Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Patulin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effect of irradiation and storage on patulin disappearance and some chemical constituents of apple juice concentrate.

The effect of irradiation on the patulin content and on the chemical composition of apple juice concentrate during storage at 4 degrees C over a period of several weeks was investigated. The radiation-induced disappearance of the mycotoxin in relation to the absorbed dose followed an exponential relationship. The radiation dose (D50), i.e., the dose which reduced the patulin content to 50% of its initial value was equal to 0.35 kGy. Storage of the irradiated concentrate had no effect on the patulin content; however, storage did lead to a slight increase in the titratable acidity and a decrease in the amounts of the carbonyl compounds and the ascorbic acid concentration. The development of non-enzymatic browning during storage of the irradiated samples followed the same kinetics as that of the non-irradiated samples.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2005

The isoepoxydon dehydrogenase gene of the patulin metabolic pathway differs for Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium expansum.

Purified DNA from isolates of Penicillium griseofulvum and P. expansum was used as a template to amplify a 600-bp fragment of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene of the patulin biosynthetic pathway. Primer pairs designed from the P. griseofulvum gene to amplify specific regions of the idh gene yielded similar-sized bands for all strains. Asymmetrical amplification produced DNA products for sequencing and DNA sequences were translated to produce the corresponding amino acid sequences. After removal of two introns present in the region sequenced, amino acid sequences were compared. There were 12 amino acid differences between P. expansum and P. griseofulvum in the coding region. The differences correlated with the amount of patulin previously produced in culture, with strains of P. griseofulvum producing the greatest amounts of patulin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice.

A rapid, simple and economical method using a limited amount of organic solvent is described for the determination of patulin in apple juice. The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extract was cleaned up by extraction with sodium carbonate solution. Patulin was then determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a MicroPack C18 column and a variable-wavelength UV-Vis detector set at 276 nm. Patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were completely resolved by using water-acetonitrile (99:1, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection limit was < 5 micrograms/l and the recovery was 98%.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Absorption of the mycotoxin patulin from the rat stomach.

The mycotoxin patulin (PAT), which frequently occurs in apple juices, has previously been shown to be toxic and teratogenic. However, there is almost no data about its absorption and metabolism. Therefore, the enrichment of PAT in the tissue of perfused rat stomachs after luminal application and its vascular appearance was quantified by stable isotope dilution assays. After application of juices enriched with PAT at concentrations of 350 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively, the mycotoxin appeared almost instantly in the perfusate. Twenty-six to twenty-nine percent of PAT were removed from the gastric lumen over 55 min. From this quantity, 17% and 2% were transferred into vascular circulation and 3% and 0.06% were detectable in gastric tissue for the high and the low PAT dose, respectively. The disappearance of 8400 microg and 700 microg PAT, respectively, could be attributed in part to its reaction with intracellular glutathione (GSH). Regarding the GSH content in the tissue, a decrease of 87% compared to that of control stomachs was observed for the high PAT dose, whereas in the case of the low PAT dose no significant GSH degradation occurred. Thus our results show that even low concentrations of patulin penetrate the gastric wall. Toxic effects, however, are unlikely as most of the patulin is disintegrated.

Absorption↗
PubMed2000

Determination of patulin in apple juice by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

An HPLC-MS-MS method with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) for the determination of patulin in apple juice samples is described. Mass spectrometric detection was accomplished following atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive and negative ion modes. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of the protonated molecular ion led initially to the loss of H2O (fragment m/z 137). At higher energies CO is lost from both the protonated parent molecule (fragment m/z 127) and the dehydrated molecular ion (fragment m/z 109). In contrast, CID of the deprotonated molecular ion led initially to the fragment at m/z 109 corresponding to the loss of either CO2 or acetaldehyde, followed at higher CID energy by the loss of H2O (fragment m/z 135) and CO (fragment m/z 125) from the deprotonated molecular ion. Detection in the negative ion mode proved superior and a linear response was observed over the injected range from 6 to 200 ng patulin. Apple juice samples spiked with patulin between 10 and 135 microg/l were analyzed following liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and clean up with sodium carbonate. Utilizing reversed-phase HPLC with acetonitrile-water (10:90) at 0.5 ml/min, levels down to 10 microg/l were readily quantified and a detection limit of 4 microg/l was attainable at a signal-to-noise (SIN) ratio of 4. The MS data for the spiked samples compared well to the UV data and when plotted against each other displayed a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1975

Determination of penicillic acid and patulin by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron-capture detector.

Quantitative and concurrent determinations of penicillic acid and patulin have been achieved after separation of these compounds, as their trimethylsilyl derivatives, by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection and a column of 10% of DC-200 plus 15% of QF-1 on Gas-Chrom Q; the minimum determinable amounts of penicillic acid and patulin were 0.05 and 0.1 ng, respectively. The procedure devised for determining these compounds in grain involves extraction with solvents, followed by further clean-up by thin-layer chromatography; the detection limit of this procedure is about 0.02 ppm, and recovery at the level of 0.05 ppm is about 90%. The significant separation of penicillic acid and patulin produced in moldy rice is demonstrated on the gas chromatograms, and this makes possible a micro-assay for these toxic compounds in contaminated grain.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1991

Determination of patulin by capillary gas chromatography of the heptafluorobutyrate derivative.

Formation and capillary gas chromatography of patulin heptafluorobutyrate is reported for the first time. The derivative was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (M+ = 350). Electron-capture detector response for patulin heptafluorobutyrate was linear in the range 0.05 to 0.5 ng. This sensitive and reproducible derivatization technique was applied to the determination of patulin in apple juice by capillary gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. The overall method recovery averaged 84% and less than or equal to 10 micrograms/l could be detected.

Beverages↗
PubMed1997

Production of patulin and cytochalasin E by Aspergillus clavatus during malting of barley and wheat.

Production of patulin and cytochalasin E by four strains of Aspergillus clavatus during small-scale laboratory malting of barley at 16 and 25 degrees C was investigated. Fungal biomass, measured as ergosterol, appeared to be greater at 25 than at 16 degrees C, but marked differences were observed between the degree of colonization by the different strains. Patulin was detected in extracts by HPLC. Net production was greater at 16 degrees C, but amounts were strain dependent. Except for one strain, cytochalasin E was detected only in barley malted at 25 degrees C. In experiments with wheat inoculated with two A. clavatus strains, ergosterol levels in the green malts were generally greater than in corresponding barley malts. Patulin was again detected in all samples, with the equivalent of 22.4 mg/kg being detected in one sample at 16 degrees C, but cytochalasin E was only found at 25 degrees C, the highest level detected being 13.8 mg/kg. In samples of barley spiked with toxin and kilned at 80 degrees C for 24 h, only about one-fifth of the amount of toxin recovered from corresponding unkilned controls was detected. It is indicated that differences in both contaminant strains and temperature in different maltings may account for disparities between symptoms reported for individual outbreaks of mycotoxicosis associated with malting by-products.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2004

The isoepoxydon dehydrogenase gene of patulin biosynthesis in cultures and secondary metabolites as candidate PCR inhibitors.

The European Union (EU) has introduced statutory limits for patulin in fruit products. Species definitions need to be unambiguous for this capability, especially to determine 'weak spots' in food, drink and feed production. Fungi were analysed for the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH) gene of the patulin metabolic pathway to indicate potential patulin production. In several cases inhibition of PCR product formation was indicated. Dilution as a means of overcoming PCR inhibition and to determine optimal concentrations was assessed and the ramifications for nucleic acid analysis in general are highlighted. The inhibitors may be secondary metabolites. However, inhibition was not involved obviously for Penicillium brevicompactum. The gene was detected frequently from Aspergillus section Clavati and Penicillium subgenus Penicillium species. Some strains within certain species were negative for the gene. Detection of the gene product in Byssochlamys is reported.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1999

Quantification of the mycotoxin patulin by a stable isotope dilution assay.

Two stable isotope dilution assays for the quantification of patulin [4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one] in foods were developed using (13)C-labeled patulin as the internal standard. One method was performed by means of LC/MS in negative electrospray ionization mode without derivatization; the other used HRGC/HRMS after trimethylsilylation of the patulin isotopomers. In comparison with previously reported methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, HRGC/HRMS of the derivatized samples showed better repeatability, higher recovery rates (96% at a spike level of 200 ng/L), and a 100 times lower detection limit (12 ng/L). In contrast, LC/MS showed a much lower performance as compared to HPLC/UV or HRGC/HRMS. Using HRGC/HRMS, the mycotoxin was quantified in many different fruit products and in molded wheat bread.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A limited survey of retail apple and grape juices for the mycotoxin patulin.

A retail survey (38 samples) of apple, grape and other juice-based products for the mycotoxin patulin has been carried out using HPLC analysis. Positive results were confirmed by GC-MS of the TMS derivative using chemical ionization selected ion monitoring. No grape juice or mixed juice product contained detectable patulin (limit 5 micrograms/l), nor did the majority (58%) of the apple juices. Low levels of patulin (in the range 5-10 micrograms/l) were present in six apple juices and the remaining four positive samples contained 16, 18, 30 and 56 micrograms/l.

Beverages↗
PubMed1979

Fluorescence detection and determination of patulin by thin-layer chromatography of its aniline imine.

A sensitive and simple procedure is descrobed for the analysis of the mycotoxin patulin. The method involves extraction of patulin from the sample, silica gel column chromatographic clean-up, preparation of the aniline imine, thin-layer chromatographic separation on silica gel, hydrogen chloride hydrolysis of the imine, and fluorophore formation from the liberated aniline with fluorescamine. A linear calibration curve was obtained for the 10-100 ng range and the limit of detection was 5 ng. Recoveries of patulin from samples of apple juice spiked at 50-500 ppb were quantitative.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1977

Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C]patulin by rats.

Adult rats of both sexes were given a single oral dose of [14C] patulin and were sacrificed at various time intervals from 4 hr to 7 days following administration of the mycotoxin. Two groups of rats were employed; the treated group had been exposed to daily oral doses of unlabeled patulin (dissolved in pH 5.0 citrate buffer) in utero and for 41-66 wk after weaning, while the controls were given the buffer only throughout gestation and for 38-81 wk after weaning. Approximately 49% of the administered 14C radioactivity was recovered from feces and 36% from urine within 7 days after dosing. Most of the excretion of labeled material occurred within the first 24 hr. All of the 14C activity detected in the urine samples was either metabolites and/or conjugates of the original [14C]patulin. About 1-2% of the total radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 from expired air. Carbon-14 radioactivity in various tissues and organs was determined throughout the 7 day period; the most significant retention site was the red blood cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Production of [14C]patulin by Penicillium patulum.

Factors affecting the production of [14C]patulin from [1-14C]acetate by replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum have been investigated. Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into patulin reached a maximum with 6- to 8-day-old cultures incubated at 28 degrees C for 8 h in a replacement medium containing 0.1 M glucose, inorganic salts, and undiluted [1-14C]acetate. The specific activity of [14C]patulin obtained from this method was 34 mCi/mmol when 0.5 mCi of [1-14C]acetate was supplied to the replacement medium.

Acetates↗
PubMed1983

Action of patulin on a yeast.

The action of patulin on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. At weak doses, the drug inhibited growth, but inhibition was transient. After 10 min, syntheses of rRNA, tRNA, and probably mRNA were blocked; this was shown by radioactive precursor incorporation assays and gel electrophoresis of RNAs. After recovery of growth, patulin disappeared from the medium. It seemed that this degradation resulted from the activity of an inducible enzymatic system. Induced cells resisted very high patulin concentrations.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1990

Differentiation of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx isolates by enzyme assays and by patulin and griseofulvin analyses.

The production of patulin and griseofulvin by 49 different isolates of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eleven isolates were obtained from pistachio nuts, 37 were obtained from wheat seeds, and 1 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Activities of 19 enzymes were also assayed by the API ZYM system. From these results it may be deduced that there are two different groups among the strains tested which cannot be distinguished by morphological and cultural characteristics. One group of isolates did not produce detectable amounts of patulin and griseofulvin when grown in sucrose-yeast extract and Wickerham media, while enzymatic activities were quantitatively distinct from the other group, which produced patulin and griseofulvin in variable proportions. Leucine arylamidase, phosphoamidase, and beta-D-glucosidase are the main enzymes with differing activities between the two groups. Differences in physiological characteristics among isolates of a single species reveal shortcomings in the classification of the penicillia based only on morphological criteria. Thus, determination of the ability to yield mycotoxins and antibiotics as well as determination of enzymatic activities appear to be very valuable tools in the taxonomy of these fungi and for food toxicology.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1986

Manganese and antibiotic biosynthesis. III. The site of manganese control of patulin production in Penicillium urticae.

Although manganese had been shown to be an essential requirement for patulin biosynthesis, its site of action was unknown. Four possibilities were considered. A manganese requirement for the second pathway enzyme, a decarboxylase, was discounted since mid and late pathway intermediates were not converted to patulin in manganese-deficient cultures. A major disruption in primary metabolism and hence secondary metabolism was discounted since eight primary metabolism enzymes showed no evidence of unusual changes in specific activity when normal and manganese-deficient cultures were compared. Inhibitor studies using actinomycin D and cycloheximide showed that there was no activation of preexisting enzyme proteins and that manganese did not influence translation. The inhibitor studies did show, however, that manganese exercised its effect on patulin biosynthesis by influencing the coordinate appearance of pathway enzymes though an effect at the level of transcription.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗