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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

MIRD Pamphlet No. 14: a dynamic urinary bladder model for radiation dose calculations.

The constant-volume urinary bladder model in the standard MIRD phantom has recognized limitations. Various investigators have developed detailed models incorporating more physiologically realistic features such as expanding bladder contents and residual volume, and variable urinary input rate, initial volume and first void time. We have reviewed these published models and have developed a new model incorporating these factors. The model consists of a spherical source with variable volume to simulate the bladder contents and a wall represented by a spherical shell of constant volume. The wall thickness varies as the source expands or contracts. The model provides for variable urine entry rate (three different hydration states), initial bladder contents volume, residual volume and first void time. The voiding schedule includes an extended nighttime gap during which the urine entry rate is reduced to one-half the daytime rate. Radiation dose estimates have been calculated for the bladder wall surface (including photon and electron components) and at several depths in the wall (electron component) for [18F]FDG, 99mTc-DTPA, 99mTc-HEDP, [99mTc]pertechnetate 99mTc-RBCs, 99mTc-glucoheptonate, 99mTc-MAG3, [123I]/[124I]/[131I]OIH and sodium [131I]iodide(Nal). The initial bladder volume and first void time that provide the lowest radiation dose to the bladder wall are determined separately for each compound to give guidance for establishing dose reduction protocols.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Level of reading difficulty in educational pamphlets and informed consent documents for cancer patients.

Nationwide samplings and data from the 1980 census suggest that a high proportion of patients cared for are functionally illiterate. Since educational materials and consent forms are often given to patients with little regard for their ability to read them, this study was designed to analyze the readability of educational materials and consent forms at the Cancer Center of Southern West Virginia at Charleston Area Medical Center. Results of the survey showed that although the median education of the 127 patients studied was 10th grade, more than 30 percent could not be expected to read at the 10th grade level. Most tested patient education materials required a reading level of 11th to 14th grade, and cooperative group consent forms required a college-level reading comprehension. If patient-directed written material is to serve its purpose, then outpatient populations should be surveyed and the reading level of written material adjusted accordingly.

Adolescent↗