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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Urban and rural Indian drinking patterns: implications for intervention policy development.

Alcohol misuse has taken on epidemic proportions among some (but not all) American Indian populations. Cultural, psychological, socioeconomic and genetic etiologies have been offered to explain this social phenomenon. This study identifies the relative strengths of these causal models to differentiate among both current and lifelong drinking career patterns. Further, antecedent and drinking level differences between urban and rural Indian populations in California are described. Age, sex, level of stress as measured by the Cornell Medical Index, percent of Indian ancestry and level of drinking in the family of origin are less powerful predictors of drinking level. Policy implications of these findings include: the development of intervention programs which involve members of the patient's support network, accelerated interventions in rural Indian communities and mid-level interventions among younger and less debilitated, but identifiably "at risk", populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pneumococcal immunization: policy development and implementation from the ACIP perspective.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the U.S. Public Health Service is responsible for making recommendations on the use of new vaccines and periodically revising those for established vaccines. Recommendations for pneumococcal vaccine were first issued in 1978 and revised in 1981. The changes which appear in the revision reflect the continuing maturation of the Committee's judgment on the vaccine and are a good example of the process by which the ACIP develops its recommendations on national immunization practices.

Bacterial Vaccines↗
PubMed1992

Reforming the Department of Health's research and development policy: from the devil to the deep blue sea?

Research into health and social services in Britain is largely funded by the Department of Health. Regional NHS research and development has recently been reformed and a new report now proposes replacement of the 13 research units funded by the department with three or four large multidisciplinary centres. Evidence to support such a step is lacking, and many criticisms of the existing units arise from poor departmental planning rather than deficiencies of the units themselves. Large units may make research less responsive to the department's needs, and it is essential that the proposed new structure is thoroughly evaluated before it is introduced.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1998

The mad cow problem in the UK: risk perceptions, risk management, and health policy development.

Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle first recognized in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1986. Until recently, the UK government considered the chance of a human becoming infected with the BSE agent to be extremely remote. As a result of new developments, alarmist media attention, bureaucratic mishandling of the issues, scientific uncertainty, bickering among technical experts, and a dearth of easily assimilated and balanced information on the problem, widespread fears that affected cattle could enter the human food supply and transmit the disease to humans have periodically erupted, causing social, economic, and political consequences of tremendous magnitude. Better management of the mad cow problem could have minimized the magnitude of the epidemic among cattle, the risk to humans, and the public outrage. Trust in the British government was seriously eroded, an entire industry crippled, and international relations severely tried. Although the scientific data concerning BSE and its transmissibility to humans are still not conclusive, a growing body of (still largely circumstantial) evidence suggests that BSE may be transmissible to humans. Unfortunately, policy decisions cannot wait for a final scientific answer. Therefore, high-stakes decisions must be made in the face of this uncertainty. Such decisions should be made with the primary purpose of protecting the public, and not preferentially the economics of an industry, political alliances, or other considerations. Given that the risk to humans from BSE was (and still is) unknown and may be high, and that the perceived risk among the British public was (and still is) extraordinarily high, policies should support more aggressive interventions. Of necessity, such interventions will be preventive, as there is presently no available treatment. Such policies should be modified as necessary as the developing scientific data warrants.

Animals↗