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PubMed1994

[Afferent projections to the nodulus in the cat. I. Climbing fiber projections].

Olivocerebellar projections to the nodulus of the cat were studied by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. The findings derived from the present study indicate that the nodulus can be divided into 5 longitudinal zones on the basis of differences in the afferent projection sites from the contralateral inferior olive. These zones are the medial-most zone projected from the caudal half of the nucleus beta, the lateral zone of the medial part from the rostral half of the nucleus beta, the medial zone of the intermediate part from the caudal part of the dorsal cap, the lateral zone of the intermediate part from the rostral part of the dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth, the lateral-most zone from the dorsomedial cell column. There is no difference between the ventral and dorsal nodulus.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Podiatric educational enhancement project. A project overview.

Commitment to steady, adaptive improvement in podiatric medical professionals has taken shape in the Podiatric Educational Enhancement Project. This project involves wide representation from all interests, aspects, and constituencies in the profession to study opportunities and develop consensus on both small and large enhancements possible in the continuum of podiatric medical education. More than 1,300 podiatric physicians have contributed information and expertise, and more will be involved as the project develops during the next 18 months.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1999

Take it to heart: a national health screening and education project in African-American communities. A joint project of the NMA and Bayer Corporation.

"Take It to Heart" is a community health screening and education project jointly sponsored by the National Medical Association (NMA) and Bayer Corporation, Pharmaceutical Division. The project was designed to increase awareness of the prevalence of hypertension and the risks of coronary heart disease in the African-American community. Free health testing for hypertension and cholesterol was provided in six communities. Participants received an individualized coronary risk assessment outlining key risk areas, followed by consultation with an NMA physician. A total of 1651 individuals between the ages of 18 and 82 participated in the health screenings. Ninety-five percent of those tested were African American. In a preliminary health history, 76% reported insufficient exercise, 23% reported a history of high blood pressure, and 19% had a positive family history of early cardiovascular disease. Screening test results revealed 40% of participants had a blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg, 52% had a cholesterol level > 200 mg, and 42% had a body mass index > 27. Based on these results, more than 76% were calculated to have a moderate to high coronary risk profile. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are major public health problems associated with an increased incidence of death in the African-American community. The Take It to Heart Project is an important mechanism of providing health information to the public and encouraging those at highest risk to take steps to improve their health status.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1999

The new subnational population projections model: methodology and projection scenarios.

This article describes the most recent process of projecting population at the subnational level in England. It briefly explains the reasons why projecting population at the subnational level is important, describes the model and how it was used to produce the latest set of long-term subnational population projections in England published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 1998. The article then discusses how the model may be applied to answer various 'what-if' questions about future population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Project LID (lower infant deaths). Lessons learned from a local infant mortality review project.

Project LID (Lower Infant Deaths) is an infant mortality review project conducted by the Minneapolis Department of Health and Family Support and the Saint Paul-Ramsey County Department of Public Health. Infant death occurs when a live-born infant dies before age 1. Multidisciplinary teams reviewed 112 infant-mother cases involving infant death using vital and medical records. Open-ended maternal interviews were conducted for approximately half of the cases. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data provided insights into the contributing social, medical, and environmental factors experienced by some families in Hennepin and Ramsey counties. Case review teams developed recommendations to address factors identified in each case. Recommendations are directed to health care providers, professional societies, health systems, government organizations, policymakers, and community- and school-based organizations. This article describes findings from the project and presents recommendations for Minnesota physicians with practices in obstetrics, family medicine, and pediatrics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[The LORAS Project and quality assurance. In four years from input- to outcome-oriented financing in public health. 1: The LORAS Project].

This series of three articles is a summary of the operations, findings and results of the hospital reform projects in the Canton of Zurich, termed LORAS. With the aid of the LORAS project within four years Zurich hospitals have been transformed. Whereas they used to adhere to input-oriented covering of deficits they now operate with outcome-oriented prospective financing of output. Part 1 describes the whole Project. Part 2 focuses on the development of outcome-measurement. Part 3 finally describes the implementation of the outcome-measurement in the canton of Zurich.

Economics, Hospital↗

PubMed2001

[The LORAS project and quality assurance. In four years from input- to outcome-oriented financing in public health. 2: LORAS project outcome parts 1 & 98].

This series of three articles is a summary of the operations, findings and results of the hospital reform projects in the Canton of Zurich, termed LORAS. With the aid of the LORAS project within four years Zurich hospitals have been transformed. Whereas they used to adhere to input-oriented covering of deficits they now operate with outcome-oriented prospective financing of output. Part 1 describes the whole project. Part 2 focuses on the development of outcome-measurement. Part 3 finally describes the implementation of the outcome-measurement in the canton of Zurich.

Hospitals↗

PubMed1992

[The long-term evaluation of a project for the primary prevention of coronary cardiopathy at 10 years from the stopping of treatment. The second phase of the Roman Project to Prevent Coronary Cardiopathy (PPCC II Phase)].

At the end of the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention (PPCC) lasted 6 years and involving 3131 treated and 2896 control men aged 40-59 belonging to occupational groups, the mean values of some coronary risk factors (systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habits, body mass index) were favourably reduced in treated men as compared to controls. Incidence (-25.4%) and mortality (-26.8%) from CHD were also lower, in 6 years, in treated vs control groups. Ten years after the end of the project and of the treatment procedures in "treated men", a subgroup of 1013 former treated men and one of 843 former controls could be re-examined, whereas mortality data could be collected in those 3395 men who were examined at the end of the 6-year project. The 16 year examination showed that serum cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index and cigarette consumption are now lower, on the average, in former control men, as compared to that of former treated ones. The finding is largely justified by different behaviours of eating, smoking and motion habits and by the motivation and behaviour toward health problems. Coronary mortality, during the last 10 years, was higher among the former treated men as compared to that of former control men (+50.0%; p less than 0.05%). The reverse trend observed in these 10 years is likely explained by a psychological "rebound" phenomenon occurred in the former treated men and to some beneficial effects, in the former control men, bound to the secular trend which presently characterizes some living habits of the Italian population.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1991

Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) epidemiology: standardization of data for the DIAMOND Project. The WHO Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes Group.

The WHO Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes, known as the DIAMOND Project, has been responsible for establishing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) registries and for carrying out diabetes incidence studies, descriptive epidemiological research, and analytical investigations which are being used to test specific hypotheses regarding the etiology of the disease. Standardized epidemiological data are being collected from countries around the world, permitting international comparisons between registries. Multinational studies are also beginning to investigate the potential genetic determinants of the disease, and are contributing to the development of familial IDDM epidemiology worldwide. The development of standards for data collection of IDDM family histories is important for multinational studies of IDDM recurrence risks in families, descriptive analyses of patterns of familial aggregation, and comparative analytical investigations of specific etiological determinants of IDDM in relatives. These activities are being implemented through the DIAMOND Project.

Child↗

PubMed1998

Improving care for acute myocardial infarction: experience from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project Best Practices Working Group.

BACKGROUND: The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) was initiated by the Health Care Financing Administration to improve the quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Four peer review organizations formed the CCP Best Practices Working Group (Working Group) to identify effective intervention strategies that enable a hospital staff to improve AMI care. METHODS: The peer review organization in each state was asked to identify six hospitals with exemplary quality improvement (QI) plans for AMI care; 33 states responded. Data about the hospitals' baseline performance on the CCP quality indicators and components of the QI plans were collected from each hospital. Thirty-six of 40 randomly selected hospitals from this group were interviewed. RESULTS: The Working Group identified 191 hospitals in 33 states with exemplary QI plans. Administration of thrombolytic therapy and aspirin were the quality indicators most commonly addressed. Staff education, development or revision of clinical pathways and standing orders, and ongoing data collection were the most common QI plan components. The need to develop interdisciplinary teams and to identify a strong physician champion for the QI efforts were the most common recommendations for other hospitals considering implementation of the CCP. CONCLUSIONS: The CCP stimulated interest in QI activities for AMI care in the institutions identified for the Working Group. The characteristics of the hospitals' improvement plans were consistent with those identified by contemporary leaders of clinical QI as central to improving care. These plans focused on changes in clinical processes, deployment of interdisciplinary teams, identification of project champions, and ongoing data collection to assess and improve quality of care.

Alabama↗

PubMed1992

The Canadian Physiotherapy Quality of Care Project. Analysis of a derailed project.

The Physiotherapy Quality of Care Project was a project of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association, sponsored by the Canadian government to ensure the quality of physiotherapy. A consensus committee of physiotherapy educators and managers developed and tested an instrument to measure changes in patients' functional status during physiotherapy. Despite scientific development and wide distribution, this technology was not adopted. Alternative methods, which were heavily marketed, gained nationwide use instead.

Canada↗

PubMed1999

Morphology, axonal projection pattern, and response types of tectal neurons in plethodontid salamanders. I: tracer study of projection neurons and their pathways.

In three salamander species (Hydromantes italicus, H. genei, Plethodon jordani), the tectobulbospinal and tectothalamic pathways and their cells of origin were studied by means of anterograde and retrograde biocytin and tetramethylrhodamine tracing. In plethodontid salamanders, five types of tectal projection neurons were identified. TO1 neurons have widefield dendritic trees that arborize in the layers of retinal afferents and form a neuropil in the superficial layer; axons constitute the crossed tectospinal tract. Dendrites of TO2 cells have the largest dendritic trees that arborize in the intermediate and deep layers of retinal afferents; axons constitute a lateral uncrossed tectospinal tract. TO3 cells have widefield dendritic trees that arborize in the deep layer of retinal afferents and in the layer of tectal efferents; axons constitute a superficial uncrossed tectospinal tract. TO4 cells have slender primary dendrites and small-field dendritic trees that arborize in the intermediate layers of retinal afferents; axons constitute another lateral uncrossed tectospinal tract. TO2, TO3, and TO4 cells also have ascending axons that run to the ventral and dorsal thalamus. TO5 cells have slender primary dendrites and small-field dendritic trees that extend into the superficial layers of retinal afferents; their fine axons constitute the bulk of the pathways ascending to the ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus. These morphological types of projection neurons and their ascending and descending axonal pathways closely resemble those found in frogs, reptiles, and birds. Their role in visual and visuomotor functions is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Autoradiographic studies of the projections of the midbrain reticular formation: ascending projections of nucleus cuneiformis.

The ascending projections of the cuneiform nucleus in the cat were traced by autoradiography in the transverse and sagittal planes following stereotaxically placed injections of (3)H-leucine. The ascending fibers are almost exclusively ipsilateral and enter the diencephalon as a wide radiation. At the mesodiencephalic junction fibers enter the nucleus of the posterior commissure and pretectal nuclei, and others cross in the posterior commissure to distribute to these structures on the contralateral side. More ventrally directed fibers distribute to the fields of Forel and then spread into the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. At the caudal level of the ventral thalamic group, the ascending fibers diverge and follow two separate courses. One division of fibers continues forward beneath the ventral thalamic group and distributes to the zpna incerta and dorsal hypothalamic area. It rapidly diminishes in size as it attains more rostral levels where it is found in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure. Other fibers of this division spread laterally to innervate the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus, and preoptic area, and still others follow the entire confirmation of the thalamic reticular nucleus. The second division of fiber ascends through midline and intralaminar nuclei, completely encircling the mediodorsal nucleus, which is uninnervated except for a small ventral region. The distribution of this division is heaviest to the paraventricular, parafascicular, and central dorsal nuclei. Neither division is conspicuous rostral to the anterior commissure. No projections to neostriatum or specific thalamic nuclei were evident.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1976

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat as studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. II. The projection to the uvula.

Following injections of small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) suspension in the uvula of the cat, the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive has been mapped. The findings confirm the conclusion made on the basis of studies of retrograde cell loss in the olive following ablations of the uvula (Brodal, '40b) that two small olivary subdivisions, the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column project heavily to the uvula. In addition the HRP-study shows that the uvula receives a smaller number of fibers from two circumscribed areas of the contralateral medial accessory olive. These areas appear to project to the lateralmost parts of the uvula (fig. 4). The findings thus support the presence of a longitudinal zonal subdivision in the uvula. Labeled cells are found in the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column also following injections of the fastigial nucleus and to a lesser degree of lobulus VII of the vermis (Hoddevik et al. 76). This may be due to collateral branching of olivary efferents. There is some evidence for a topographical correlation between dorsal and ventral parts of the uvula and rostral and caudal parts, respectively, of the nucleus beta and the dorsomedial cell column. This may be related to functional differences between the two parts of the uvula.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The olivocerebellar projection studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. V. The projections to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit.

HRP was injected in the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus in the rabbit to determine the areas of the inferior olive which project onto these cerebellar regions. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occurred in the dorsal cap and the rostralmost tip of the medial accessory olive. Following injections in the nodulus labeled cells were likewise found in the dorsal cap, but in addition in the rostralmost part of the dorsomedial cell column and the adjoining part of the medial accessory olive. Injections in the dorsal paraflocculus gave rise to labeling in the rostrolateral part of the medial accessory olive, while injections in the ventral paraflocculus resulted in labeling in the principal olive, mainly in the lateral part of the ventral lamella. Injections in the lateral third of the dentate nucleus gave rise to labeling mainly in the dorsal lamella of the principal olive. The results are discussed with reference to those obtained by previous authors. There are both similarities and discrepancies. It appears from what is known of afferents from areas mediating visual impulses to the inferior olive that the olivary areas projecting onto the flocculonodular lobe, and possibly the dorsal paraflocculus, may mediate visual impulses to these lobules.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1983

Central projections of the brachial nerve in bullfrogs: muscle and cutaneous afferents project to different regions of the spinal cord.

The central projections of muscle and cutaneous sensory neurons in the bullfrog were labeled by filling their peripheral axons in the forelimb with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Muscle afferent fibers were found to project exclusively to the ventral neuropil of the brachial spinal cord in the intermediate gray zone. Cutaneous afferent axons had their arbors limited to the dorsal neuropil. There is therefore a topography in the central representation of two classes of sensory modalities.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Callosal projections from area SII to SI in monkeys: anatomical organization and comparison with association projections.

The present research was aimed at ascertaining in the macaque monkey the reciprocity of the heterotopical callosal connections between SI and SII, with particular regard to the connectivity of the hand representation, and at comparing the topographical and laminar pattern of these callosal connections with those of association connections entertained by these areas. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was unilaterally injected into area SI in five monkeys. The sites of HRP delivery included the trunk and the hand zones preliminarily identified by recording multi-unit responses to peripheral stimulation by means of microelectrodes. Anterograde and retrograde labelling was studied in SII of both sides. The results showed the complete reciprocity of the heterotopical callosal connections between SI and SII. In the latter area both callosal axon terminals and neurones were found, which were labelled from either the trunk or the hand zone of contralateral SI. Labelling of callosal axon terminals occurred mainly in layer IV and in the lowermost part of layer III. Labelled callosal neurones were mainly in the lower half of layer III, whereas few occurred in infragranular layers. Topographically, the distribution of callosal terminals and cell bodies duplicated the distribution of association terminals and cell bodies labelled in SII on the side ipsilateral to HRP injection. The laminar pattern of termination of association fibres from SI was similar to that of callosal fibres. However, the distribution of association-projecting neurones in SII showed a striking difference from that of callosal-projecting neurones. Unlike the latter neurones, which were mainly located in supragranular layers, association cell bodies overwhelmingly dwelt in layers V and VI and were less numerous in layers II and III. This laminar pattern of association SII-SI cells corresponds to the "feed-backward" model and fits the laminar pattern of their axon terminations (Friedman: Brain Res. 273: 147-151, '83). The association and callosal inputs and outputs of area SII are discussed in relation to the function of the forward and backward type of reciprocal connections entertained with SI in the ipsilateral hemisphere and to the function of SII in the interhemispheric exchange of somatosensory information.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Fibroblast growth factor receptor function is required for the orderly projection of ganglion cell axons in the developing mammalian retina.

During the early stages of development various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are expressed throughout the retinal neuroepithelium. The ability of retinal ganglion cells to project their axons to the optic fissure depends, in part, on cell-cell interactions mediated by cell adhesion molecules. In the present study we show that the ability of the firstborn rat retinal ganglion cells to extend axons in vitro can be stimulated by NCAM and L1, but not N-cadherin. Both CAM responses can be fully inhibited by antibodies that block neuronal fibroblast growth factor receptor function and by agents that block defined steps in the FGFR signal transduction cascade. When added to living E13.5 rat retinal whole-mount preparations the same agents induced errors in the orderly establishment of young axon patterns in the retinal periphery and caused axons in the retinal center to defasciculate. These results suggest that the activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signal cascade not only promotes survival and proliferation of various cell types but can also mediate intraretinal axon guidance.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗