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PubMed2000

Monitoring psychosocial stress at work: development of the Psychosocial Working Conditions Questionnaire.

Many studies on the impact of psychosocial working conditions on health prove that psychosocial stress at work is an important risk factor endangering workers' health. Thus it should be constantly monitored like other work hazards. The paper presents a newly developed instrument for stress monitoring called the Psychosocial Working Conditions Questionnaire (PWC). Its structure is based on Robert Karasek's model of job stress (Karasek, 1979; Karasek & Theorell, 1990). It consists of 3 main scales Job Demands, Job Control, Social Support and 2 additional scales adapted from the Occupational Stress Questionnaire (Elo, Leppanen, Lindstrom, & Ropponen, 1992), Well-Being and Desired Changes. The study of 8 occupational groups (bank and insurance specialists, middle medical personnel, construction workers, shop assistants, government and self-government administration officers, computer scientists, public transport drivers, teachers, N = 3,669) indicates that PWC has satisfactory psychometrics parameters. Norms for the 8 groups were developed.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

AIDS and chemical dependency: prevention needs of adolescents.

Prevention of adult AIDS cases should begin during childhood and adolescence, taking into account such issues as personal vulnerability, perceived control, and behavioral change. High-risk sexual and drug using behaviors in adolescents should be viewed within a developmental perspective, focusing on cognitive development (Piaget), psychosocial development (Erikson), and moral development in males (Kohlberg), females (Gilligan), and children (Damon). Public health educators have emphasized the high-risk behaviors of unsafe sex and needle sharing, with considerably less attention given to the role of alcohol and other drug intoxication in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Adolescents are often uncomfortable discussing sexual matters with their partners. Therefore, alcohol or other drugs may be used to reduce sexual anxiety. Such drug use prior to sexual activity may impair judgment, and risks may be taken that might not have been taken in a more sober condition.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2003

Prospects for gene therapy in hearing loss.

Deafness is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans. Depending on the age of onset, hearing impairment can affect oral language acquisition, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Here, we cover the latest advances in gene therapy for alleviating or preventing hearing loss. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, but to highlight some of the most recent developments in the field. Several recent reviews have described potential therapeutic approaches.

Cell Death↗

PubMed1995

Temporal lobe resections in children.

Often, seizures in childhood are intractable to medical therapy. Intractable seizures and prolonged anticonvulsant medication can adversely affect intellectual development and psychosocial maturation in children. Temporal lobe resections for complex partial seizures and focal epilepsy in children can be performed with minimal morbidity. The higher morbidity lies with prolonged observation of these children with intractable seizures. The final result of surgical treatment shows that children can significantly benefit from an early developmental period without anticonvulsant medication or intractable seizures with improvements in both IQ and behavioral interactions. With improvements in neuroimaging techniques and evaluation procedures, more children can be identified who might benefit from a resective procedure. It is thus advocated that early evaluation and surgical intervention be performed to gain improvement in seizure control and psychosocial development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions and attitudes of athletic training students toward a course addressing psychological issues in rehabilitation.

In 1999, athletic training adopted new educational competencies and clinical proficiencies addressing the following domains: (1) risk management, (2) assessment and evaluation, (3) acute care, (4) general medical conditions and disabilities, (5) pathology of illness and injury, (6) pharmacologic aspects of injury and illness, (7) nutritional aspects of injury and illness, (8) therapeutic exercise, (9) therapeutic modalities, (10) health care administration, (11) professional development and responsibilities, and (12) psychosocial development and responsibilities. These newly adopted competencies and proficiencies have improved the academic preparation of future certified athletic trainers. However, the addition of the 12th domain, psychosocial development and responsibilities, still may not provide athletic training students with a thorough understanding of the complex issues surrounding psychological adjustment to injury. This research study examined athletic training students' perceptions and attitudes before and after completing a new course addressing psychological issues of injury.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Psychosocial intellectual development of children with infantile cystinosis and cerebral atrophy (author's transl)].

The psychosocial and intellectual development of 4 boys with nephropathic cystinosis and brain atrophy documented by cranial computerized tomography was investigated by use of biographical data and psychological tests (HAWIK, Deutscher Rechtschreibtest). Inspite of the brain atrophy the patients showed low-normal intellectual capacities and mainly average school performance. There were no psychosocial abnormalities correlated to the primary metabolic disease. However, renal dwarfism led to mascotism requiring psychotherapy.

Atrophy↗

PubMed2004

IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: an international perspective on the development of psychosocial oncology: overcoming cultural and attitudinal barriers to improve psychosocial care.

Around the world, traditionally the diagnosis of cancer and its prognosis was withheld from patients for centuries, due to the stigma and fears attached to it. This custom of 'never telling' precluded talking with patients about their feelings and how they were coping with illness and the threat of death. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, patient's right of access to information, coupled with the diminished stigma attached to cancer, encouraged physicians into a more open dialogue. In the majority of countries today, patients learn their diagnosis and know their treatment options. This change permitted the first formal psychosocial studies of patients in the 1950s, and the beginning of research into coping and development of interventions to improve quality of life. However, a second independent stigma, also present for centuries, has persisted: the stigma associated with mental disorders (even in the context of severe physical illness). This prejudice about mental problems has been a barrier to the integration of the psychosocial domain into total cancer care; the identification of patients who are distressed; and, patient's acceptance of psychological help. Despite these barriers, psychosocial oncology has developed worldwide, with a small, but active cadre of investigators and clinicians engaging in clinical, educational and research aspects of psycho-oncology. The International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS), since 1984, has brought them together. The Sutherland Memorial Lecture has honored nine individuals from five countries who have made major contributions to the field: 1982, Avery Weisman; 1984, Bernard Fox; 1987, Morton Bard; 1991, Margit von Kerekjarto; 1993, Ned Cassem; 1996, Steven Greer; 1998, Hiroomi Kawano; 2000, Robert Zittoun; and 2003, Jimmie Holland. The scientific base for psychosocial oncology is now secure with a body of knowledge, textbooks and journals which have led to the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for psychosocial services in several countries. A benchmark now exists against which care can be monitored and accountability established. The next 25 years will see an improvement in the psychosocial care of patients, based on research that gives a scientific basis for interventions, and a reduction in the barriers to psychosocial care in cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

[Origin and development of psychosocial rehabilitation].

The main historical stages of the social rehabilitation of the mentally-ill patients show that the psychiatric hospital centred approach has been progressively cast off and therefore the creation of intermediate institutions and ambulatory care integrated in the city has been favoured. This has allowed the progressive development of the psychosocial rehabilitation. This reorientation of the medical practice towards the community was based on two specific and corollary approaches: the deinstitutionalisation and the rehabilitation, which have the common objective to facilitate the return of the patient in the natural social community. The psychosocial rehabilitation includes the deinstitutionalisation and the return to the community, in a holistic approach aiming at compensating for the psychosocial handicap induced by the mental illness. The concept of the psychosocial rehabilitation itself has been progressively elaborated over time. The initial enthusiasm was followed by a period of progressive disillusion, which was finally followed by the development of the psychosocial rehabilitation as a true specific clinical discipline, a topic in medical education and in scientific research.

Deinstitutionalization↗

PubMed2001

Child rearing and positive deviance in the development of preschoolers: a microanalysis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the maternal child-rearing behaviors, parental attributes and socio-economic status of the family and to analyze their association with positive deviance in the developmental status of preschool children between 1-5 years of age. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Rural community. METHODS: A total of 260 children and their mothers were evaluated. Weight and height-for-age indices were used to assess growth. ICMR Developmental Screening Test was used to assess psychosocial development. Bhatia's Performance Test was used to assess maternal intelligence. Narayan Rao's Rating Scale was used to assess socio-economic status and a child-rearing interview schedule developed and pretested for the purpose of the study to assess maternal child-rearing practices and behaviors. RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression with psychosocial development as dependent variable indicated significant associations between specific maternal behavioral categories and psychosocial development of 1-5 year old children. Children, whose mothers were responsive to their needs, were consistent in their interaction with them and were also emotionally stable during specific child rearing situations were those identified as "positive deviants" with regard to their development. Other factors, which were significantly associated with positive deviance in children, were paternal literacy and nuclear type of family. Significant differences were observed between genders. CONCLUSIONS: The data generated from the study could identify the important factors that were associated with "positive deviance" in the development of children. These factors can be useful components for parental counseling in clinical practice and as educational material in community programmes such as the ICDS and self-help groups at the village level.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

[Instrumentalism and psychosocial rehabilitation. Development of methodological processes related to the "intermediate spaces"].

In psychosocial rehabilitation, institutional actors which are not focused on the "intermediate space" (term coined by the authors to describe the time-space of interpersonal, solution-oriented communication filled by the actor and the patient) are faced with an identity crisis and other problems, some of which are linked to a instrumental vision of their practice. Such a vision leads to a discursive and theoretical approach, yet interferes with potential partnerships. Also, it traps open and solution-oriented relational situations by favouring that which is focused on acts of a prescriptive and normative nature. This state of affairs is encouraged by several factors linked to the actor's status, to health policies and to the evaluation of such policies. In future, effective work in this "intermediate space" will require that actors use other inductive models on which to base their practice which, incidentally, remains at the fringe of social care and support.

Communication↗

PubMed1983

Concerns of mothers seeking care in private pediatric offices: opportunities for expanding services.

A surplus of general pediatricians has been predicted for 1990. This surplus could provide both opportunity and need for practitioners to identify areas of maternal concern that might guide expansion of marketable physician services. For this purpose, maternal concerns were assessed by interviewing 207 mothers seeking care in private pediatric offices. Only 30% of mothers were most worried about their child's physical health. The remaining 70% were most concerned about problems falling into six categories of parenting, behavior, and development (psychosocial concerns): personality/social development, discipline, mental development, mother-child interaction time, adjustment to divorce and other life changes, and adolescent transition. Although the majority of these concerns conceivably could be handled in private offices, only 28% of these mothers had discussed their greater psychosocial concern with their pediatrician. A search for explanations of this failure to communicate indicated mothers often were not aware that their pediatrician could help, or they questioned his ability or interest in assisting them. Characteristics that correlated significantly with communication were higher family socioeconomic levels, and greater physician self-perceived ability and interest in these psychosocial problems. Parenting, behavior, and development concerns represent an opportunity for expanding services if some of these obstacles can be overcome.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Born unwanted, 35 years later: the Prague study.

A long-held belief among mental health practitioners is that being born unwanted carries a risk of negative psychosocial development and poor mental health in adulthood. The Prague Study was designed to test this hypothesis. It followed the development and mental well-being of 220 children (now adults) born in 1961-63 in Prague to women twice denied abortion for the same unwanted pregnancy. The children were individually pair-matched at about age nine with 220 children born from accepted pregnancies when no abortion had been requested. This article brings together in one place the theoretical assumptions and hypotheses, the criteria for selecting the study participants and major findings from five follow-up waves conducted among the children around the ages of 9, 14-16, 21-23, 28-31 and 32-35 years, plus a sub-study of married unwanted pregnancy subjects and accepted pregnancy controls at ages 26-28. To control for potential confounding factors in data interpretation, all siblings of all subjects were included in the last two waves. It was found that differences in psychosocial development widened over time but lessened at around age 30. All the differences consistently disfavoured the unwanted pregnancy subjects, especially only children (no siblings). They became psychiatric patients (especially in-patients) more frequently than the accepted pregnancy controls and also more often than their siblings. The overall findings suggest that, in the aggregate, denial of abortion for unwanted pregnancy entails an increased risk for negative psychosocial development and mental well-being in adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Development of psychosocial scales for the assessment of adolescents involved with alcohol and drugs.

There are differences among adolescents who use alcohol and other drugs not only in the extent and pattern of their use, but also with respect to the factors that may have contributed to or accompany their involvement with drugs. The Personal Experience Scales (PES) is a new self-report inventory developed to assess psychosocial factors that may: (1) predispose or perpetuate adolescent chemical involvement, (2) complicate chemical abuse treatment, or (3) require treatment in their own right. This paper provides an overview of the development of the PES. Scale construction procedures, scale characteristics, and evidence of scale validity are reported.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Psychosocial maturity among people with diabetes mellitus.

There is a relationship between coping with chronic illness and a person's psychosocial development. The aim of this study was to describe dimensions of psychosocial development based on results of a previous factor analysis of the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory among people with type 2 diabetes. Interviews were carried out with 10 people with diabetes. The transcribed interviews were analysed by qualitative content analysis into main categories, categories and themes. The categories were trust, lack of trust, positive identity, identity confusion, integrity and lack of integrity. Themes that permeated the categories in a positive way were 'activity' and 'involvement', while themes that permeated the categories in a negative way were 'passivity' and 'alienation'. Our interpretation is that the category 'trust' is the basis for 'identity', and together 'trust' and 'identity' are the basis for maturity and 'integrity'. A conclusion is that positive psychosocial maturity has to do with attaining trust, identity and integrity through activity and involvement. Qualities important for maturation through trust, identity and integrity are understanding, capacity, purposefulness and fortitude. Our interpretation of maturity is considered as being an important and interesting focus in nursing, while the above related qualities are closely connected to coping with diabetes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Culturally appropriate measures for monitoring child development at family and community level: a WHO collaborative study.

Culturally appropriate techniques for monitoring child psychosocial development were prepared and tested in China, India and Thailand on a total of 28,139 children. This is the largest study of its kind ever undertaken. Representative groups aged between birth and 6 years were examined and the results were used to produce national development standards-separately for rural and urban children in China and India, and for all children combined in Thailand-which are considered to be more satisfactory than foreign-based standards. In each country, between 13 and 19 key milestones of psychosocial development were selected for a simplified developmental screening operation and these have been incorporated on a home-based record of a child's growth and development. Between 35 and 67 tests have been devised in each country to test the children at first-referral level.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Current developments in psychosocial treatments of alcohol and substance abuse.

This article reviews recent findings and new developments in alcohol and substance abuse treatment over the past 2 years. Outcome results from two large clinical trials: Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity) for alcohol dependent patients; and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study for cocaine dependent patients; and the naturalistic Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study have yielded important results on the possibility of patient treatment matching. The promising community reinforcement approaches have been expanded to opiate dependent and homeless populations. Finally, a number of studies point to the important role of self-help groups and the power of 12-step-based treatment approaches.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2000

Consumer participation in the development of psychosocial clinical practice guidelines: opinions of women with breast cancer.

Clinical practice guidelines are playing an increasingly important role in defining quality care and consumers have a considerable interest in participating in the development of guidelines. The objective of this study was to explore consumer's perceptions of guideline items relating to psychosocial care of women with breast cancer, developed by Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council National Breast Cancer Centre. Women diagnosed with breast cancer in the previous 2 years (n = 313) received a letter about the study via their radiation oncologist. Consenting women were contacted by the researchers to complete a telephone survey. The survey asked women to rate the importance of draft guidelines items, including discussing prognosis, providing information and choice, doctor-patient communication, preparation for surgery, providing emotional support, providing social support, dealing with practical and cultural issues and continuity of care. One hundred and forty women (45%) completed the survey. The results indicated that at least 50% of respondents rated 28 of the 52 items as 'essential' components, with respondents identifying providing information and choice, and doctor-patient communication as the most important aspects of psychosocial care. The findings suggest the guidelines adequately reflect consumer opinions and identify priority areas for clinicians to address in providing psychosocial support to women with breast cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

The development of male prostitution activity among gay and bisexual adolescents.

The current research literature regarding male-juvenile prostitution activity is reviewed. An attempt is made to develop some theoretical understanding of the development of this activity among gay and bisexual adolescents. A predisposition, resulting from faulty psychosexual and psychosocial development, appears to make these boys vulnerable to the situational variables that they encounter. More severe disruptions in psychosexual and psychosocial development seem to result in more destructive and non-ego-enhancing prostitution activities. A clinical case study is presented which illustrates the development of this activity. Recommendations are made to help reduce the amount of self-destructive prostitution activity among male adolescents.

Adolescent↗