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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Glucose as an adjunct triage tool to the Red Cross Wound Classification.

The plasma concentrations of glucose, adrenaline, noradrenaline, insulin, and cortisol were measured in 59 patients within 18 hours of military gunshot/missile (MG/M) wound. The wounds were categorized by the Red Cross Wound Classification (RCWC) and assessed by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) method. The majority of the measured biochemical parameters, except insulin, were significantly increased after MG/M wounds, compared with control values. Plasma glucose concentration in wounded patients was positively related to ISS over the whole severity range. Plasma insulin concentration increased with glucose. Noradrenaline and cortisol were positively related to glucose. Because hemorrhage is the most common cause of general response to MG/M wound, we concluded that glucose measurement could be a useful adjunct tool to the RCWC in rapid and accurate assessment of severely wounded patients, especially those with occult thoraco-abdominal wounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Medical consequences of land mines: Red Cross experiences].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical consequences of land mine injuries. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHOD: A total of 17,414 casualties of war, treated in five hospitals of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) over a three-year period were evaluated. 3264 of these casualties had anti-personnel mine injuries. RESULTS: Approximately one out of three land mine casualties underwent an amputation of the lower extremities (n = 1040). The number of operations and the blood requirements depended on the extent of the amputation. Hospital mortality was 3.8%. CONCLUSION: Amputees have a higher mortality and a longer hospital stay, need more blood and undergo more operations than non-amputated casualties. The social consequences are considerable, as well. Better protection against indiscriminate use of anti-personnel mines is urgently necessary on medical grounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Relation between fever and outcome in injured victims of an internal armed conflict: the experience in a war surgery hospital of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

The records of 1,941 consecutive patients-victims of an internal armed conflict-admitted and treated over a period of 12 months at the surgical hospital of the International Committee of the Red Cross are analyzed retrospectively. They are divided in two groups: those with "fever" and those with "no fever." Patients are classified as having fever when the orally measured temperature is 39.0 degrees C or more for 2 or more subsequent days. The study indicates that fever is associated with the outcome in terms of an increase in the number of operations, the use of blood, the number of days in the hospital, and mortality, Surgeons working in internal armed conflicts without microbiological testing facilities have to consider fever as an important indicator for the clinical condition of their patients.

Afghanistan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Donor recruitment and blood collection costs for Red Cross Centers. An investigation of the economies of scale hypothesis.

This paper presents a statistical analysis of the hypothesis that there are economies of scale in the collection of blood. Based on a national sample of Red Cross collection centers, an analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between total costs of obtaining blood as well as its recruitment and collection components, and explanatory factors such as local costs, mobile units used, and scale of operations. Adjusting for other factors, our results indicate slight diseconomies of scale at all levels of operation: that is, as scale of operations increase, collection costs rise. Only the costs associated with the recruitment and collection functions are examined in this study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Monitoring in motion. An update on the Air Ambulance Service of the South African Red Cross Society (Cape Region).

Since 1966, when 40 patients were transported in a single-engined light aircraft in its first year of service, the Air Ambulance Service of the Cape Region of the South African Red Cross Society has continued to grow annually, providing the people of southern Africa with a remarkable and, in its many ways, unique service. More than 3,300 patients have been transported on more than 2,500 flights in the past 23 years. In June 1988, a Cessna Citation jet aircraft was taken into service and, by 20 January 1989, had already transported more than 148 patients on 102 flights. This aircraft was equipped in Cape Town and has sophisticated life support and monitoring equipment, which enables critically ill patients to be transported over long distances in safety.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1994

Proficiency testing of factor VIII:C activity assays at the Canadian Red Cross Society National Reference Laboratory.

A national proficiency testing program has been established to monitor the accuracy and precision of factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) assays performed at the various Blood Services Centres of the Canadian Red Cross Society involved in the collection and processing of either donor blood designated for component production or plasma destined for fractionation. This paper describes the preparation, design, and results of the first four exercises involving 19 laboratories. The exercises were designed to allow the investigation of intralaboratory variability between replicate samples and precision of assays as well as the causes of interlaboratory variability. The implementation of this program has led to improved precision and interlaboratory agreement on FVIII:C assays. These improvements were achieved mainly as a result of a modification in the method for sample dilution, an increase in both replicate testing of the same sample and the number of sample dilutions, and a reduction in the number of reagent systems used by various centres.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Sacrococcygeal germ-cell tumours--the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital experience, 1980-1996.

OBJECTIVE: To document the experience of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in the treatment of sacrococcygeal germ-cell tumours. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven patients with sacrococcygeal germ-cell tumours were treated in our hospital from 1980 to 1996. DESIGN: A retrospective review of these patients' records was undertaken. RESULTS: There were 19 female and 8 male patients. Seventeen (63%) presented in the neonatal period, 13 on the first day of life. Complete surgical resection of the tumour was achieved in all patients with mature or immature teratomas (20 patients) and in 2 neonates with malignant tumours. The first of these 2 neonates, with a malignant teratoma, was not given chemotherapy and remains well 10 years later. The second, with a yolk-sac tumour, also received no initial chemotherapy. He relapsed at the age of 9 months and was successfully treated with repeat excision and chemotherapy. All 5 patients first diagnosed after the age of 1 year had malignant tumours. These patients had incomplete surgical resection (3) or biopsy only (2), and 3 were successfully treated with chemotherapy. One patient relapsed with yolksac tumour after initial complete resection of a mature teratoma. She was successfully treated with repeat surgery and chemotherapy.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2006

Coping motives and trait negative affect: testing mediation and moderation models of alcohol problems among American Red Cross disaster workers who responded to the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks.

This study explored the mechanism by which trait negative affect and alcohol coping motives are associated with alcohol-related problems in a sample of American Red Cross workers who participated in the relief operation following the attacks in New York City, the Pentagon, and the Pennsylvania crash site on Sept. 11th 2001. The results supported the mediation but not moderation model of coping motives. The support for the mediation model was fairly strong, including small to moderate associations between negative affect and alcohol problems, moderate to strong associations between negative affect and coping motives, and evidence of coping motives mediating the negative affect to alcohol problems relationships. The association between negative affect and coping motives was stronger among younger participants.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Short report: screening for Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood supply by the Red Cross blood bank in Quito, Ecuador.

The status of Chagas' disease in Ecuador is not clear. In response to reports suggesting the possibility of transfusion-associated transmission of Chagas' disease in the blood bank in Quito, the Ecuadorian Red Cross in collaboration with the Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Zona Norte and the Tropical Disease Institute of Ohio University implemented a pilot Chagas' disease screening of the donated blood in the Quito blood bank. The results of the screening showed a low incidence of seropositivity among the donors (0.01% in 1994, 0.04% in 1995, and 0.02% in 1996) to the Quito blood bank and a higher seropositivity in samples donated to smaller blood banks (0.4% in 1994, 0.28% in 1995, and 0.13% in 1996) located in areas considered endemic, as well as from at least two areas previously considered nonendemic for Chagas' disease. This report highlights the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the prevalence and distribution of Chagas' disease in Ecuador.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Revision of the Thai Red Cross intradermal rabies post-exposure regimen by eliminating the 90-day booster injection.

The Thai Red Cross intradermal post-exposure rabies prophylaxis regimen (TRC-ID) is being used in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and is making inroads in India. It consists of two injections of 0.1 mL of any World Health Organization recommended tissue culture rabies vaccine intradermally at two sites on days 0, 3, 7, followed by one injection on days 28 and 90. Two decades of experience had shown that approximately 11% of 187,000 possibly rabies exposed subjects who received the TRC-ID schedule, did not return for the 90-day booster. No rabies deaths had, however, been reported from this group. This stimulated two studies to determine whether the 90-day booster can be abolished. They demonstrated that, if the single 28-day 0.1 mL injection is increased to two at two sites, a comparable antibody response can be achieved and the 90-day booster can be omitted. The tissue culture rabies vaccine used in the preliminary study was purified chick embryo vaccine (PCEC Chiron) and for this study it was chromatography purified Vero cell vaccine (CPRV, Aventis-Pasteur). CPRV had been previously shown to be as immunogenic and effective as purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV).

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Liver transplantation at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital.

UNLABELLED: The liver transplant programme for infants and children at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital is the only established paediatric service in sub-Saharan Africa. Referrals for liver transplant assessment come from most provinces within South Africa as well as neighbouring countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since 1987, 81 children (range 6 months-14 years) have had 84 liver transplants with biliary atresia being the most frequent diagnosis. The indications for transplantation include biliary atresia (48), metabolic (7), fulminant hepatic failure (10), redo transplants (3) and other (16). Four combined liver/kidney transplants have been performed. Fifty-three were reduced-size transplants with donor/recipient weight ratios ranging from 2:1 to 11:1 and 32 children weighed less than 10 kg. RESULTS: Sixty patients (74%) survived 3 months-14 years post-transplant. Overall cumulative 1- and 5-year patient survival figures are 79% and 70% respectively. However, with the introduction of prophylactic intravenous ganciclovir and the exclusion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) IgG core Ab-positive donors, the 1-year patient survival is 90% and the projected 5-year paediatric survival is > 80%. Early (< 1 month) post-liver-transplant mortality was low. Causes include primary malfunction (1), inferior vena cava thrombosis (1), bleeding oesophageal ulcer (1), sepsis (1) and cerebral oedema (1). Late morbidity and mortality was mainly due to infections: de novo hepatitis B (5 patients, 2 deaths), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- related post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (12 patients, 7 deaths) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease (10 patients, 5 deaths). Tuberculosis (TB) treatment in 3 patients was complicated by chronic rejection (1) and TB-drug-induced subfulminant liver failure (1). CONCLUSION: Despite limited resources, a successful paediatric programme has been established with good patient and graft survival figures and excellent quality of life. Shortage of donors because of infection with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to significant waiting-list mortality and infrequent transplantation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Red Cross only positive result of horrifying 1859 bloodbath.

Haunted by the suffering and human devastation he witnessed after the 1859 Battle of Solferino in Italy, Swiss banker Henry Dunant wrote a book that galvanized European governments and resulted in the first international agreement that established rules for the conduct of war. The Geneva Convention also resulted in the formation of the Red Cross.

Europe↗
PubMed1980

Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. ii. Distribution of level of HBsAg reactivity by radioimmunoassay and occurrence of nonspecific reactivity.

During the year 1978 this laboratory evaluated the specificity of all samples found reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by 44 of 57 regions of the American Red Cross Blood Services. Radioimmunoassay detected a total of 1.921 HBsAg-reactive sampled among more than three million donor units tested. A vast majority (96%) of the samples had high level of HBsAg (greater than or equal to 20 ng/ml). Only about 50% of the samples with low level of HBsAg (less than 20 ng/ml) were reactive in reversed passive hemagglutination. There were 13 samples that were repeatable for HBsAg but were considered nonspecific as they were nonneutralizable in radioimmunoassay, 2 donors who showed nonspecific reactivity were further tested and it was found that the reactivity in radioimmunoassay persisted for more than 9 months, and this reactivity was also detectable by a second commercial kit for HBsAg. Antibodies to core and surface antigen were not found in any of the nine samples that were tested. The explanation of this nonspecific reactivity is unclear, but the data suggest that the nonspecific factor(s) may be an inherent property of the sample rather than a deficiency of the test reagents.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed2000

Thai Red Cross zidovudine donation program to prevent vertical transmission of HIV: the effect of the modified ACTG 076 regimen.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the modified ACTG 076 zidovudine regimen on the risk for vertical HIV transmission. DESIGN: Observational retrospective evaluation of a prospective cohort. SETTING: Thai Red Cross zidovudine donation program to reduce vertical HIV transmission. PATIENTS: HIV-infected Thai women and their offspring. INTERVENTION: The modified regimen consisted of 500 mg zidovudine daily during pregnancy and 300 mg zidovudine every 3 h during labor, taken orally, and 2 mg/kg zidovudine syrup four times daily for 6 weeks to infants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Only infants with at least 1 HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result at age > or = 4 weeks were included. HIV infection was defined by having at least one positive PCR at age > or = 4 weeks. The transmission rate was calculated. Characteristics of women who did and did not transmit HIV to infants were compared. RESULTS: A total of 2891 women and their infants participated in the program and 726 infants of 719 women were included in the analysis. Forty-three infants were infected. The overall transmission rate was 6.0% (95% confidence interval, 4.4-8.0). There were no differences in maternal characteristics between transmitters and non-transmitters. The transmission rate in women who started zidovudine before 30 weeks' gestation was not significantly different from that in women who started zidovudine at or after 30 weeks' gestation: 5.7 versus 3.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This modified zidovudine regimen is effective in reducing vertical transmission in a country with predominant subtype E infection. A donation program for preventing vertical HIV transmission can be implemented in developing countries, as in Thailand.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Characterisation of patients treated at the Red Cross field hospital in Kashmir during the first three weeks of operation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of patients treated at a field hospital in the first month after a major earthquake. METHODS: Age, sex, diagnosis, and operations performed on patients admitted to the field hospital of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Pakistani Kashmir between 21 October and 10 November 2005 were recorded and the data analysed. RESULTS: During the three week period of this study, 316 patients were treated at the hospital; 246 were women and children (77.9%). Two thirds were hospitalised, over 90% because of the need for surgery or surgical consultation. Altogether 345 operations were performed on 157 patients. The majority of patients had infected wounds with or without fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients need medical evaluation in consequence of earthquake-related trauma even weeks after the catastrophe, especially in areas difficult of access.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Abdominal injuries in the war wounded of Afghanistan: a report from the International Committee of the Red Cross Hospital in Kabul.

This report is from the hospital opened by the International Committee of the Red Cross, in Kabul, which receives acute war-wounded patients from the Afghanistan conflict. Of more than 1000 operations carried out by the New Zealand team in a 6-month period, there were 70 laparotomies for penetrating wounds. These injuries were dealt with by established surgical techniques. The main area of controversy was the management of colonic wounds where the recent trend away from mandatory colostomy was followed by good results. Selective primary repair was achieved in 16 of 27 patients with colonic injury with no mortality and minimal morbidity. The right colon was considered particularly favourable for primary anastomosis. The overall mortality rate for all laparotomies was 13 per cent, with injuries to the liver, major veins and rectum particularly being fatal. There were eight negative laparotomies.

Abdominal Injuries↗