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PubMed2006

Not without hope: a Reformed analysis of sickness and sin.

A Reformed understanding of sickness requires that connections be drawn between the structural effects of sin and the ways that sickness is experienced in people's lives. Such an understanding can be an important resource for the bioethicist, both the bioethicist who speaks from the Reformed tradition and the bioethicist who speaks to patients and caregivers who may assume that sin and sickness are connected, but may understand that linkage in overly simplistic ways.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2006

Disease, suffering, and sin: one Anglican's perspective.

This article explores some of the implications of understanding sin as failure of perception. The theological underpinning of the argument is the choice made in the Garden of Eden to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge rather than the fruit of the tree of life, or wisdom. This has led to distorted perception, in which all things are seen as having separate, independent existences rather than joined together by their common divine source and their deep interrelatedness in the covenant made with God. The article discusses the fascination with the principle of respect for autonomy in the light of this theology. It also looks at perceptions of the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa. It finishes with a definition of repentance that makes right perception possible.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

God as the ultimate attachment figure for older adults.

Attachment to God among older adults is an area of research that has been neglected thus far. The existence of such an attachment was explored in a study of 109 elders aged 70-97. A modest proportion of elders displayed a strong attachment to God, assessed by coding interview data for indicators of attachment. Strength of attachment to God was related (p < .05) to greater religiosity, greater fear of death, loss of other attachment figures, religious affiliation, and being younger in age, Black, and of lower socioeconomic status. Participants belonging to fundamentalist or evangelical Protestant denominations had a stronger attachment to God than those with other affiliations. Findings are interpreted in relation to existing literature on attachment to God.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Trends in attitudes toward abortion: 1972-1976.

Trends in attitudes toward abortion are examined over the 1972-1976 period. While an overall tendency of more liberal attitudes is noted, important differences over time are apparent by gender, education, occupational prestige, and religiosity.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2003

"An expedition to heal the wounds of war". The 1919 eclipse and Eddington as Quaker adventurer.

The 1919 eclipse expedition's confirmation of general relativity is often celebrated as a triumph of scientific internationalism. However, British scientific opinion during World War I leaned toward the permanent severance of intellectual ties with Germany. That the expedition came to be remembered as a progressive moment of internationalism was largely the result of the efforts of A. S. Eddington. A devout Quaker, Eddington imported into the scientific community the strategies being used by his coreligionists in the national dialogue: humanize the enemy through personal contact and dramatic projects that highlight the value of peace and cooperation. The essay also addresses the common misconception that Eddington's sympathy for Einstein led him intentionally to misinterpret the expedition's results. The evidence gives no reason to think that Eddington or his coworkers were anything but rigorous. Eddington's pacifism is reflected not in manipulated data but in the meaning of the expedition and the way it entered the collective memory as a celebration of international cooperation in the wake of war.

Astronomy↗
PubMed2003

Maspardin is mutated in mast syndrome, a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with dementia.

Mast syndrome is an autosomal recessive, complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia with dementia that is present at high frequency among the Old Order Amish. Subtle childhood abnormalities may be present, but the main features develop in early adulthood. The disease is slowly progressive, and cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs are also found in patients with advanced disease. Patients have a thin corpus callosum and white-matter abnormalities, as seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Using an extensive Amish pedigree, we have mapped the Mast syndrome locus (SPG21) to a small interval of chromosome 15q22.31 that encompasses just three genes. Sequence analysis of the three transcripts revealed that all 14 affected cases were homozygous for a single base-pair insertion (601insA) in the acid-cluster protein of 33 kDa (ACP33) gene. This frameshift results in the premature termination (fs201-212X213) of the encoded product, which is designated "maspardin" (Mast syndrome, spastic paraplegia, autosomal recessive with dementia), and has been shown elsewhere to localize to intracellular endosomal/trans-Golgi transportation vesicles and may function in protein transport and sorting.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Use of the internet for health information by African-Americans with modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of Internet use among African-Americans at risk of cardiovascular disease and to determine the feasibility of developing Webbased, culturally relevant health information programs to reduce cardiovascular disease in the African American faith community. A cross-sectional survey was used to investigate the association of Internet use with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among members of African Methodist Episcopal churches in South Carolina. A telephone survey including questions on demographic factors, medical history, diet, and exercise was administered to a sample of 208 adult church members. A preventable CVD risk factor was defined as having any of the following: hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette use, and not participating in moderate physical activity. A logistic regression determined the relationship of having a preventable CVD risk factor with Internet use while controlling for potential confounding variables. Among respondents, 47% used the Internet with most (65%) using it for 1 month or less. Most (87%) have at least one preventable CVD risk factor. Both higher education and younger age were significantly associated with Internet use. Results of the logistic regression indicate that individuals with a cardiovascular risk factor were not significantly less likely to use the Internet when controlling for age and education. Use of the Internet has potential to reach large populations, however, more work needs to be done to increase access to the Internet by older African-Americans at greatest risk of CVD before this approach can be effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future.

Comparisons of diets and disease rates between Adventists and non-Adventists, and prospective cohort studies among Adventists, have contributed greatly to our general understanding of nutrition and health. The most fundamental conclusion drawn from the Adventist Health Studies has been that maintaining a lean body weight throughout life is central for optimal health. Other contributions have included the value of nut consumption for prevention of coronary artery disease, and the roles of red meat and dairy products in the etiologies of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Although much progress has been made, many issues remain unresolved. In particular, rates of breast and prostate cancers remain high among Adventist populations despite an overall healthy lifestyle and long life expectancy. There is even some suggestion that risk of breast cancer may increase with duration of being a vegetarian. One topic that may be uniquely studied among an Adventist population is the effect of soy phytoestrogens in disease prevention. Although soy consumption has been hypothesized to contribute to the low rates of breast cancer in Asian populations, several intervention studies using high doses of soy estrogens have shown changes in breast nipple fluid that would predict higher rates of breast cancer. Also, high dairy product consumption has been associated with risk of prostate and ovarian cancers in some but not all studies. The unusually wide range of milk consumption in Adventists will be particularly informative with regard to these relations. Resolution of these issues is needed to provide optimal guidance regarding healthy diets, and the newly funded Adventist Health Study will contribute importantly in this effort.

Diet↗
PubMed1995

How Christian ethics became medical ethics: the case of Paul Ramsey.

Over the last century Christian ethics has moved from an attempt to Christianize the social order to a quandary over whether being Christian unduly biases how medical ethics is done. This movement can be viewed as the internal development of protestant liberalism to its logical conclusion, and Paul Ramsey can be taken as one of the last great representatives of that tradition. By reducing the Christian message to the 'ethical upshot' of neighbour love, Ramsey did not have the resources to show how Christian practice might make a difference for understanding or forming the practice of medicine. Instead, medicine became the practice that exemplified the moral commitments of Christian civilization, and the goal of the ethicist was to identify the values that were constitutive of medicine. Ramsey thus prepared the way for the Christian ethicist to become a medical ethicist with a difference, and the difference simply involved vague theological presumptions that do no serious intellectual work other than explaining, perhaps, the motivations of the ethicist.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1995

Moral content, tradition, and grace: rethinking the possibility of a Christian bioethics.

Birth, suffering, disability, disease and death were by medicine's successes placed within a context of seemingly novel challenges that cried out for new responses. Secular bioethics rose in response to the demands of these new biomedical technologies in the context of culture fragmented in moral pluralism. While secular bioethics promised to unite persons separated by diverse religious and moral assumption, this is a promise that could not be fulfilled. Reason alone cannot provide canonical, content-full moral guidance or justify a moral community capable of binding all persons. Christian bioethics, as part of a way of life enbedded in authentic worship, offers content, meaning and understanding where secular bioethics has failed. For Christians, resolution of bioethical controversies will not be found through appeals to foundational rational arguments or isolated scriptural quotations, but only in a Christian community united in authentic faith.

Bioethical Issues↗