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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Imaging techniques in neuro-oncology.

OBJECTIVES: To review neuroimaging techniques used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with brain tumors as well as promising new technology. DATA SOURCES: Published articles and reference books. CONCLUSION: The primary method used in the initial diagnosis, monitoring of response, and determination of progression in neuro-oncology is neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging. New techniques, such as spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging allow the clinician to look at the metabolic make-up of the tumor in addition to the size and amount of enhancement. These techniques will allow for better understanding of the occurrence of changes in the tumor with therapy and hold the promise of earlier diagnosis of progression and response. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Understanding the application of current neuroimaging techniques is essential for the oncology nurse caring for brain tumor patients to provide education and assist with interpretation of results.

Central Nervous System Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Brain tumor treatment: chemotherapy and other new developments.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a summary of chemotherapy used in the management of malignant brain tumors, including a historical perspective, current standard therapies, and promising new therapies. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, research data, and reference books. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy is used to treat several types of brain tumors, including primary central nervous system lymphomas, medulloblastomas, brain metastases, and malignant gliomas. New therapies, including cytostatic agents and molecular therapies, are being evaluated and used in the management of brain tumors. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: It is essential for the oncology nurse to possess knowledge of the different types of brain tumors treated with chemotherapy, current chemotherapy regimens, new innovative therapies, and nursing management issues specific to this population.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed2004

Neurocognitive changes in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: To review the neurocognitive changes in patients with cancer. This will include and overview of signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing interventions, and supportive pharmacologic measures for the treatment of acute and chronic changes in cognition. DATA SOURCES: Published articles and reference books. CONCLUSION: The treatment modalities used for individuals with cancer can produce cognitive deficits that may negatively affect quality of life. The clinician's consistent assessment and evaluation of contributing factors such as co-morbidities, medications, age, and metabolic abnormalities assists in identifying the etiology for cognitive changes and guiding appropriate interventions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Understanding the need for assessment of changes in cognition and the direct and indirect factors that contribute to these changes is critical for the oncology nurse caring for patients with cancer to provide an appropriate plan of care.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

[Detection and typing for swine leukocyte antigen].

Traditionally the cluster of swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) was typed by serological, cytological and biochemical methods. Many special molecular typing methods have been developed with the progress of molecular biological technology, such as PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP , MS and DNA sequencing. Here we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each method based on the polymorphic and conservative (from the functional aspect, such as supertype and supermotif) characteristics of SLA, and illustrated the development of typing for SLA in the future. In addition, we pointed out the editorial mistakes about the serological haplotype of SLA in reference book and emphasized that the accurate polymorphism of SLA-DQB gene must be based on the cloning sequencing.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Infections in immunosuppressed children].

BACKGROUND: Children undergoing transplantation or treatment for cancer have periods with severe immunosuppression; hence they are very susceptible to infections. A bacterial infection can rapidly become life threatening, and it is crucial to promptly start antibiotic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The background for this article is a two-day discussion among Norwegian paediatricians about infections in immunosuppressed children. In addition we have reviewed the literature by searches in PubMed, reference books and international guidelines. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: When a neutropenic patient becomes febrile, one should quickly do a thorough clinical examination, secure relevant microbiological samples, and start treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. As standard treatment for Norwegian children we recommend a combination of intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin. Patients who have clinical signs of septic shock should be given cefotaxime and gentamicin. If they get worse or show no signs of recovery after 3 to 5 days, a change to monotherapy with cefotaxime is recommended. Patients already treated with cefotaxime should be switched to meropenem, possibly in combination with vancomycin. Antifungal and/or anti-anaerobic treatment should also be considered.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Acute pancreatitis: update and approach protocol proposal].

Acute pancreatitis, a broad spectrum pathology, has a variable incidence, closely related to the geographic differences in its most frequent etiologies. Its pathogenesis remains to be cleared, with several proposed mechanisms. Pancreatitis' diagnosis, severity evaluation and the use of imagiologic and endoscopic auxiliary exams must be based in scientifically settled criteria. Treatment depends, mostly, on the episode's severity, but is mainly supportive. Pancreatitis' complications are responsible for the lethal cases and their classification as early, intermediate and late has practical utility. Based on a literature review of the pathology, including reference books and computer data bases, a systematized approach algorithm is proposed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hormone Replacement Therapy in menopause: current concerns and considerations.

UNLABELLED: It has been estimated that one third of postmenopausal women in the U.S. use Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) to treat symptoms of menopause and prevent chronic conditions. In developing countries HRT use is not so common but there is an increasing trend in its use. It has been seen that women with better socio-economic status, higher education and urban population use HRT. It is important that benefits and harms of HRT based on scientific evidence should be considered when prescribing HRT. The health care workers should prepare themselves for a better dialogue with women including information about alternative treatment. OBJECTIVE: To review the available evidence on benefits and harms of HRT. METHODOLOGY: A Medline search was done for papers published in English language between 1990 to 2003, with abstracts available. The limitations set were original articles and reviews. The key words used were Menopause, Hormone Replacement, HRT, and ERT. The local libraries were searched and email requests were sent for full text articles. 10 full text articles were available, mostly review and large studies, which were studied in more detail. Some textbooks and reference books for gynaecology were also reviewed. RESULTS: Beneficial effects of HRT on vasomotor symptoms have been supported by various studies, but HRT to treat negative mood is not recommended. A systematic review of Cochran database showed little evidence regarding the effect of hormone replacement therapy or oestrogen replacement therapy on overall cognitive function in healthy postmenopausal women. Oestrogens and androgens have significant beneficial effects on skin collagen, but do not prevent the effect of aging on elastic tissue and have limited use in the prevention and treatment of skin changes of menopause. Short-term benefits have been shown for urogenital atrophy. Recent evidences suggest that benefits of HRT include prevention of osteoporotic fractures, and colorectal cancer while prevention of dementia is uncertain. Harms include Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), stroke, thromboembolic events, breast cancer, with 5 or more years of use, and cholecystitis. It is recommended that the regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. In women with CHD, it should not be used for secondary prevention of CHD events. Active living, alternative therapies and consumption of food rich in phyto-oestrogens are some areas, which need to be explored in more detail. CONCLUSION: Patient preferences as well as evidence are important to initiate and/or continue HRT. Benefits and harms need to be re-addressed periodically to apply newly published evidence and to reassess emerging risk, co-morbidities and need of individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Are models of disability useful in real cases? Pediatric case examples realized in research, clinical practice, and education.

Conceptual models are useful devices for organizing complex material and examining interrelationships among variables. For example, speakers at the 1990 II STEP Conference presented a systems model of motor control, the dynamical systems model as used in studying infant motor development, and the World Health Organization model as a systematic approach to the description of impairments, functional limitations, and disability. The purpose of this perspective is to provide examples of the usefulness of models of disability in organizing research, educational materials, and measurement in clinical practice. The disability model of the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research was used: (1) to design a measurement strategy for assessing effects of spasticity reduction in a child with cerebral palsy, (2) to develop a new assessment of functional motor performance in infants, and (3) as the conceptual framework for a comprehensive reference book for the practice of pediatric physical therapy (the current edition has been reformatted to conform to the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health). Similar models of the dimensions of disability have guided extensive development of tests designed by physical therapists for assessing function and quality of life in children with neurologic conditions.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed2005

[Expository models relative to prognosis in the Corpus Hippocraticum. (Prorrhetic 2, Diseases 1-3, Internal disease, Prognosis)].

In the Corpus Hippocraticum, prognosis and therapy are developed through observation of signs, as prescribed by Prognostic and Prorrhetic 2; the signs considered most significant are non-verbal signs, i.e. clues, because they cannot be voluntarily altered and the sign provides a hypothetical indication (semiotic abduction). In the examined texts the attention is devoted to the use of these signs with prognostic and therapeutic indication value and we can observe that the inferential scheme tends to aphoristic forms because the doctors need quick reference books, such as Coan Prognoses.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed1986

Worldwide trends and developments in social security, 1983-85.

This article highlights the major developments and trends in social insurance programs that are presented in detail in the 1985 edition of Social Security Programs Throughout the World. The data in that reference book reflect the fact that as countries have adapted to the slow economic growth in recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on the cost effective use of social security funds. Some industrialized countries have restructured benefit provisions and reallocated resources among programs and beneficiaries to target benefits for specific groups. In the developing nations, the introduction of additional programs and expanded benefits continued on a limited scale amidst widespread concern about maintaining the real value of benefits after years of high inflation.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1985

Survey of consumer users of a statewide drug information service.

A survey of consumers who had used a state-supported drug information center (DIC) was conducted to determine reasons for and frequency of use of the DIC and opinions about the services of the DIC. The Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC) mailed questionnaires to 281 lay persons who had requested information about use of prescription or nonprescription drugs. The questionnaires were sent only to callers who responded affirmatively when asked to participate in the survey. Of 154 (54.8%) respondents (83.8% women), 40.9% were using no prescription drugs at the time of the survey and 83.8% purchased fewer than two nonprescription drugs per month. Approximately 44% said they tried to obtain drug information at least once per month. Pharmacists were named as the most frequent source of drug information for nonprescription drugs, but information about prescription drugs was sought more frequently from physicians and reference books. APDIC was mentioned most frequently as a source of information about all drugs (both prescription and nonprescription). Nearly all respondents said the information from APDIC was helpful and the service should be continued. Drug information consumers looked to this DIC to meet a demand not being met by pharmacists or physicians in the community. Consumers viewed the information as valuable and used this service because it was available and accessible.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Educating Hungarian medical librarians in special literature.

In Hungary the completion of a thirty-month course is required of those who wish to qualify as medium-level librarians. Medical librarians are given a special course which differs from the general course in that it covers the subjects of medical terminology and information in special literature. The latter subject is accorded the highest number of teaching hours, since the subject matter is vast and since, in addition to theory, much time must be spent on exercises and the presentation of reference books. The students become familiar with the main Hungarian and foreign information systems in the medical and related fields and with special bibliographies, encyclopedias, handbooks, and dictionaries. We take special care to familiarize students with the abstracting journals and indices. For several semesters they have homework and lesson exercises in the use of the Hungarian Medical Bibliography and Index Medicus.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed1980

A statewide decentralized public drug information system.

A statewide drug information system designed to assist consumers and health professionals is described, with emphasis on the training of pharmacists in the system's satellites. The development of the system was initially funded by a 10-month, $12,500 grant from the Chemical Dependency Division of the State of Minnesota Department of Public Welfare. Twenty-one satellite drug information centers in community or hospital pharmacies are linked by a WATS telephone line to the library of the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy. Consumers' questions are handled through the satellites with the pharmacists there referring to the central information source as needed. All the pharmacists in the system are trained in a one and one-half day program that covers (1) consultation skills, (2) communication skills, (3) drug information retrieval and distribution, (4) practical applications, (5) promotion, and (6) resources and referrals. The average amount of time devoted to the service for all pharmacy sites is 15-20 minutes per day. Percentage of time that specific resources are used include one's own knowledge and experience, 64.8%; a fellow pharmacist, 5.7%; another resource individual, 5.1%; a standard pharmacy reference book, 13.4%; the central clearinghouse at the college, 6.2%; and another resource facility, 4.8%. The authors believe that their system can be easily adapted to other areas.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1994

Transferring knowledge from one system to another.

Although knowledge is contained in many systems, moving it from one system to another is not an easy task because each system is tailored in its own unique way and because knowledge configurations are usually copyrighted. To populate our FRAMEMED knowledge base we turned to the NLM Metathesaurus as a readily-available open source of knowledge. We were disappointed by the greatly variable granularity of the concepts and the lack of definitions that could be borrowed. Some reference books in electronic form seem attractive but reformatting will require excessive human intervention and copyright negotiation.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

[Equivalent dose or dose equivalence?].

In the Croatian language the terms denoting certain physical quantities in the field of radiation protection dosimetry lack precision. Consequently, either the English expressions or mathematical formulas are used instead. The situation is even worse as only a limited number of textbooks, reference books and professional papers are available in the Croatian language. This paper reviews dosimetric quantities and their definitions, and sets forth a survey of the radiation dosimetry terms in literature. The terminology is both non-uniform and imprecise, especially since the latest recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) have introduced new concepts of some dosimetric quantities. Also, Croatian terms for certain dosimetric quantities still have not been fully accepted. Bearing in mind the need for clear and well defined technical terms the author proposes Croatian terms for several dosimetric quantities.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug information and educational needs. A survey of rural home health care nurses.

In a study of rural home healthcare nurses' drug information and educational needs, data were collected from 40 nurses employed by a community-based public home health agency. The most serious drug-related problem identified by the nurses was patients' failure to receive prescribed drugs. The ten types of drug-related information included in the survey were viewed as very useful. The most frequently used sources of drug-related information were reference books, other nurses, and pharmacists.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1995

[Educational needs of home health care nurses].

Because of the rapid growth and changes occurring in home health care, nurses have a need for acquiring additional education and nursing skills. Post-RN (registered nurse) education in home health care, however, has not been developed yet. The purpose of this study was to identify the significant educational needs of the home health care nurses in order to upgrade nursing skills. A survey was conducted of members of the nursing society for intractable-diseases and other home health nurses introduced by some of the members. The survey questionnaires were sent to 172 subjects and the response rate was 79.6%. Practical nurses and inactive nurses were excluded to leave 125 registered nurses who were subjects of this analysis. The major findings in this study were as follows: a) The mean age of the respondents was 42.1 years old. The average length of clinical nursing experience was 17.0 years. b) Among fifty home care nursing skills indicated higher implementation percentage than high-technology nursing skills. c) The personal care skills as well as high-technology nursing skills showed low difficulty, while interviewing and counseling skill and communication skill showed high difficulty. d) The respondents showed high educational needs for mastering high-technology nursing, communication and counseling skills. e) Clinical nursing experience of hospital service was found to be significantly useful means for the respondents to perform most of the home care nursing skills. Reference books were utilized as supplementary to the clinical experience. f) When asked about their desire for educational resources to provide high quality home health care nursing, approximately 80% responded that they wanted to obtain up-to-date information, and opportunities for clinical practice training courses. On the basis of our findings, the following skills could be crucial for the home health nurses and should be included in continuing educational programs; interviewing and counseling, interpersonal communication, high-technology home health care nursing, and independent decision-making.

Adult↗