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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

[Trails with levamisole to stimulate immunity against Newcastle disease in poultry].

Attempts to stimulate the immunity against Newcastle disease in birds aged 2 months, of the Leghorn breed, were carried out. It was found that levamisol at the rate of 3 mg/kg body weight given once, parenterally, 24 hours prior to or after the immunization of the birds with a live La Sota vaccine or given three times, parenterally or orally, did not stimulate the humoral immune response. No differences were found in the level of the total protein, protein fractions, and the titer of the hemagglutinating antibodies between the test and the control birds. There was, however, prolongation of the time of effective immunity in the levamisol-treated and vaccinated birds as against the birds that were vaccinated against Newcastle disease only. Discussed in the possible mechanism of stimulating the immunity with levamisol.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional and metabolic aspects of fatty liver disease in poultry.

There are two metabolic disorders of major commercial importance in poultry that involve the occurrence of fatty deposits in the liver. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) affects young birds and the main manifestations, lipid infiltrations into liver and many other organs, are apparently secondary effects of the primary lesion that lies in carbohydrate metabolism. Although several nutritional and environmental factors influence FLKS, the main factor is the vitamin, biotin. In the absence of an adequate supply of biotin, the hepatic activity of pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme, becomes so low that gluconeogenesis in the liver via pyruvate becomes negligible. When the bird is then subject to a mild stress and/or short term fasting, liver glycogen reserves become rapidly depleted and a progressive hypoglycaemia develops that ultimatley proves fatal. Supplementing diets with adequate amounts of biotin can prevent the syndrome. Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) is brought about by an excessive accumulation of fat in the livers of adult hens which weakens the cellular structure of the liver and allows fatal haemorrhaging to occur. The aetiology of the syndrome is not clear, but a major factor is an excessive intake of dietary energy. However, the involvement of hormonal and toxicological factors, as well as other nutritional factors, is also possible.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Respiratory diseases in poultry caused by viruses--occurrence and diagnosis (author's transl)].

The highly intensive conditions, that economic necessity has forced upon the poultry industry, have resulted in strongly changed environmental conditions and management which combined with the use of a constantly increasing number of live vaccines has highly complicated clearing up the etiology in diseased flocks. This is true not least as far as respiratory diseases concerns, which thereby often run an atypical course. A review, however, not complete, is given of the occurrence and diagnostic procedures in respiratory diseases caused by viruses, the greatest importance attached to infections caused by adeno- and infectious bronchitis virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Experience in using cluster analysis and the prognosis of the stages of epizootic risk for Newcastle disease in poultry].

An attempt was made to use clastic analysis and projection of the steps of the epizootic hazard with regard to Newcastle disease. There were no records of the disease after 1982 but still it is the object of consideration on the part of specialists. A clastic analysis was made on the base of a factorial model of Newcastle disease in this country for the 1970-1979. Used was a programme already worked out and practised at the Pilot Computor Center of the Medical Academy, Sofia. The districts in the country were grouped in a dendogramme, 16 groups being distinguished out of a total of 27 districts. This showed that regardless of the small territory of the country the districts are sufficiently differing between each other (due to the various degrees of integration) so that they could not be grouped together by similar values of intensity of poultry breeding and epizootic conjuncture with regard to Newcastle disease. Districts of epizootic hazard ranging from 1st to 5th degree substantiate the use of a differential approach in building up the tactics of prophylaxis and control of the disease, while measures concerning the poultry dressing combines should be at a high level regardless of the category of the respective district. The grouping of neighboring districts on a territorial principle disclosed the existence of reasons of climatic-and-geographic nature that could predispose equal degrees of intensity of poultry breeding and epizootic hazard.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Attempt to design a factorial model of Newcastle disease in poultry in Bulgaria for the period 1970-1979].

Literature data on the statistical methods relating to many objects (informational, factorial, clusteral, regressional, etc.) in the study of epizootic processes have shown that these methods could be employed to raise the quality of the epizootiologic analysis. An attempt has been made to build a factorial model for Newcastle disease in this country. Use has been made of a programme for factorial analysis, substantiated by a computer. The information is presented in the form of a matrix, containing 27 rows (the number of districts) and 15 columns (the number of indices). The latter include parameters of the epizootic processes as well as indices, characterizing the economic status of the individual districts. The factorial model has made it possible to state the correlations of a great number of measurable indices and through these to disclose 4 basic factors that cannot be measured directly which may largely contribute to the elucidation of the epizootic status. The concept has been confirmed that the character of the epizootic process with the Newcastle disease within the size of concrete territorial-and-administrative units (the districts) is determined to a great extent by the economic features of the districts. The programme used in the factorial analysis of Newcastle disease can be applied also to investigate the epizootic process with other infectious diseases of farm animals and birds along with the use of a computer and available information.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Isolation and characterisation of Bordetella avium and related species and an evaluation of their role in respiratory disease in poultry.

A total of 24 Gram negative non fermentative bacteria obtained from poultry were compared with reference strains of Bordetella avium, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and a Bordetella avium-like organism. Thirteen isolates were identified as B. avium and 11 were identified as B. avium-like. A commercial microidentification kit (the API2ONE) did not identify the field isolates but did separate them correctly into the 2 groups. A practical identification scheme, suitable for diagnostic laboratories, is proposed for these organisms. The available clinical histories suggest that B. avium is associated with upper respiratory tract disease in turkeys.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1997

Mortality from cancer and other diseases in poultry slaughtering/processing plants.

BACKGROUND: Healthy chickens or turkeys and their eggs destined for human consumption are commonly infected with viruses which cause cancer in these animals. Some of the viruses can infect and transform human cells in vitro, and human sera show serological evidence of infection with these viruses. It is not known whether the viruses cause cancer in humans. METHODS: We conducted a mortality study of a subcohort of 2639 workers in poultry slaughtering plants who have one of the highest human exposures to these viruses, and 6081 unexposed workers from non-meat companies (controls). All were members of a local meatcutters' union in Baltimore. RESULTS: Statistically significant increased risks were observed for cancer of the oesophagus, liver cancer, tumours of the haemopoietic lymphatic system, and motor vehicle accidents, in the group of poultry workers as a whole or in particular race/sex subgroups. The results for other causes of death showed consistently elevated risks in most race/sex subgroups, but these were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The cohort is young, and because the number of deaths is small, the results though suggestive of increased risks for some causes, are inconclusive. However they indicate that this cohort is of interest, and that further follow-up might reveal a much clearer and consistent picture.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Continuous disinfection as a means to control infectious diseases in poultry. Evaluation of a continuous disinfection programme for broilers.

A full continuous disinfection programme, consisting of disinfection during cleanout of poultry houses prior to placement of chickens, disinfection of the drinking water and spray disinfection of the birds during production was evaluated in broilers under experimental condition as well as under field conditions. Under controlled conditions, the experimental design consisted of three groups, two of which were control groups. Each group comprised 300 chickens. In one of the control groups, no disinfection of the pens was undertaken prior to the placement of the chickens. In the other control group, disinfection of the pens prior to placement of the birds was carried out using a glutaraldehyde-based product. In the test group, disinfection prior to placement was done. The drinking water of these birds was treated continuously and the birds were sprayed with a non-toxic disinfectant during production. Production parameters, such as growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed consumption, of the birds in the three groups were monitored. In addition, all mortalities in the different groups were recorded and classified into diseases of an infectious nature, non-infectious nature and unknown category. Bacterial counts were also done on a weekly basis from the different pens. In this experiment, it was shown that the full continuous disinfection programme resulted in a lower number of mortalities caused by infectious agents as well as a reduction in the bacterial counts in the pens treated with the full continual disinfection programme. The full continuous disinfection programme was also tested on a commercial poultry farm in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Two production houses of 3,500 birds were randomly selected as test houses for the full continuous disinfection programme. Another similar house, which received day-old chicks from the same batch as the other two houses, was selected as the control house; it received the routine disinfection procedure prior to placement of the chicks. During the course of this experiment, a severe outbreak of Newcastle disease was experienced on this farm. It was demonstrated that, in the face of this severe challenge, the full continuous disinfection programme controlled the spread of the disease in both the houses where it had been applied at a stage when in every other house (including the control house) on the farm birds were suffering very high mortalities.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2003

Simulation modeling to derive the value-of-information for risky animal disease-import decisions.

Simulation modeling can be used in aiding decision-makers in deciding when to invest in additional research and when the risky animal disease-import decision should go forward. Simulation modeling to evaluate value-of-information (VOI) techniques provides a robust, objective and transparent framework for assisting decision-makers in making risky animal and animal product decisions. In this analysis, the hypothetical risk from poultry disease in chicken-meat imports was modeled. Economic criteria were used to quantify alternative confidence-increasing decisions regarding potential import testing and additional research requirements. In our hypothetical example, additional information about poultry disease in the exporting country (either by requiring additional export-flock surveillance that results in no sign of disease, or by conducting additional research into lack of disease transmittal through chicken-meat ingestion) captured >75% of the value-of-information attainable regarding the chicken-meat-import decision.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Current status on the laboratory diagnosis of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale "ORT" in poultry.

Respiratory disease conditions are one of the most serious groups of diseases affecting poultry. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by has recently been recognized in many countries. Clinical signs and lesions are of little value in diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis must be substantiated by isolation and identification of the causative bacteria and/or detection of antibodies using serological examination. In the present paper a review on the current status of ORT laboratory diagnosis, results of serotyping of field isolates, serological surveillance in poultry flocks as well as the role of other avian pathogens in course of ORT infection will be given.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Marek's disease virus-1 unique gene LORF1 is involved in viral replication and MDV-1/Md5-induced atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius.

Marek's disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes severe immunosuppression and T cell lymphomas in chickens, known as Marek's disease (MD), an economically important poultry disease primarily controlled by vaccination. Importantly, it also serves as a comparative model for studying herpesvirus-induced tumor formation in humans. MDV encodes more than 100 genes, most of which have unknown functions. MDV LORF1 is unique to serotype I MDV (MDV-1), lacking homologs in other herpesviruses, and has not been explored yet. To this end, an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) harboring the complete genome of the MDV-1 very virulent strain Md5 was generated, and the rescued rMd5 maintained biological properties similar to the parental virus both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, rMd5ΔLORF1, a recombinant Md5 virus deficient in pLORF1 expression, was generated by a frameshift mutation in the LORF1 gene. Chickens infected with rMd5ΔLORF1 exhibited a lower mortality rate and delayed bursal atrophy than those infected with the parental rMd5 and the revertant virus (rMd5-reLORF1). Consistently, viral loads of rMd5ΔLORF1 were obviously lower than those of rMd5 or rMd5-reLORF1 in the bursa, but not in the spleen. Importantly, we found that pLORF1 deficiency impairs viral replication in bursal B cells. Furthermore, we showed that pLORF1 associated with the cellular membrane, interacted with MDV structural proteins, and exhibited punctate colocalization with tegument or capsid proteins in the cytoplasm. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that the MDV-1 unique gene LORF1 is involved in MDV-induced bursal atrophy but not in tumor formation.

Animals↗