immunized with the lysate of insect cells infected by a recombinant baculovirus expressing E2 and C proteins of RV. Another group of mice was immunized with the RA27/3 rubella vaccine. After 2 weeks, both groups of mice were challenged intramuscularly with live RV and the blood was drawn after 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. The presence of rubella challenge virus in an unnatural host, such as the mouse, was monitored by RT-PCR. The mice immunized with the RA27/3 rubella vaccine were the only ones able to inhibit the challenge virus replication, E2 and C proteins, which alone are not sufficient to protect animals against RV, served as a negative control for a protective vaccine against RV that expresses E1 protein of RV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The history of rubella and rubella vaccination leading to elimination.

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was discovered in the 1940s, rubella virus was isolated in the early 1960s, and rubella vaccines became available by the end of the same decade. Systematic vaccination against rubella, usually in combination with measles, has eliminated both the congenital and acquired infection from some developed countries, most recently the United States, as is confirmed by the articles in this supplement. The present article summarizes the clinical syndrome of CRS, the process by which the vaccine was developed, and the history leading up to elimination, as well as the possible extension of elimination on a wider scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Postpartum rubella immunization: association with development of prolonged arthritis, neurological sequelae, and chronic rubella viremia.

Six women developed chronic long-term arthropathy after postpartum immunization against rubella. All individuals developed acute polyarticular arthritis within 12 days to three weeks postimmunization and have had continuing chronic or recurrent arthralgia or arthritis for two to seven years after vaccination. Acute neurological manifestations, consisting of carpal tunnel syndrome or multiple paresthesiae, developed postvaccination in three women. Two have developed continuing active or chronic recurrent episodes of blurred vision, paresthesiae, and painful limb syndromes together with recurrent joint symptoms. Chronic rubella viremia has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (MNC) populations in five of the six women up to six years after vaccination. In addition rubella virus was isolated from breast milk MNCs in one individual at nine months postvaccination and from peripheral blood MNCs in two of four breast-fed infants studied at 12-18 months of age. Immune responses to rubella virus studied at sequential intervals after vaccination correlated with development of rheumatologic and neurological manifestations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Rubella-associated arthritis: rescue of rubella virus from peripheral blood lymphocytes two years postvaccination.

Rubella virus was isolated from the peripheral lymphocytes of a patient with rubella-associated arthritis 2 years after rubella vaccination. The rescue of the virus was carried out by stimulating the lymphocytes with mitogens for several days in cultures and then cocultivating them with RK13 cells at 35 degrees C. Rubella virus was detected by a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, polyacrylamide gel analysis of labeled viral proteins, and microfocus assay for infectious virus particles. Assessment of the immune status of the patient did not indicate any impairment of immune function associated with long-term persistence of the virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay based on recombinant Rubella virus-like particles for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Rubella virus.

A new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of specific antibodies to rubella virus was evaluated at two different sites. This assay, the Roche Cobas Core Rubella IgM EIA recomb, uses a recombinant rubella virus-like particle and is based upon the immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture principle. It was compared to the Abbott IMx Rubella IgM test and to the Sorin ETI-RUBEK-M reverse test. The relative clinical specificities were 99.30% for the Roche test, 98.26% for the Abbott test, and 100% for the Sorin test. The relative clinical sensitivities were 100, 93.87, and 82.65%, respectively. In the case of most primary infections, IgM antibodies could be detected immediately at the onset of the disease and for up to 7 weeks. In the case of vaccinations, they could be detected between 3 and 12 weeks after vaccination.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Rubella virus genome diagnosis during pregnancy and mechanism of congenital rubella.

Fetal infection with rubella virus was diagnosed based on the detection of viral genome in the fetus-derived tissues. While viral genomes were detected in 41 of those 112 cases (36.7%) where rubella virus infection of the mother was apparent, only 7 of 141 cases (5. 0%) showed evidence of fetal infection when maternal rubella infection was inapparent. All 184 babies born of genome-negative mothers have no congenital disorder, while 2 out of 7 genome-positive babies have a congenital disorder (28.6%). Rubella virus was not transmitted across the placenta when infection occurred prior to gestation. Transmission rate increased to a maximum level during the first trimester and declined to 0% until 20 weeks of gestation. Interval of viral transmission from the onset of rash in the mother was about 10 days to the placental villi and 20-30 days to the fetus. A phylogenetic tree of 61 virus isolates suggested no difference of virulence/teratogenicity among the virus isolates.

Female↗
PubMed1986

The virtual elimination of rubella and mumps from the United States and the use of combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR) to eliminate measles.

The measles elimination effort, which began in 1978, has made dramatic contributions to the virtual elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and the control of mumps in the USA. The use of combined MMR vaccine has resulted in immunization levels at school entry in excess of 95% against each of these diseases. As a result, record low levels of rubella, CRS, and mumps were reported in 1984. Continued use of MMR, along with improved surveillance and aggressive response to outbreaks, can be expected to eliminate rubella and mumps as well as measles.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of recombinant rubella-like particles in a commercial immunoassay for the detection of anti-rubella IgG.

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the performance of the novel rubella serology assay, Cobas Core Rubella IgG EIA recomb, which uses rubella-like particles (RLPs) expressed in transfected BHK-21 cells as the antigen. STUDY DESIGN: Evaluation of the assay included comparison with the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and another enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using native rubella virus (RV) as antigen, i.e. the Abbott IMx Rubella IgG. The assay was calibrated against the WHO 1000 IU/ml reference serum and showed good correlation with the HAI test in the analysis of 404 serum samples. However, quantitative differences in IgG values measured in the Cobas Core and the Abbott IMx assays were noted. RESULTS: Values obtained for patient sera as well as CDC and WHO standards were generally more than twice as high in the Abbott IMx assay as in the Cobas Core test. CONCLUSIONS: For sera whose IgG levels in the immunoassay and HAI test were discordant, immunoblotting proved valuable as a confirmatory method and indicated that a significant number of HAI-negative samples were correctly interpreted as positive by the immunoassay.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Antibody response to the rubella virus structural proteins in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome.

Forty-five serum samples from 31 newborns and infants with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were tested by immunoprecipitation to determine their antibody spectra to each of the structural proteins of rubella virus. Most sera (37/45) contained little or no E2 protein-specific antibody, but some (6/45) precipitated a greater amount of the E2 glycoprotein than the E1 glycoprotein. The relative E1/E2 ratio was found to decrease with time when serial serum samples from the same patient were tested. No correlation between the IgG class hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and the E1/E2 ratio could be demonstrated. However, in some serum specimens relatively high neutralizing antibody titers were correlated with immunoprecipitation of the E2 glycopolypeptide. None of the CRS sera reacted well with the C protein. The immunoprecipitation patterns found in CRS sera were qualitatively different from those observed in a series of 25 sera from young adults with conventional serologic evidence of rubella immunity following natural infection. All of the natural immune sera recognized each of the three structural polypeptides of rubella virus.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Inadvertent rubella vaccination of pregnant women: evaluation of possible transplacental infection with rubella vaccine.

During mass campaign for measles/rubella vaccination on December 2003 in Iran, many pregnant women have vaccinated mistakenly. These women were grouped to susceptible and immune against rubella before vaccination by the status of IgG avidity response to rubella vaccine, then susceptible women were followed up to delivery time and their neonates were followed up to one year. In five neonates that were born from susceptible women, rubella-specific IgM has detected in cord blood sera, but they have not shown signs compatible to congenital rubella syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Detection of rubella-specific IgM in subclinical rubella reinfection in pregnancy.

Seven cases of asymptomatic rubella reinfection in early pregnancy are described. In each, there was a history of exposure to a rubelliform illness and low levels of rubella-specific IgM subsequently appeared in the serum. Four of the women had been immunised, after having been shown to be susceptible to rubella, one had been immunised at school without previous antibody screening, and two were uncertain about immunisation. One pregnancy was terminated and rubella virus was not isolated from the products of conception. Six pregnancies went to term and the infants showed no evidence of intrauterine infection. In a further case it was impossible to discriminate between reinfection and primary infection, and termination of pregnancy was offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Radial haemolysis for the detection of rubella antibody in acute postnatal rubella.

One hundred and forty-eight sera from 101 cases of acute postnatal rubella were examined by the radial haemolysis (RH) technique currently recommended by the Public Health Laboratory Service of the United Kingdom. In 75 cases the date of onset of rash was known. No sera were RH positive until the third day after the onset of rash and one serum was still negative at 9 days. By 10 days all sera gave a zone of at least 10 mm. The antibody response detected by RH appears later than that detected by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Thirty-nine of the 101 cases could be diagnosed by seroconversion or a significant rise in titre using the HI test (diagnosis of the remainder depending upon rubella-specific IgM tests). Using the RH test this figure rises to 48 but in ten of these cases reliance on RH would have meant a delay in diagnosis. The results also indicate that many more sera would need to be tested for rubella-specific IgM if the RH test was used instead of the HI test for evaluating possible cases and contacts of rubella.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

A model-based evaluation of the national immunization programme against rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome in The Netherlands.

In order to improve the prevention of cases of congenital rubella syndrome in The Netherlands, in 1987 the selective vaccination strategy against rubella infection in girls was replaced by mass vaccination. This decision was supported by mathematical model analyses carried out by Van Druten and De Boo. In order to compare the predicted impact of the rubella vaccination programme with the current available data in more detail, a similar model was built. Although the model predicts elimination of the rubella virus, data show that virus circulation is still present at a higher level than expected by the model. Simulation studies indicate that import of infection and a lower vaccine effectiveness, related to possible asymptomatic reinfection of vaccinated people, could be sources contributing to the present virus circulation. Even though the number of infections is much higher than the number of reported cases of disease, limited serosurveillance data and case notification data show that females of childbearing age are well protected by immunization.

Adolescent↗