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PubMed2001

Introduction to the special section on families and religion: a call for a recommitment by researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

Although religion is an important aspect of human experience, the topic is rarely evident in psychology journals. To correct this omission was the goal of this special section on families and religion. In the introduction to the section several reasons for the neglect of this topic are noted as well as the relevance of religion for family research and practice. The contributions of the articles in this section are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for a future research agenda are offered and the clinical implications of this topic are examined.

Family↗
PubMed2001

Psychology, religion, and the family: it's time for a revival.

Despite some occasional efforts to link psychology, religion, and the family, psychological research has largely ignored the topic. Three fundamental psychological questions about the role of religion in the family are raised. The publication of the 4 studies in this issue represents a watershed in this area, and these articles provide a model for future research. However, several pitfalls in this area of research are identified. These pitfalls are primarily due to the complexity of religion and heterogeneity associated with it. Four research directions are then recommended. It is concluded that this area is ripe for a research revival.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Spirituality, religion, and health: a critical appraisal of the Larson reports.

The four-volume corpus The Faith Factor, and Scientific Research on Spirituality and Health: A Consensus Report by Larson et al constitute the largest English-language review of research on spirituality and health. We have done a critique of the 329 systematic analyses of peer-reviewed research papers presented therein. The objectives were to determine if the Larson conclusions can be generalized; to document the understanding of the potential of qualitative research in assessing the spiritual domain; and to examine whether the definitions of religion and spirituality used by Larson et al correspond to those in general use. We conclude that their results cannot be generalized to other religious and cultural settings; that there is a need for more research focusing on age groups, cultures, religions, and clinical settings not adequately represented in studies to date; and that the need for more qualitative research methods justifies a detailed analysis of the use of qualitative methods in the studies reviewed by the Larson group. Finally, there is a need to establish a common vocabulary that bridges cultural and religious traditions, and facilitates clinical care, research, and teaching relating to spirituality, religion, and health.

Culture↗
PubMed2005

Myocardial infarction and religion: hospital-based case-control study in Tirana, Albania.

AIM: To assess the association between religion, Muslim vs Christian, and myocardial infarction in the population of Tirana, capital of Albania. METHOD: A hospital-based case-control study included all patients with acute non-fatal myocardial infarction hospitalized in Tirana University Hospital Center between October 1999 and June 2001. There were 146 women with the mean age (+/-standard deviation) of 62+/-9 years and 331 men aged 59+/-10 years. Control group consisted of 616 hospital-based patients recruited from University Departments of Orthopedics and Ear, Nose, and Throat. The control group included 227 women aged 60+/-10 years, and 389 men aged 60+/-9 years. A structured questionnaire was administered to all participants to collect self-reported data on socio-demographic factors, life-style and behavioral factors, diet, and pre-existing conditions. All participants had their height and weight measured. RESULTS: Among patients with myocardial infarction, 98 women (67%) and 244 men (74%) identified themselves as Muslims, as compared to 164 women (72%) and 265 men (68%) in the control group. There was no evidence of association between myocardial infarction and religion in women, whereas Muslim men had a higher risk of a first non-fatal myocardial infarction than Christians (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.82). Upon adjustment for covariates, there was no evidence of a significant association between religion and myocardial infarction neither in men (OR,1.20; 95% CI, 0.85-1.70), nor in women (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.59-1.60). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of myocardial infarction among Muslims and Christians in Tirana was similar, suggesting that cardiovascular morbidity is not affected by the religious affiliation of Albanian adults.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Influence of religion on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour among Nigerian university students: affiliation or commitment?

Religion plays a significant role in the life of individuals in any society. Its role as a moral builder has been variously acknowledged. This study examines the role of religion in adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour in Nigeria. The study was conducted in two national universities in Nigeria with student population of more than 40,000. The institutions are located in the eastern and western parts of the country. Data for the study were collected from a representative sample of students resident in the universities. A total of 1,870 students were successfully interviewed but because of the age restriction for adolescents, information from 1,153 campus-based adolescents aged 10-24 years was analysed. Logistic regression model was used to do the analysis both at the adjusted and unadjusted levels. Findings are consistent with existing literature. There is a strong relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviour, although religious commitment is more important than religious affiliation in affecting adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviours. This paper calls for further investigation to be able to disentangle the relationship between religiosity and adolescent sexuality, especially with the use of longitudinal data. Since religion affects the sexual lifestyles of adolescents, religious leaders can do a lot by mobilising their members towards supporting HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives in the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Religion and spirituality: influence on health/risk behavior and cancer screening behavior of African Americans.

In spite of the diversity in the principles, expression and practice, it is believed that significant improvements can occur in the health status of African Americans if health education and outreach efforts are presented and promoted through religious, spiritual and faith-based venues. Several reports published in the peer-reviewed literature address issues related to religion, spirituality and cancer control among African Americans. This growing body of literature describes outcomes of several cancer prevention and control programs designed for and conducted within the African American faith community. However, few efforts have been undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African Americans within the faith community. This report presents the outcomes of an exploratory study undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on the health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African American congregants. Data suggest a need for tailored and targeted health education, outreach and programming among the targeted group of congregants focused specifically on tobacco control, diet and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, weight management, and cancer screening. The same appears to be the case relative to the need for education, outreach and programming focused on communication with primary care providers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[The relationship of religions with the hieratic and tradicional medicine].

A long the years I have visited many foreign countries. So, I had the opportunity to know different believes and religions. However not always could I feel that strong bond, that intrinsecal, inalienable, innermost union that should exist between man and God. Because "God sends and always will send this two messages of eternal and supreme foriititude: Peace and love". So, the way to follow for men should be supported on the these two points. From then, for sure, should flow the right coexistence and happiness of the men. But, it's no so. Many religions rules of different epochs, and no seldom, have been favoring untrue teachings about wars and the hatred to the enemy. Here is a short reference about some of these big mistakes in religions sermons in the present or in the past time.

Medicine, Traditional↗
PubMed1991

Religion and medicine: interfaces that matter.

Positive relationships exist between medicine and religion. Three elements upon which religion and medicine interface are reverence and awe, power, and particularity. Implications of each of these areas and their pertinence in medical decision making are illustrated. Basic ethical issues are seen to rest on religious presuppositions, often unacknowledged. The supportive and critical tension between medicine and religion is important and renewing for both disciplines.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The moral significance of religion for bioethics].

Religion is concerned with problems of health, medicine, and disease. Conversely, concepts of health and disease reflect values that are often influenced by religious postulates. Thus, the complex ways in which religion refers to and describes health, medicine, and disease help to explain its many-sided relationship to bioethics. This article examines the manner in which religion, as a descriptive and empirical entity, and also a normative and conceptual one, has moral meaning for bioethics and can enrich it. An analysis is also made of how a particularly complex problem in bioethics--whether the medical technology available for prolonging life should be used--could be approached from the standpoint of different religious traditions.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1990

[Health educators--prophets of our time. Health education and religion].

Three forms of relationship are possible between health education and religion. First: If health is conceived as a kind of religion, than health education will be a kind of religious preaching. This is not advisable. Second: The health educator can try to take a neutral stand in the field of religions and ideologies. But because he cannot educate without ethical values rooted in a (religious) belief, such neutrality is in fact impossible. Third: The health educator can cooperate with religious-ethical preaching. This is the path to adopt. The preaching can promote ethical values and a healthy belief, both of which are important for health.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

Health care amid religion and revelation.

Are hospitals places primarily of medicine or of religion? Can religion be hazardous to one's health? Is Christianity a religion? Is pastoral care of the center or at the margin of Catholic health care facilities? Discussion of these paradoxical questions is meant to facilitate some new understanding of "how Christian community and faith build upon the experience of life and upon life's quest for life beyond dying".

Catholicism↗
PubMed1984

[Religion confronting insemination].

The author attempts the difficult task of summarising the attitude of Catholicism, the Protestant religion, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Greek Orthodox and the Jewish Churches, as well as Islam, to artificial insemination, especially by donor. He discusses reasons for forbidding artificial insemination even from the husband because of onanism. He shows that the Protestant religion alone does not object to AIH and that its role as far as AID is flexible. As far as other religions AID is absolutely proscribed.

Belgium↗
PubMed1981

Religion, socialization, and fertility.

Longitudinal data from a large sample of Wisconsin men and women are used to examine the effects on fertility of religious and secular socialization, including farm upbringing. Analyses of children ever born (CEB) and of parity progression show that current religious choice is more important in explaining fertility than is religion of orientation or denomination of secondary school. The effects of current and background religion are additive, and the effect of current religion is the same for men as for women at each parity progression. Catholic religious background affects fertility primarily by increasing the likelihood of having a third or fourth child; its indirect effects on fertility operate through religious schooling and current religious affiliation. Unlike religious background, the positive influence of farm background on fertility persists among men and women, even when current farm employment is controlled.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

African American families, religion, and disability: a conceptual framework.

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion of the impact of factors such as religion and ethnicity on the adjustment of families who have a child with disabilities. The role of religion is particularly relevant for African American families because of its historic influence on basic social and cultural values of this ethnic group. In this paper we explored issues of religion, disability, and ethnicity, with emphasis on how these factors relate to adjustment for families, particularly African American families. Findings gathered from diverse literature sources are reflected in a proposed framework to guide future research and policy development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the prospective association between attending religious services and all-cause mortality to determine whether the association is explainable by 6 confounding factors: demographics, health status, physical functioning, health habits, social functioning and support, and psychological state. METHODS: The association between self-reported religious attendance and subsequent mortality over 5 years for 1931 older residents of Marin County, California, was examined by proportional hazards regression. Interaction terms of religion with social support were used to explore whether other forms of social support could substitute for religion and diminish its protective effect. RESULTS: Persons who attended religious services had lower mortality than those who did not (age- and sex-adjusted relative hazard [RH] = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52, 0.78). Multivariate adjustment reduced this relationship only slightly (RH = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.94), primarily by including physical functioning and social support. Contrary to hypothesis, religious attendance tended to be slightly more protective for those with high social support. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mortality rates for those who attend religious services are only partly explained by the 6 possible confounders listed above. Psychodynamic and other explanations need further investigation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

The influence of traditional religion on fertility regulation among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana.

This article presents findings from a study of the influence of traditional religion on reproductive preferences of Kassena-Nankana lineage heads in northern Ghana. Seven reproductive preference questions were administered to nine lineage heads who are primary practitioners of the cult of soothsaying. With the assistance of soothsayers, interviews were repeated in conjunction with the invocation of religious rites in order to determine the views of ancestral spirits on the seven questions. Pairs of lineage head and ancestral interviews are compared to determine the role of traditional religion in shaping male reproductive preferences. Interview pairs reflect a shared preference for sons, large compounds, and a growing lineage. Findings nonetheless show that some ancestral spirits want small families, some even wanting fewer children than corresponding lineage heads. Spiritual consultations are nondogmatic and open to external ideas and influences, suggesting that family planning introduction will not encounter systematic religious opposition among the Kassena-Nankana.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of religion and birthplace on the genetic structure of Northern Ireland.

The effect of geographic and religious subdivision on the genetic structure of Northern Ireland was assessed using data on 10 craniofacial measurements collected on 755 adult males that were born in five counties and belonged to one of three religious affiliations (Catholic, Church of Ireland, Presbyterian). Fifteen samples were defined based on birth county and religious affiliation. Two-way univariate and multivariate analysis of variance shows significant effects of birth county and religious affiliation, with somewhat greater subdivision due to religion. Distance matrix correlations reveal a small, but significant, effect of birth county and religious affiliation on the pattern of genetic distances between the 15 samples, with a slightly greater influence of religion. The Church of Ireland samples show the greatest differences. perhaps revealing the combined influence of differential population origins and religious differences as a barrier to gene flow. Overall, religion has a significant, though minor, influence on genetic variation in Northern Ireland.

Adult↗