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PubMed1989

Simplified staining in situ of neurosecretory cells of the supraoesophageal ganglion of the female Culex pipiens molestus (Forskal) (Diptera: Culicidae).

The author describes the morphology and distribution of the neurosecretory cells in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the adult female Culex pipiens molestus, using paraldehyde fuchsin and paraldehyde thionine-paraldehyde fuchsin as vital staining techniques. The brain of Culex pipiens molestus has three regions (the proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum) in which principally two types of neurosecretory cells (A and B) can be detected. Both A (dark) and B (light) cells are to be found in the protocerebrum, where they are termed medial neurosecretory cells, as they are distributed in the pars intercerebralis and only a few occur more laterally. A small group of type A and B neurosecretory cells is to be found in the posterior part of the brain (the tritocerebrum). These cells display characteristics differences in their tinctorial affinity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Activating and anesthetic effects of general depressants.

The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were derived by selective breeding with respect to ethanol sleep time. We found that in current generations LS mice also have longer sleep times than SS mice to trichloroethanol and paraldehyde. Two subsequent experiments tested our hypothesis that mice that are relatively insensitive to the hypnotic effects of depressant drugs might be relatively activated by low doses of these drugs. Both experiments failed to support the hypothesis. First, although SS mice were more activated than LS mice by subhypnotic doses of paraldehyde, the lines did not differ in the degree of activation produced by low doses of trichloroethanol. Second, among mice from a genetically heterogeneous population (HS), there was no relation between the degree of activation induced by a low dose of ethanol and sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of a higher dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of drugs on the initiation and maintenance of status epilepticus induced by administration of pilocarpine to lithium-pretreated rats.

The ability of various drugs to prevent the onset of status epilepticus induced by administration of the muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine, to lithium-pretreated rats was determined. Motor limbic seizures and status epilepticus occurred in 100% of rats administered pilocarpine (30 mg/kg, s.c.) 20 h after pretreatment with lithium (3 meq/kg, i.p.). The latency to spike activity and to status epilepticus was 20 +/- 1 min and 24 +/- 1 min, respectively. Atropine, diazepam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, paraldehyde, and L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) prevented all phases of seizure activity induced by lithium/pilocarpine treatment. The initiation of status epilepticus was significantly prolonged by pretreatment with sodium valproate. These findings indicate that the seizures induced by administration of lithium and pilocarpine accurately model generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. The anticonvulsant activity of L-PIA was prevented by prior treatment with the adenosine antagonist, theophylline. The latency to spike and seizure activity was decreased by theophylline, indicating that endogenous adenosine may have a tonic inhibitory influence on cholinergic neurons. Atropine, diazepam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, L-PIA, and carbamazepine did not interrupt seizure activity when administered 60 min after pilocarpine (approximately 35 min after initiation of status epilepticus). When rats were administered paraldehyde at this time, status epilepticus was rapidly terminated and all rats survived. Thus, status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine provides a seizure model that is not responsive to conventional anticonvulsants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Children presenting with convulsions (including status epilepticus) to a paediatric accident and emergency department: an audit of a treatment protocol.

All children who presented in a convulsion, including convulsive status epilepticus, to the accident and emergency department over a 12-month period and who required treatment, were reviewed retrospectively to identify the effectiveness and safety of a specific treatment protocol. This protocol recommends the initial use of one, or if necessary, two doses of rectal or intravenous diazepam (0.4 mg/kg) followed by the simultaneous administration of phenytoin (18 mg/kg) and rectal paraldehyde (0.4 mL/kg), with instructions for maximum doses and timings of administration. Eighty-one evaluable children (52 male) were audited. The mean age of the study population was 4.1 (range 0.1 to 14.9) years. Overall, the presenting convulsion was successfully terminated in 76 children (94%) within the accident and emergency department. In 69 children (85% of the entire study population) this was after a single dose of diazepam (rectal in 41 and intravenous in 28). In only an additional two children did the presenting convulsion stop after a second dose of diazepam. In five of the 10 children (50%) who received paraldehyde and phenytoin as a combination, the convulsion stopped. Nine patients (11%) required admission to the intensive-care unit, five because of persisting convulsive activity, and four because of respiratory depression. The results of this retrospective audit suggest that the current treatment protocol appears to be effective and relatively safe in treating acute convulsions, including convulsive status epilepticus. The audit is to be repeated prospectively to either confirm or refute these findings before recommending any changes to the protocol.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrolyte changes in plasma and urine during tender coconut water infusion in dogs.

Intravenous infusion of tender coconut water to paraldehyde and chloralose-urethane anaesthetised dogs at a rate of 0.5 ml/kg/min to a total dose of 100 ml/kg body weight decreased serum Na and increased K and Ca levels. Simultaneously, urinary Na excretion decreased and K and Ca excretion increased and there was glycosuria. Serum electrolyte changes were more prominent in paraldehyde anaesthetised dogs.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1977

[Cytospectrophotometric study of glycoproteins of the erythrocyte membrane in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats].

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), aged 10 weeks, and rats with renovascular hypertension (25-30 weeks) demonstrated, in contrast to the controls, a different pattern of erythrocytes staining with paraldehyde-fuchsin used in histochemistry for demonstrating glycoproteids. The erythrocytes were found to respond to intravenous glucose injections by changing the optic density. The erythrocytes response of SHR differs from the normals, but no difference was revealed in rats with renovascular hypertension. The authors suggest that the changes in the tinctorial properties of the erythrocytes with reference to paraldehyde-fuchsin indirectly reflect the state of the insulin receptors of the erythrocyte membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.

BACKGROUND: Tonic-clonic (grand mal) convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus (currently defined as a grand mal convulsion lasting at least 30 minutes) are medical emergencies and demand urgent and appropriate anticonvulsant treatment. Diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbitone, phenytoin and paraldehyde may all be regarded as drugs of first choice. OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence comparing diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbitone, phenytoin and paraldehyde in treating acute tonic-clonic convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's specialized register (4 July 2002); the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2002); MEDLINE (28 May 2002) and EMBASE (January 2002). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials comparing lorazepam and other anticonvulsant drugs used for the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: This was a review of published, aggregate data. The main outcome measures included cessation of the presenting tonic-clonic convulsion/episode of convulsive status epilepticus; the number of additional drugs required to stop the convulsion; people demonstrating respiratory depression and people requiring admission to the intensive care unit because of respiratory depression. MAIN RESULTS: Only one trial was found, in which children were allocated lorazepam or diazepam. The main results are as follows. (1) One or two intravenous doses stopped the convulsion in 19 of 27 (70%) lorazepam and 22 of the 34 (65%) intravenous diazepam-treated children. The relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was 1.09(95% CI 0.77 to 1.54). A single dose of rectal lorazepam stopped the convulsion in six of six, compared to six of 19 children treated with rectal diazepam, RR 3.17(95% CI 1.63 to 6.14). (2) Six of the 27 (22%) intravenous lorazepam and 12 of the 34 (35%) intravenous diazepam-treated children respectively, experienced a further convulsion within 24 hours after presentation RR 0.63(95% CI 0.27 to 1.46). (3) Only one of 27 children (4%) who received intravenous lorazepam compared to five of 34 children (15%) who received intravenous diazepam required additional antiepileptic drugs to terminate the presenting seizure RR 0.25(95% CI 0.03 to 2.03). (4) A lower incidence of respiratory depression occurred in the lorazepam-treated group: one of 27 (4%) children compared to seven of 34 in the diazepam-treated group (21%), RR 0.21(95% CI 0.02 to 1.37). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review provides no evidence to suggest that intravenous lorazepam should be preferred to diazepam as the first-line drug in treating acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. There was some evidence from this review that rectal lorazepam may be more effective and safer than rectal diazepam, but the data were insufficient to indicate that lorazepam should replace diazepam as the first choice rectal drug in treating acute tonic-clonic convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1992

Synganglial morphology and neurosecretory centers of adult Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae).

Lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), were processed by standard histological means for paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining by the paraldehyde-fuchsin technique. The synganglion is highly condensed around the esophagus and possesses paired optic, cheliceral, palpal, pedal I-IV nerves, and opisthosomal nerves and a single unpaired esophageal nerve. Although optic nerves were observed leading from the eyes to the protocerebrum, distinct optic ganglia were not seen in any of the preparations examined. The paraldehyde-fuchsin technique revealed 14 neurosecretory centers (11 paired, 3 unpaired) within the synganglion, which are described in relation to the underlying neuropilar structure. A previously undescribed internal subesophageal center that consists of a single cell was observed within a cluster of perikarya lying posteriorly adjacent to the esophagus. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the internal neuropilar structure of the synganglion was made, and the included neurosecretory centers were mapped. Comparisons are made to previous work on other ticks, and physiological relationships are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pediatric residency guidelines for management of status epilepticus.

We reviewed 21 protocols for the evaluation and treatment of status epilepticus currently in use in pediatric residency programs. Guidelines were compared to determine variations in the recommendations for initial patient assessment, choice of anticonvulsant therapy, and instructions for medication administration. There was wide variation in recommendations for patient stabilization procedures and laboratory measurements. Fifteen different sequences of anticonvulsant administration were listed. The initial drug of choice was intravenous diazepam in 81% of the programs, in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.75 mg/kg. The preference for the second-line anticonvulsant was divided equally between phenytoin and phenobarbital. Phenytoin was not mentioned at all in three (14%) of the protocols, while paraldehyde was included in 14 (66%). Instructions for paraldehyde administration were confusing, imprecise, and occasionally inappropriate. We conclude that there is no well-accepted approach to the management of status epilepticus in pediatric patients. Furthermore, the guidelines in current use frequently are incomplete and probably confusing to residents.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Differential lectin binding to the fibrinoid of human full-term placenta: correlation with a fibrin antibody and the PAF-Halmi method.

Placental fibrinoid is thought to contain various glycoproteins originating from cell secretion and tissue degeneration, occasionally merged with fibrin. Information on the characteristics and derivation of the various fibrinoid components, however, is still fragmentary. Therefore, the present histochemical study on acetone-fixed placental tissue sections compared the staining pattern of FITC-conjugated lectins from Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-I) and Lycopersicon esculentum (LEA) with the reactivity of a fibrin antibody and a modified paraldehyde-fuchsin stain. Using different color reactions, the latter histological method identified two types of fibrinoid, which correlated well with fibrin-type and matrix-type fibrinoid. Immunohistochemically, fibrin was detected at the intervillous border of the basal plate, in some inner parts and in perivillous fibrinoid. UEA-I bound to endothelial cells and partially to fibrin-type fibrinoid of villi and the basal plate, thus indicating a reaction with immured and disintegrated remnants of endothelial and blood cells. LEA stained fibrin-negative (i.e. matrix-type) fibrinoid homogeneously within the basal plate; the small reactive areas within the perivillous fibrinoid may belong to degenerating trophoblastic residues, because in villi LEA specifically reacted with the syncytiotrophoblast. BS-I heterogeneously labeled matrix-type fibrinoid deposits in the basal plate which surrounded decidual cells and subpopulations of extravillous trophoblast. In cell islands, BS-I also stained fibrinoid surrounding trophoblast cells heterogeneously. The data (1) confirm the existence of two types of placental fibrinoid, fibrin-type and matrix-type fibrinoid, (2) suggest that both types of fibrinoid contain different glycoconjugates, and (3) demonstrate the practical usefulness of the modified paraldehyde-fuchsin method for the identification of the two types of fibrinoid.

Endothelium, Vascular↗
PubMed1979

Staining properties of aldehyde fuchsin analogs.

This investigation was designed to clarify the role of the aldehyde component of aldehyde fuchsin in its staining reactions. Several aldehyde fuchsin analogs were prepared by using different aldehydes. The staining quality of these analogs and pararosaniline-HCl was compared with that of aldehyde fuchsin prepared with paraldehyde in the usual way. The major findings of this investigation include: 1) Aldehyde fuchsin staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells requires a stain prepared with either paraldehyde or acetaldehyde. 2) An aldehyde moiety is required for aldehyde fuchsin staining of strong tissue anions. 3) Staining of elastic tissue with aldehyde fuchsin analogs resembles staining of strong tissue anions more than staining of nonoxidized pancreatic B cells. Possible reaction mechanisms of aldehyde fuchsin with tissue substrates are discussed.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1980

[Detection and analysis of aldehyde fuchsin positive fibers in the connective tissue of the human oviductal mucosa. I. Preliminary investigations and demonstration of the morphological substratum (author's transl)].

Investigating the biomorphosis of the human uterine tube, it was possible to detect aldehyde fuchsin positive fibers in the lamina propria mucosae. These fibers can be regarded as sulphur containing scleroproteins relating to the histochemical findings of oxidation, thiosulphation, methylation, sensitivity to pepsin and papain, respectively. For the visualization of the morphological substratum it was necessary to treat the fixed or fresh unfixed tissue chemically by oxidation and thiosulfation before the slices were stained with aldehyde fuchsin. Among several oxidantia examined in preliminary trial tests, peracetic acid, performic acid, potassium permanganate, bromine, ammonium persulphate (mixing with sulphuric acid), periodic acid (t = 24 h) effected the aldehyde fuchsin staining of the fibers. It is presumably that the effective oxidantia are able to destroy protein bound disulphides localizing in the connective tissue fibers. Aldehyde fuchsin was prepared as recommended by MOWRY (1975, paraldehyde fuchsin) and by BOCK and OCKENFELS (1970, crotonaldehyde fuchsin). Besides, solutions of paraldehyde fuchsin according to MOWRY's modification prepared with basic fuchsin as well as pararosanilin (C. I. 42 500) was analyzed by spectrophotometry and by thin layer chromatography. The dye analysis has shown that the dye consists of various components and the composition of the dye bath changes with increasing age of the solution. By the way, the freshly prepared solutions were used between 3 and 18 days after preparation. Generally, the peracetic acid - aldehyde-fuchsin stain describing by FULLMER and Lillie (1958 a) was suitable for the reproducible demonstration of the aldehyde fuchsin fibers in oviducts from several stages of life. In neonatal uterine tubes the fibers spread over the mucosa as a multidimensional network, and in senile ones they are localized zonally near the epithelium. It was possible to visualize the aldehyde fuchsin positive fibers also in other organs and tissue formations, e.g. in perichondria of the tracheobronchial tree, in the lung, small intestine, and uterus.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Insulin-like substance containing cells of the intestinal epithelium of the mollusk Unio pictorum].

Insulin-like immunoreactivity can be localized in the cells of the mid-gut of Unio pictorum Lam. The cells containing the substance immunoreactive to mammalian anti-insulin serum, can be stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin or alcian blue and give positive PAS reaction. Intramuscular glucose administration produces degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells: the quantity of cells stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin significantly decreased 24 hours after glucose injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

SOME ACTIONS OF CENTRALLY ACTIVE AND OTHER DRUGS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF SINGLE NERVE IMPULSES THROUGH THE ISOLATED SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION PREPARATION OF THE RABBIT.

The effect of some centrally-active and other drugs on the transmission of single nerve impulses through the isolated superior cervical ganglion preparation of the rabbit has been studied by recording both preganglionic and postganglionic action potentials. Block of conduction in the axon could be distinguished from block of the synaptic mechanism. The drugs did not appear to exert any one characteristic form of blocking action. A continuous spectrum of drug action linked an agent such as meprobamate which acted predominantly on the synapse to benactyzine which acted mainly by blocking axonal conduction. The drugs have been divided into three groups. Group I: hexamethonium, meprobamate, paraldehyde, amylobarbitone, methylpentynol and azacyclonal; these acted relatively selectively at the ganglion. Group II: N714C (the cis-isomer of chlorprothixene), prochlorperazine, methylpentynol carbamate, pipradrol, promethazine, perphenazine and procaine; the action of these drugs on the ganglion could be accounted for entirely in terms of their axonal depressant action. Group III: chlorprothixene, promazine, N720 (dihydrochlorprothixene), chlorpromazine, hydroxyzine and benactyzine; these drugs also blocked axonal conduction but in addition they appeared to exert a "facilitating" action at the ganglionic synapse. The actions of adrenaline, adrenochrome, iproniazid, ergotoxine, mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide on transmission were also studied. The implications of the modifications of ganglionic transmission produced by these drugs is discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1964

THE SELECTIVITY OF DRUGS BLOCKING GANGLIONIC TRANSMISSION IN THE RAT.

By comparing the effects on ganglionic transmission and on the pre- and post-ganglionic nerves in the isolated superior cervical ganglion preparation of the rat, the selectivity of several drugs was assessed quantitatively. Hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, nicotine and tubocurarine blocked transmission in concentrations which did not affect nervous conduction and were considered to be highly selective in action. Atropine, amylobarbitone and paraldehyde depressed nervous conduction appreciably in ganglion-blocking doses, but not enough to account wholly for the block in transmission and they were therefore considered as being moderately selective. The ganglion blocking actions of mephenesin, procaine, methylpentynol, methylpentynol carbamate and benactyzine were nonspecific, showing general depression of neuronal activity. Ganglion block with bretylium was nonselective in its site of depression of the postganglionic neurone in concentrations which only partly depressed the preganglionic nerve.

Atropine↗
PubMed1981

The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of hypophysectomized rats. II. Structure and ultrastructure of the median eminence.

The median eminence (ME) of hypophysectomized rats was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF)-positive material is seen in the external zone (EZ) of the ME 2--5 days after the operation. Its amount gradually increases especially in the caudal part of the ME during the following few days. Some PAF-positive fibers make contact with the subependymally located blood capillaries. In the most caudal region of the recessus infundibuli they penetrate into the third ventricle. PAF-positive material decreases markedly from the ME of rats two months after hypophysectomy and exposure to a 1% salt load. Fibers of types A1, A2 and B containing granules of 120--220 nm, 100--150 nm and 80--100 nm in diameter, respectively, are seen in the EZ of the ME in hypophysectomized rats, although almost exclusively A2- and B-type structures make contact with the primary portal capillaries in intact animals. All types of neurosecretory fibers establish contact with the subependymal nonfenestrated blood capillaries and penetrate the recessus infundibuli. Some neurosecretory terminals of different types make direct contact with the glandular cells of the pars tuberalis or are separated from them by a thin basal lamina. It is assumed that mainly neurosecretory fibers of types A2 and B are permanently connected with the primary portal capillaries in the EZ of the ME in intact mammals, while the overwhelming majority of fibers of A1-type shows ingrowth during the course of postoperative reparation. The possible physiological significance of the described changes is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cytoarchitectonic pattern of the hypothalamus in the cobra, Naja naja.

The distribution and cytoarchitectonic pattern of the magno- and parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei of the cobra. Naja naja, are described at the light-microscopic level. With respect to their tinctorial affinity to paraldehyde fuchsin (AF) as a representative of the Gomori-type of stains, the magnocellular neurons belong to the "AF-positive" and the parvocellular neurons to the "AF-negative" elements. In addition to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei proper, two accessory aggregations of magnocellular neurons, the nucleus retrochiasmaticus and nucleus circularis, can be identified. Although in a peculiar location, they may be regarded as subunits of the supraoptico-paraventricular neurosecretory complex. As many as 22 "AF-negative" nuclear areas are identified in the hypothalamus of the cobra. The nucleus periventricularis hypothalami of earlier authors is subdivided into several circumscribed neuronal complexes. The nucleus arcuatus, nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis and nucleus lateralis recessus infundibuli are well developed. An attempt is made to interpret the significance of these nuclei on a comparative and phylogenetic basis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Neurons projecting to the retrocerebral complex of the adult blow fly, Protophormia terraenovae.

Anatomical study of neurons projecting to the retrocerebral complex of the adult blow fly, Protophormia terraenovae, was done by NiCl2 filling and immunocytochemistry. Retrograde filling through the cardiac-recurrent nerve labeled three groups of neurons in the brain/subesophageal ganglion: (1) paramedial clusters of the pars intercerebralis, (2) neurons in each pars lateralis, and (3) neurons in the subesophageal ganglion. The pars intercerebralis neurons send prominent axons into the median bundle and exit from the brain via the contralateral nervus corporis cardiaci. Based on the projection pattern, two types of the pars lateralis neurons can be distinguished: the most lateral pairs of neurons contralaterally extend through the posterior lateral tract and the remainder ipsilaterally extend through the posterior lateral tract. The neurons in the subesophageal ganglion run through the contralateral nervus corporis cardiaci. The dendritic arborization of the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis neurons is restricted to the superior protocerebral neuropil and to the anterior neuropil of the subesophageal ganglion where the neurons in the subesophageal ganglion also project. Retrograde filling from the corpus allatum indicated that the pars lateralis neurons and a few pars intercerebralis neurons project to the corpus allatum, but that the neurons in the subesophageal ganglion do not. Orthograde filling from the pars intercerebralis and staining by paraldehyde-thionin/paraldehyde-fuchsin indicated that the pars intercerebralis neurons project primarily to the corpus cardiacum/hypocerebral ganglion complex. Immunostaining with a polyclonal antiserum against diapause hormone, a member of the FXPRLamide family, suggests that some of the subesophageal ganglion neurons contain FXPRLamide-like peptides.

Age Factors↗