Caretaker bias in the study of young children.
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Caregivers↗
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Results for “Reactive Attachment Disorder”
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Telepsychiatry for treating rural American Indian youth.
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Adolescent↗
Attachment for infants in foster care: the role of caregiver state of mind.
The concordance between foster mothers' attachment state of mind and foster infants' attachment quality was examined for 50 foster mother-infant dyads. Babies had been placed into the care of their foster mothers between birth and 20 months of age. Attachment quality was assessed between 12 and 24 months of age, at least 3 months after the infants' placement into foster care. The two-way correspondence between maternal state of mind and infant attachment quality was 72%, kappa = .43, similar to the level seen among biologically intact mother-infant dyads. Contrary to expectations, age at placement was not related to attachment quality. Rather, concordance between maternal state of mind and infant attachment was seen for relatively late-placed babies, as well as early placed babies. These findings have two major implications. First, following a disruption in care during the first year and a half of life, babies appear capable of organizing their behavior around the availability of new caregivers. Second, these data argue for a nongenetic mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of attachment.
Adult↗
Shedding further light on the effects of various types and quality of early child care on infant-mother attachment relationship: the Haifa Study of Early Child Care.
The Haifa Study of Early Child Care recruited a large-scale sample (N = 758) that represented the full SES spectrum in Israel, to examine the unique contribution of various child-care-related correlates to infant attachment. After controlling for other potential contributing variables--including mother characteristics, mother-child interaction, mother-father relationship, infant characteristics and development, and the environment--this study found that center-care, in and of itself, adversely increased the likelihood of infants developing insecure attachment to their mothers as compared with infants who were either in maternal care, individual nonparental care with a relative, individual nonparental care with a paid caregiver, or family day-care. The results suggest that it is the poor quality of center-care and the high infant-caregiver ratio that accounted for this increased level of attachment insecurity among center-care infants.
Child Day Care Centers↗
Earned-secure attachment status in retrospect and prospect.
Past research with the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview demonstrates that retrospectively defined earned-secures (who coherently describe negative childhood experiences) parent as effectively as do continuous-secures (who coherently describe positive childhood experiences), but manifest liabilities in the form of depressive symptomatology. This article presents data from a 23-year longitudinal study that replicate and extend prior research, testing a key premise that earned-secures so defined actually have a history of insecure attachments that change over time and/or endure consistently harsh or ineffective parenting in their youth. Discrepant with assumptions, retrospective earned-secures were not more likely than continuous-secures to have been anxiously attached in infancy and were observed in childhood and adolescence to have encountered among the most supportive and structured maternal parenting in a high-risk sample. Prospectively defined earned-secures (operationalized using participants' infant attachment classifications) did indeed go on to have success in their close relationships, many without reporting relatively high levels of internalizing distress in adulthood.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Annotation: attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood.
BACKGROUND: The past 10 years have seen a fruitful line of enquiry building on identification of previously unclassifiable patterns of infant-mother interaction. A critical review of these new findings in attachment theory, highlighting their potential relevance to child psychopathology, is presented. METHOD: Selective literature review relating to disorganised attachment in childhood. RESULTS: Disorganised patterns of attachment have only relatively recently been described. They show characteristic patterns of evolution in development. There is evidence that disorganised attachments are associated with specific forms of distorted parenting, which are distinct from general parental insensitivity and are associated with unresolved loss or trauma in the caregiver. There are also links with aspects of neurodevelopment vulnerability in the child. Attachment disorganisation is a powerful predictor of a range of later social and cognitive difficulties and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of disorganised attachment has greatly increased the potential relevance of attachment theory to general clinical work. However, the concept raises many methodological and theoretical issues. Among issues needing further exploration is the way in which attachment disorganisation relates to children's general mental states and may be affected by cognitive functioning and developmental impairment.
Adolescent↗
Attachment therapy using deliberate restraint: an object lesson on the identification of unvalidated treatments.
TOPIC: An unusual and potentially dangerous intervention called attachment therapy, used for children and adolescence. PURPOSE: To help clinicians understand the nature of attachment therapy and the ways in which it exemplifies unvalidated treatment approaches. SOURCES: Internet and published articles on evaluation of treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment therapy has many characteristics associated with warning signals of an unvalidated treatment. Mental health professionals have responsibilities to educate individuals and the community about unvalidated treatments such as attachment therapy and to work toward legislation and policy change to make such treatments unavailable.
Adolescent↗
Family attachment narrative therapy: healing the experience of early childhood maltreatment.
Based on attachment theory and research, Family Attachment Narrative Therapy is introduced as a new family therapy modality developed to heal the experience of early childhood maltreatment. Unresolved childhood trauma has been correlated with impaired and delayed cognitive, behavioral and emotional functioning. Gentle, soothing, nonprovocative and nonintrusive narratives told by parents provide an alternative restorative experience designed to shift and change the child's destructive internal working model. The result is improved functioning and the ability to accept nurturing and care in relationships that offer love and safety. A representative case example is used to illustrate theory, practice and outcome. Pre- and posttherapy assessment supports the claim of improved functioning.
Adult↗
Mentalizing language development in a longitudinal attachment sample: implications for alexithymia.
BACKGROUND: The construct of alexithymia implies a deficit in symbolization for emotional, somatic, and mental states. However, the etiologic factors for alexithymia have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the use of mentalizing language, i.e. the utterance of internal states, from a developmental perspective according to attachment organization and disorganization. METHODS: A longitudinal design across 4 time points was applied to a volunteer sample of 42 children. At 12 months, children were tested with the strange situation procedure, the standard measure of attachment at the optimal age, and attachment classifications were taken of videotapes. At ages 17, 23, 30 and 36 months, mother and child were observed in simplified separation episodes of 30 min duration. Transcripts of the sessions were subject to coding of internal state words. RESULTS: During the investigated span, securely attached children rapidly acquired emotion, physiology, cognition and emotion-regulatory language, whereas insecurely attached and disorganized children either completely lacked internal state language or displayed a considerable time lag in the use of emotion and cognition vocabulary. CONCLUSION: The results raise the possibility that alexithymia might be a consequence of deficits in the development of internal state language in the context of insecure or disorganized childhood attachment relationships.
Affective Symptoms↗
On the vicissitudes of early primary surrogate mothering II: loss of the surrogate mother and arrest of mourning.
Among the catastrophic events experienced by infants and young children, one of the most frequent is the loss of an early primary surrogate mother (EPSM). Usually permanent, the loss is often followed by the advent of a new, "replacement" caregiver. One aspect of the emotional environment is unique to this kind of caregiving situation: that parents are often unable to validate the true nature of their child's relationship with the EPSM or, ultimately, the trauma experienced by the child when the EPSM leaves. The marked discrepancy between the parent's and the infant or child's experience of the surrogate mothering leads to an arrest of the child's mourning process, with the potential for serious developmental consequences. Issues related to EPSM loss and its aftermath are examined in the light of two examples. Further exploration of the environment of this kind of caregiving directs attention to the critical need to nurture and protect the attachments of both the infant or child and the parent to the ESPM.
Adult↗
The Adam and Eve story as exemplar of an early-life variant of the oedipus complex.
The Adam and Eve story is construed as having an organizing function that facilitates the analytic understanding of certain patients. In this interpretation, the story epitomizes a psychodynamic in which progressive growth, with separation and individuation, of the young is experienced as perilous--not only to them, but also correspondingly to their procreators. In the myth, the increasing psychic and physical maturation of Adam and Eve produced a crisis. Not only was divine authority flouted, but also apprehensions were aroused that God might be humbled or diminished. This threatened him, evoking his wrath and leading to the punishment by abandonment of his youthful wards. It is suggested that the story depicts an emotional complex of widespread application and is an archaic version of the oedipus complex, continuous with the oedipus complex proper, but from an earlier stage of development. This archaic complex is delineated with clinical vignettes, and a clinical explication of its various components is provided. Clinical management is considered, particularly with reference to the challenge that a closed-system perspective (Fairbairn 1958) presents to a patient's development.
Adult↗
The development and organization of attachment: implications for psychoanalysis.
As a result of John Bowlby's breach with the British Psychoanalytic Society nearly forty years ago, his work, specifically the development of attachment theory, was until recently largely expunged from the psychoanalytic record. However, thanks to developments in both psychoanalytic and attachment theories, a rapprochement has been forged, and a number of scholars are now seeking to integrate these two complementary perspectives. In this paper, the fundamental premises of attachment theory are discussed in light of their relation to psychoanalytic theory. In addition, their application to the clinical situation in both adult and child treatment is discussed.
Adult↗
An elaboration on the distinction between controversial parenting and therapeutic practices versus developmentally appropriate attachment parenting: a comment on the APSAC Task Force report.
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Advisory Committees↗
An investigation of the attachment organization of clinical psychologists and its relationship to clinical practice.
Recent research on attachment theory as a model for understanding adult relationships and for psychotherapy suggests that the attachment organization of therapists could influence their approach to therapeutic work. A postal questionnaire including two measures of current adult attachment and one of early loss experience, together with measures of current clinical practice, was completed by 196 British clinical psychologists (40.4% return rate). Seventy per cent of the sample rated themselves as secure (a greater proportion than in the general population). The sample as a whole scored higher on the attachment pattern of 'compulsive care-giving' than on any of the other insecure patterns of attachment. A number of significant differences were found between the secure and insecure groups in approach to work, interest in working with different clients and difficulty experienced in therapeutic practice. A relationship was found between the amount of early loss experienced and current attachment style, therapeutic orientation and experience of therapy. Implications for the training and development of psychologists are considered and directions for future research are suggested.
Adult↗
Association for child psychoanalysis panel on adolescents.
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Adolescent↗
[Life events and trauma in chronic negligent mothers].
The present study examines more closely the chronic behaviors of maltreating mothers. Events that these mothers have experienced during childhood are examined, experiences including abuse, placement, separation, bereavement, rejection, neglect, lack of love and role reversal. Signs of unresolved trauma found in the discourse of mothers, such as dissociation, are also studied. It is proposed that negligent mothers from the chronic group will evoke more negative experiences and/or more intense negative experiences which occurred during childhood than the mothers from the transitory group. The chronic group will also show more signs of dissociation. From a six years follow-up study, a sample of 20 mothers was recruited from the Child Protection Services, including the cases of 10 chronic maltreating mothers and 10 transitory maltreating mothers. Two main measures were used: the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) (Main et Goldwyn, 1998). The experiences from childhood and complete discourse in AAI were analysed with the method used by Main et Goldwyn (1998). Non parametric analysis indicate that mothers from the chronic group evoke more negative and very negative childhood experiences than the mothers from the transitory group. Content analysis show that chronic maltreating mothers relate having gone through more potentially traumatic events such as foster care placements, separations and abuse. The analysis of the Adult Attachment Interview according to Main and Goldwyn's system demonstrate that the majority of the chronic maltreating mothers have two times more unresolved traumas.
Adult↗
[Model of residential psychoanalytic integrative parent-child therapy].
Deriving from an integrative psychoanalytic concept for single grownup patients treatment in a psychotherapeutic clinic based on the integrative model of P. Janssen the author tries to apply this model and to expand it to the treatment of families in a similar context. This setting mainly relies on three columns: 1. the psychoanalytic group therapy of the parents (or the mother resp. father), 2. the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of the child (resp. children) and 3. the psychotherapy sessions with the family, resp. the single therapy sessions of the grown up patients. This clinical model offers the opportunity to distinguish between accompanying children and children as patients in a stricter sense. The psychodynamic processes of transference, countertransference and resistance are integrated in and by regular team sessions. This paper discusses the parallel processes in the different applied therapeutic methods and their positive mutual influences on each other centered around a detailed case vignette of a family (a mother with two boys) that underwent psychotherapeutic treatment in the described manner for 12 weeks.
Adult↗
Little orphan Anastasia. The analysis of an adopted Russian girl.
It is becoming commonplace for analysts to hear about or encounter in their clinical work adopted children from Korea, China, Eastern Europe, or Russia. There is wide variation in the orphanage experience from one area to another and also in the manner in which the transitional phase from orphanage to adoptive parents is carried out. Not surprisingly, the experience of being an orphan carries with it lifelong implications and repercussions, particularly in the area of self/object relations. Some of the problems of being an orphan are obvious at the time of adoption. Others unfold only in the course of subsequent development. We are increasingly called upon to assist adoptive families whose children are struggling amid much pain and confusion with the aftermath of the threefold experience of becoming an orphan, being raised in an orphanage, and joining a family of another culture. This essay describes in some detail the infancy and early childhood of "Little Orphan Anastasia" as she picks through the emotional rubble of her infancy and samples the embarrassment of rich nurture in her current life with her adoptive parents, the Carters. This is followed by a description of the opening phase of her analysis, in which I sketch some of her attempts to fashion an adapted identity that is more congruent with her life before and after her adoption.
Adoption↗