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PubMed1991

Enhancement of phosphorus utilization in growing pigs fed phytate-rich diets by using rye bran.

Some cereal by-products, such as bran, exhibit a high phytase activity that may enhance phytate P digestibility. This was studied in growing pigs fed a phytase-rich (1,200 IU/kg) diet containing 20% rye bran. The trial involved 12 animals; six were fed a control diet and six were fed a diet containing rye bran for 2 mo. Both diets contained the same levels of energy, protein, Ca (.7%) and total P (.4%). No inorganic P was added; thus, the dietary P was mainly phytic. Pigs fed the control diet, in contrast to those fed the diet containing rye bran, developed a P deficiency, as indicated by hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, hyperhydroxyprolinuria, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria. Phosphorus from the rye bran diet was more completely absorbed (55 vs 36%) and retained (50 vs 36%) than that from the control diet. Calcium absorption was equal for the two diets, but Ca retention was higher in pigs fed rye bran than in controls. Pigs fed the rye bran diet showed greater bone density, ash content, and bending moments than controls. In conclusion, high dietary phytase levels or phytase-rich by-products increased phytate P availability and consequently improved bone scores.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1982

The effects of a pectic enzyme on the growth-depressing and rachitogenic properties of rye for chicks.

Rye has growth-depressing and rachitogenic properties when fed to chicks. Growth depression also is observed when chicks are fed certain polysaccharides, particularly pectin. Rye has about 8% pectin-like material. A commercially available pectic enzyme preparation was fed to chicks at .1% of the rye diet. This enzyme permitted better utilization of rye for growth and also alleviated the rachitogenic effects of rye. The supplemental enzyme permitted maximal bone mineralization with 200 to 300 ICU of vitamin D3/kg diet, whereas 500 ICU/kg otherwise were required with rye diets.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effect of fat retention on the rachitogenic effect of rye fed to broiler chicks.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of fat retention on bone mineralization and amino acid retention for broiler chicks fed rye diets containing marginal levels of vitamin D3. In Experiment 1, rye diets containing tallow were supplemented with high vitamin D3, bile salt (sodium taurocholate), or a detergent (sodium lauryl sulphate). Fat retention and tibia ash were improved (P less than .05) with bile salt addition, and tibia ash alone (P less than .05) was improved when high vitamin D3 or the detergent was added to the diet. In Experiment 2, rye diets contained tricaprylin (TC), tristearin (TS), or triolein (TO) as a fat source. Both fat retention (TS less than TO less than TC) and tibia ash (TS less than TC less than TO) showed a significant (P less than .05) treatment effect. The results of both experiments support the hypothesis that the rachitogenic effect of feeding rye may be related to inadequate fat digestion. There was no significant treatment effect on amino acid retention in either experiment. A third experiment indicated a similar bile acid pool size for chicks fed rye as opposed to wheat; however, bile acid concentration of jejunal fluid was lower (P less than .05) for chicks fed rye. A possible microbial involvement in the disturbance of bile acid metabolism was indicated by the capacity of Streptococcus organisms derived from chick small bowel to degrade sodium taurocholate.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2003

[Analysis of the effects of parental genotypes of rye lines on the development of quantitative traits in primary octaploid triticale. Plant height].

When breeding the primary spring octoploid triticale derived from crosses of various inbred rye lines to wheat Chinese Spring, the effects of the rye genotype and growth conditions on the plant height and proportion of the first, second, and final (pedicle) internodes to the entire stem length were studied. Two triticale groups were examined: homozygotes for the dominant (Ddw1) and recessive (ddw1) alleles of the gene responsible for short stem in rye. In the short stem triticale lines carrying the Ddw1 alleles, the plants were 20 cm shorter on average than those in the ddw1-carrying lines, and the distribution of the two triticale groups overlapped significantly. In both groups, the lines significantly differing in plant height could be differentiated, because of allelic diversity of the additional genes controlling this trait along with the Ddw gene. In most triticale lines, especially in the Ddw1-carrying ones, the plant height was much reduced under unfavorable growth conditions. At the same time, a short-stem line was isolated, which is characterized by ecological plasticity, like the maternal wheat cultivar. In the triticale studied, the stem structure depended on the short-stem rye genotype. The two-year study showed that in the triticale carrying the dominant allele of this gene, the first internode is significantly extended, whereas the upper (pedicle) internode is reduced, which increases plant lodging resistance. The differences revealed between the rye lines as well as their effect on the quantitative triticale traits are discussed in view of a variant of the hybridological analysis, which had been previously proposed for identification and mapping of the correspondent rye genes.

Alleles↗

PubMed2001

Genetic diversity of inbred rye lines evaluated by RAPD analysis.

This study presents an attempt to supply breeders of hybrid rye with more genetic information on inbred lines, using molecular markers. Eighteen polymorphic loci detected by means of the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique and mapped on 2R-7R rye chromosomes, were applied to study genetic similarities among forty inbred lines of rye. The lines were grouped in four main clusters revealed on dendrogram, which was generally consistent with the pedigree data. Mapped RAPD markers were shown to be a useful tool for phenetic studies in rye. Additionally, a system of 20 polymorphic fragments, detected by three primers, was developed for fingerprinting of rye lines. The system of RAPD markers, which was developed in this study, should be helpful in characterisation of rye genetic stocks used for breeding.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Production of wheat-rye substitution lines and identification of chromosome composition of karyotypes using C-banding, GISH, and SSR markers].

Based on the cross (Triticum aestivum L. x Secale cereale L.) x T. aestivum L., wheat-rye substitution lines (2n = 42) were produced with karyotypes containing, instead of a pair of homologous wheat chromosomes, a homeologous pair of rye chromosomes. The chromosome composition of these lines was described by GISH and C-banding methods, and SSR analysis. The results of genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that karyotype of these lines included one pair of rye chromosomes each and lacked wheat--rye translocations. C-banding and SSR markers were used to identify rye chromosomes and determine the wheat chromosomes at which the substitution occurred. The lines were designated 1R(1D), 2R(2D)2, 2R(2D)3, 3R(3B), 6R(6A)2. The chromosome composition of lines IR(1A), 2R(W)1, 5R(W), 5R(5A), and 6R(W)1, which were earlier obtained according to the same scheme for crossing, was characterized using methods of telocentric analysis, GISH, C-banding, and SSR analysis. These lines were identified as 1R(1A), 2R(2D)1, 5R(5D), 5R(5A), and 6R(6A)1, C-banding of chromosomes belonging to line 1R(1A) revealed the presence of two translocated chromosomes (3DS.3DL-del. and 4AL.W) during simultaneous amplification of SSR markers located on 3DL and 4AS arms. The "combined" long arm of the newly derived chromosome 4A is assumed to be formed from the long arm of chromosome 4AS itself and a deleted segment 3DL. All examined lines are cytologically stable, except for 3R(3B), which does not affect the stability of rye 3R chromosome transfer. Chromosome identification and classification of the lines will permit them to be models for genetic studies that can be used thereafter as promising "secondary gene pools" for the purpose of plant breeding.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed1989

A new rearrangement of angiosperm chloroplast DNA in rye (Secale cereale) involving translocation and duplication of the ribosomal rpS15 gene.

The mapping and nucleotide sequencing of the rpS15 gene in the rye chloroplast DNA has shown that it is located in the inverted repeat (IR) and thus has two copies/genome. This is in contrast to tobacco and liverwort chloroplasts where rpS15 occurs as single-copy gene localized in the small single copy region (SSC). The direction of transcription of both gene copies in rye is toward SSC; that in tobacco and liverwort is toward IR-II. Further sequence data have revealed that the 3' end of each rye rpS15 gene copy is only 352 base pairs away from the corresponding IR.SSC junction and that this rearrangement event in rye involves also a 3' downstream-encoded and highly conserved chloroplast gene designated ORF393 in tobacco and ORF392 in liverwort. The latter in rye starts in both the IRs, but continues to full length into the SSC only from the IR-II. The direction of transcription of the nontruncated gene is fixed toward IR-I, being thus the inverse of ORF393/392 in tobacco and liverwort. Northern blot analysis has shown that the rearranged rpS15 gene is actively transcribed in rye chloroplasts and etioplasts and that its transcription pattern is different from that recently reported for tobacco rpS15.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Analysis of rye B-chromosome structure using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to analyse the structure of the rye B chromosome. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) demonstrates the high level of overall similarity between A and B chromosomes of rye, as well as the presence of a number of specific sequences. The B-specific repeat families D1100 and E3900 have been analysed in terms of their physical location and possible contiguity. Rye Bs contain members of the rye-specific dispersed repetitive family R173, as well as centromeric regions similar to those of the As. The B chromosomes analysed in our study lack detectable rDNA sequences. Anomalous results have been obtained with a number of subtelomeric repetitive probes from rye. Bs usually lack these sequences, but evidence is presented that in some cases A-B translocation events may relocate such sequences from the As to the Bs. These data are discussed in the context of current models for the origin of the B chromosome.

Chromosomes↗

PubMed1996

[Alpha-amylase inhibitors and soluble dietary fiber in rye: partial purification and effect on postprandial glycemia].

The protein inhibitor of the alpha-amylase (D-type) and the soluble arabinoxylan of rye (Var. Clou) were isolated from flour and bran, respectively. The isolation of the alpha-amylase inhibitor involves the extraction of rye flour in aqueous CaCl2-solution (2 x 10(-3) M containing the hemicellulase preparation Veron HE (2 g/100 g flour), dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I) and further fractionation with ammonsulfate, using the fraction 20-50% for isolation (preparation II). The arabinoxylan isolation is carried out using extraction of rye bran in 80% ethanol (80 degrees C), centrifugation, aqueous extraction of the sediment, dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I). The further purification using the precipitate of the fraction 20-50% leads to preparation II. The alpha-amylase inhibitor preparation II and the arabinoxylan preparation II were applied in a diet containing wheat starch and casein and fed to diabetic and healthy rats (Levis and Wistar). The postprandial increase of glucose was determined. It was detected that the postprandial increase of glucose is influenced neither by the alpha-amylase inhibitor nor by the soluble arabinoxylan in comparison to the control experiments. However, the alpha-amylase inhibitor of wheat significantly decreases the postprandial increase of glucose. The application of a test meal with alpha-amylase inhibitor of rye to health and diabetic of type-II-volunteers showed no variation of the blood glucose values. The reduction of the increase of glucose by the soluble beta-glucan of oat cannot be confirmed for the soluble arabinoxylan of rye. We conclude that the effect of the alpha-amylase inhibitor as well as the soluble pentosan or glucan has to be examined for each cereal species.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Effect of various extrusion conditions on the protein quality of soybean and whole rye meal].

Using a Creusot-Loire twin-screw extruder (Type BC 45), ground soy bean and whole rye meal were extruded under various processing conditions (12% and 18% water content in the raw material, 129 degrees C and 165 degrees C product temperature in the case of soy bean, 12% and 18% water content, 165 degrees C product temperature in the case of rye, screw speed of 150 R/min, for all samples). The nutritional protein quality (apparent protein digestibility PV, net protein utilization NPU, and biological value BW) of the extrudates was determined by the nitrogen balance technique in growing rats. Compared to the untreated raw material no decrease in PV or NPU was noted for extrudates made from soy bean or rye. Extrusion of ground soy bean at 165 degrees C and 18% water content caused a significant decrease of BW from 68% to 64%. The lower water content (12%) induced a slight improvement of PV in soy extrudates and of NPU and BW in rye extrudates. The results indicate that the extrusion at low water content and moderate temperature can safely be used to process ground soy bean and whole rye meal without and damage to the nutritional protein quality.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Painting rye B chromosomes in wheat: interphase chromatin organization, nuclear disposition and association in plants with two, three or four Bs.

The B chromosomes (Bs) of rye (Secale cereale) have been studied at interphase in terms of their chromatin organization, patterns of nuclear disposition and physical association in plants with two, three, and four Bs. The study was made in the Lindström strain of hexaploid wheat, which carries the rye Bs as an addition line, by in situ hybridization with a B-specific probe and by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with rye genomic DNA, enabling whole chromosome painting. Repetitive sequences common to the As and Bs of rye allow for visualization of the rye B at interphase in the wheat background. A B-specific probe enables the orientation of two or more Bs to be determined, and the combination of both probes used together gives information on the disposition of the Bs and on their patterns of physical association within the nucleus. The Bs form linear "strings', and the ends of their long arms, which can be detected by the B-specific probe, are usually located within the hemisphere of the nucleus that has the least condensed chromatin. There is dose-dependent association, and even numbers (2B, 4B) have a greater preference for association than odd ones (3B).

Chromatin↗

PubMed2005

Approaching the self-incompatibility locus Z in rye (Secale cereale L.) via comparative genetics.

Using barley and wheat expressed sequence tags as well as rice genomic sequence and mapping information, we revisited the genomic region encompassing the self-incompatibility (SI) locus Z on rye chromosome 2RL applying a comparative approach. We were able to arrange 12 novel sequence-tagged site (STS) markers around Z, spanning a genetic distance of 32.3 cM, with the closest flanking markers mapping at a distance of 0.5 cM and 1.0 cM from Z, respectively, and one marker cosegregating with Z, in a testcross population of 204 progeny. Two overlapping rice bacterial artifical chromosomes (BACs), OSJNBa0070O11 and OSJNBa0010D21, were found to carry rice orthologs of the three rye STS markers from the 1.5-cM interval encompassing Z. The STS-marker orthologs on these rice BACs span less than 125,000 bp of the rice genome. The STS marker TC116908 cosegregated with Z in a mapping population and revealed a high degree of polymorphism among a random sample of rye plants of various origin. TC116908 was shown via Southern hybridization to correspond to gene no. 10 (OSJNBa0070O11.10) on rice BAC OSJNBa0070O11. Reverse transcription-PCR with a TC116908-specific primer pair resulted in the amplification of a fragment of the expected size from the rye pistil but not from leaf cDNA. OSJNBa0070O11.10 was found to show a highly significant sequence similarity to AtUBP22, a ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP). TC116908 likely represents a putative UBP gene that is specifically expressed in rye pistils and cosegregates with Z. Given that the ubiquitination of proteins is emerging as a general mechanism involved in different SI systems of plants, TC116908 appears to be a promising target for further investigation with respect to its relation to the SI system of the grasses.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed2005

A new aluminum tolerance gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS.

Rye has one of the most efficient groups of genes for aluminum tolerance (Alt) among cultivated species of Triticeae. This tolerance is controlled by, at least, three independent and dominant loci (Alt1, Alt2, and Alt3) located on chromosome arms 6RS, 3RS, and 4RL, respectively. The segregation of Alt genes and several random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Secale cereale inter-microsatellite (SCIM), and Secale cereale microsatellite (SCM) markers in three F(2) between a tolerant cultivar (Ailés) and a non-tolerant inbred line (Riodeva) were studied. The segregation ratio obtained for aluminum tolerance in the three F(2) populations analyzed was 3:1 (tolerant:non-tolerant), indicating that tolerance is controlled by one dominant locus. SCIM811(1376) was linked to an Alt gene in the three F(2) populations studied, and three different SCIMs and one RAPD (SCIM811(1376), SCIM812(626), SCIM812(1138), and OPQ4(725)) were linked to the Alt gene in two F(2) populations. This result indicated that the same Alt gene was segregating in the three crosses. SCIM819(1434) and OPQ4(578) linked to the tolerance gene in one F(2) population were located using wheat-rye ditelosomic addition lines on the 7RS chromosome arm. The Alt locus is mapped between SCIM819(1434) and the OPQ4(578) markers. Two microsatellite loci (SCM-40 and SCM-86), previously located on chromosome 7R, were also linked to the Alt gene. Therefore, the Alt gene segregating in these F(2) populations is new and probably could be orthologous to the Alt genes located on wheat chromosome arm 4DL, on barley chromosome arm 4HL, on rye chromosome arm 4RL, and rice chromosome 3. This new Alt gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS was named Alt4. A map of rye chromosome 7R with the Alt4 gene, 16 SCIM and RAPD, markers and two SCM markers was obtained.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1999

Molecular characterization of a new furovirus mainly infecting rye.

The complete or almost complete nucleotide sequences were determined for the two RNAs of three different sources of a new furovirus which mainly infects rye and for which the name Soil-borne rye mosaic furovirus (SBRMV) is proposed. The genome organization of this virus is virtually identical to that of Soil-borne wheat mosaic furovirus (SBWMV). However, SBRMV and SBWMV differ considerably in the nucleotide sequences of their genomes and in the derived amino acid sequences of their putative gene products. The sequences of the three sources of SBRMV (two from rye and one from wheat) differ between each other in various parts of their genomes by 1% to 10%. Larger differences were found in the readthrough part of the coat protein readthrough protein. There are no indications that the relationship of the C source from wheat to the other two sources from rye is more distant than the relationship between the two sources from rye. The 3'UTRs of both SBRMV RNAs are remarkable in having a predicted upstream pseudoknot domain (UPD) with seven pseudoknots. The same number was also predicted for the UPD of SBWMV RNA 1 whereas the much shorter UDP of SBWMV RNA 2 may form only four pseudoknots.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed1983

IgG specific antibodies to rye grass and ragweed pollen antigens in the tear secretions of patients with vernal conjunctivitis.

We studied the tears of 30 patients (25 males and five females, ranging in age from 8 to 34 years) with vernal conjunctivitis for pollen-specific IgG antibodies to rye grass and ragweed antigen E by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eighteen of 30 (60%) and 20 of 30 (67%) patients with vernal conjunctivitis had significant levels (more than 2 S.D. from the mean of control tears) of IgG antibodies in their tear secretions to rye grass (geometric mean = 68.7 ELISA units) and ragweed antigen E (geometric mean = 50 ELISA units), respectively. In contrast, the control groups (eight atopic individuals, four with seasonal rhinitis, and 12 with allergic conjunctivitis) had low amounts of specific IgG antibodies to these two pollen antigens in their tears. Total IgG and IgM were also increased in the tears of patients with vernal conjunctivitis. To evaluate whether these immunoglobulins and specific IgG antibodies were locally produced by the conjunctival tissues, we used transferrin as a marker for the leakage of plasma proteins into tears. We found that the specific IgG antibodies to rye grass or ragweed antigen E, or both, in the tears were locally produced by the conjunctival tissues. The local production ranged from 20% to 99.9%. Of 17 patients with vernal conjunctivitis and undetectable pollen-specific IgE antibodies in their tears, 14 (82.4%) had tear specific IgG antibodies to rye grass or ragweed antigen E or both, whereas of those with measurable tear IgE antibodies, only nine of 13 (69%) had tear IgG antibodies to rye grass or antigen E or both. These results suggested that both IgE- and IgG-mediated immune mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of vernal conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Fluidity and lipid composition of oat and rye shoot plasma membrane: effect of sterol perturbation by xenobiotics.

Oat and rye plants were treated with either tetcyclacis (an experimental plant growth regulator), nuarimol (a fungicide) or gamma-ketotriazole (an experimental herbicide). These treatments reduced shoot growth and changed the lipid composition of the shoot plasma membranes. In oat, both tetcyclacis and nuarimol treatments increased plasma membrane cholesterol and increased the phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) ratio, whereas gamma-ketotriazole treatment reduced cholesterol and the PE/PC ratio. In rye, all treatments reduced the PE/PC ratio. Generally, the sterol/phospholipid ratio was less in oat than in rye but the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was greater. With all treatments in oat and rye, increases were observed in unsaturation of the phospholipid acyl chains. The fluidity of membranes was measured by steady-state fluorescence polarisation of the probe diphenylhexatriene; oat membranes were more fluid than rye. Membrane fluidity was greater in plasma membranes from plants treated with the xenobiotics than the controls. The results are discussed in the context of the effect of plasma membrane lipid composition on membrane fluidity, and it is concluded that there appears to be no overall simple relationship between membrane lipid composition and fluidity that holds for all treatments in both species.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed2006

Study on homoeologous chromosome pairing and translocation induced by 5A/5R X 6A/6R wheat-rye substitution lines.

This article aims to study the homoeologous chromosome pairing and translocation induced by 5A/5R x 6A/6R wheat-rye substitution lines. To clarify the mechanism of homoeologous chromosome pairing and create wheat-rye translocation lines, two wheat-rye substitution lines, 5A/5R and 6A/6R were crossed. The chromosome behavior of pollen mother cells (PMCs) in meiosis was investigated in hybrid F1. Homoeologous chromosome pairing between wheat and rye occurred in 22.91% of PMC. Wheat-rye translocation lines were identified via C-banding and in situ hybridization (GISH) in hybrid F2 and later generations. In F2 generation, translocations happened in 9 of 45 plants, reached to 20%. These translocation lines were generated from homoeologous chromosome pairing, or mis-division and reconstruction of univalent chromosomes.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed2001

Antioxidant effects of phenolic rye (Secale cereale L.) extracts, monomeric hydroxycinnamates, and ferulic acid dehydrodimers on human low-density lipoproteins.

Dietary antioxidants that protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation may help to prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The antioxidant activities of purified monomeric and dimeric hydroxycinnamates and of phenolic extracts from rye (whole grain, bran, and flour) were investigated using an in vitro copper-catalyzed human LDL oxidation assay. The most abundant ferulic acid dehydrodimer (diFA) found in rye, 8-O-4-diFA, was a slightly better antioxidant than ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. The antioxidant activity of the 8-5-diFA was comparable to that of ferulic acid, but neither 5-5-diFA nor 8-5-benzofuran-diFA inhibited LDL oxidation when added at 10-40 microM. The antioxidant activity of the monomeric hydroxycinnamates decreased in the following order: caffeic acid > sinapic acid > ferulic acid > p-coumaric acid. The antioxidant activity of rye extracts was significantly correlated with their total content of monomeric and dimeric hydroxycinnamates, and the rye bran extract was the most potent. The data suggest that especially rye bran provides a source of dietary phenolic antioxidants that may have potential health effects.

Antioxidants↗