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PubMed1998

Microbial populations associated with the retting of melon pods (Colocynthis citrullus L.) during seed recovery.

The traditional process for the retting of melon pulp and microbiological characteristics in the recovery of melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.) were investigated. Melon pods were sliced open and exposed for seven days. The pulp underwent a natural fermentation that was characterized by the growth of microorganisms to 10(8)-10(10) cfu/g. The pH fluctuated between 4.8 and 5.1 with a lactic acid content of 0.72%. Bacillus subtilis, B. polymyxa, Lactobacillus fermentum, L. brevis and Streptococcusfaecalis were the predominant microorganisms but, significant contributions were made by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterobacter cloacae. Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus species including the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei and Deboromyces hansenii were isolated from the fermentation. Growth of microorganisms was completely inhibited in antibiotic-treated samples indicating that the melon pods were the main source of microorganisms for the fermentation.

Cucurbitaceae↗
PubMed2004

The effects of replacing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) pods on the performance of Omani native sheep.

A feeding trial using various levels of dry pods of ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) was carried out with 28 Omani native male sheep. Individual feed intake and body weight were determined for 50 days to allow assessment of the effects of the feeds on growth, feed intake, feed conversion and carcase measurements. The ripened ghaf pods contained 91% dry matter (DM), 13.5% crude protein (CP), 14.3% crude fibre (CF), 1.3% ether extract (EE) and 5.2% ash (on DM basis). Four levels of ghaf (0, 15%, 30% and 45%) were used with corresponding decreasing proportions of Rhodes grass (RGH) hay. Animals fed rations containing RGH as the sole source of roughage and no ghaf grew faster (135 g/day) and had better feed conversion than those fed various levels of ghaf. Sheep fed 15% ghaf gained reasonably well (90 g/day) and had carcase attributes similar to those fed no ghaf. Sheep fed 30% ghaf still gained weight but those fed 45% ghaf lost weight. Negative effects on growth appeared to occur after 6 weeks of feeding ghaf.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Effects of administration of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, persimmons, and pods on antioxidative ability in UV-irradiated ODS rats.

To evaluate the effects of supplementing diets with carotenoid and ascorbic acid (AsA) on the antioxidative ability of Osteogenic Disorder-Shionogi (ODS) rats, we added synthetic beta-carotene (betaC), AsA, and powders of persimmon (Ka) and pods (Po) containing betaC and AsA to the diet and obtained the following results. The urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration was low in the -betaC.AsA and +AsA groups but high in the +betaC.AsA, +Ka, and +Po groups. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in both the liver and skin were higher in the -betaC.AsA group than in the +betaC.AsA group and were low in the +Ka and +Po groups. As antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was high in the +betaC.AsA group, low in the -beta3C.AsA group in both the skin and liver, and also high in the + Ka and +Po group in the liver. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was high in the -betaC.AsA group and low in the +betaC.AsA and +Ka groups in both the skin and liver. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver was low in the -betaC.AsA, +AsA, and +betaC groups and high in the +betaC.AsA and +Po groups. These results confirmed that the administration of betaC, AsA, and persimmons and pods increases antioxidative ability in the skin and liver of ultraviolet-b(UV-B)-irradiated ODS rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The POD: a new model for mentoring underrepresented minority faculty.

Mentoring, long recognized as a catalyst for successful careers, is particularly important to the career development of underrepresented minority (URM) faculty. In academic medicine, mentor-protégé relationships are seriously threatened by increased clinical, research, and administrative demands and an emphasis on scholarship over citizenship. New mentoring models are needed, and they should be adaptable to a medical school's unique structure and mission. The Peer-Onsite-Distance (POD) model, developed in 2002 by the authors and introduced at the College of Medicine at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, is a targeted, multilevel mentoring prototype that is built on a solid research foundation and tailored to the unique needs of URM medical school faculty. The mentee's individual needs for guidance related to career goals, resources, and the content and interaction skills that are known to be critical to successful academic careers are targeted for development. The multilevel approach provides a unique network of peer and faculty mentors who provide site-specific career guidance. Also in the network are leaders in their fields who can provide access to accurate information, cautions, predictions, and announcements of future resources or potential restrictions in academic medicine. Mentor commitments are clearly defined and time contributions are maximized. The POD model aims to promote retention and advance the careers of URM faculty by wrapping them in a protective cushion of interpersonal and intrapersonal support. The flexibility of the design allows for adaptation to any institution's unique structure and mission.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1983

Effect of pod removal on leaf photosynthesis and soluble protein composition of field-grown soybeans.

Well nodulated, field-grown soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var Williams) were depodded just prior to seed development and near mid pod-fill. Both treatments caused a considerable increase in leaf dry weight, suggesting continued photosynthate production following pod removal. Moreover, depodding had a marked effect on leaf soluble protein without affecting total proteolytic activity. Early depodding caused a 50% increase in leaf protein, and both early and late depodding caused the retention of protein for several weeks following the decline in control leaves. But despite this retention of protein, leaves of depodded plants showed no difference in the onset of the irreversible decline in photosynthesis. Therefore, although depodding delayed the loss of leaf chlorophyll and protein, it did not delay the onset of functional leaf senescence and in fact, actually appeared to enhance the rate of decline in photosynthesis. There was a good correlation between the irreversible decline in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (activity and amount) and that of photosynthesis. In contrast, the correlation did not seem as good between stomatal closure and the onset of the irreversible decline in photosynthesis. The reason total soluble protein remained high following depodding while carboxylase, which normally comprised 40% of the soluble protein, declined was because several polypeptides increased in amounts sufficient to offset the loss of carboxylase. This change in leaf protein composition indicates a change in leaf function; this is discussed in terms of other recent findings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Effects of pod removal on the transport and accumulation of abscisic Acid and indole-3-acetic Acid in soybean leaves.

Concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the second most recently expanded trifoliolate leaf were determined during reproductive development of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr cv ;Chippewa 64'). The concentration of ABA in leaves was constant during most of the seed filling period until the seeds began to dry. The concentration of IAA in the leaves decreased throughout development. Removal of pods 36 hours prior to sampling resulted in increased concentrations of ABA in leaves during the period of rapid pod filling but had little effect on the concentration of IAA in leaves. ABA appears to accumulate in leaves after fruit removal only when fruits represent the major sink for photosynthate.ABA and IAA moving acropetally and basipetally in petioles of soybean were estimated using a phloem exudation technique. ABA was found to move mostly in the basipetal direction in petioles (away from laminae). IAA, primarily in the form of ester conjugate(s), was found to be moving acropetally (toward laminae) in petioles. The highest amount of IAA ester(s) was found in petiole exudate during the mid and late stages of seed filling. Removal of fruits 36 hours prior to exudation reduced the amount of IAA ester recovered in exudate, suggesting that fruits were a source of the IAA conjugate in petiole exudate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Zeatin Metabolism in Fruits of Phaseolus: Comparison between Embryos, Seedcoat, and Pod Tissues.

Zeatin metabolites were isolated from seedcoats and pod tissues of Phaseolus vulgaris and P. lunatus. The differences observed previously between P. vulgaris and P. lunatus embryos, i.e. the formation of O-ribosyl derivatives in the former and O-glucosyl derivatives in the latter, could also be detected in seedcoats, although the levels of these metabolites were much lower and there was a concomitant increase of breakdown products (adenine, adenosine and AMP). Inner pod wall tissues of both genotypes metabolized zeatin at a slow rate and the major metabolite was the mononucleotide of zeatin. The array of metabolites recovered was not influenced by the extraction method (cold ethanol or modified Bieleski solution).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional status of adults among Munda and Pod populations in a peri urban area of Kolkata City, India.

A cross sectional study on 387 Munda and 317 Pod adult males and females was conducted in the peri urban region of Kolkata city, India, to assess their health status. Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) was calculated from the Body Mass Index (BMI) and seven anthropometric measurements were considered for this study. Significantly higher CED was observed among the Munda males and females. Higher percentage of CED was noticed among the females than the male Munda. Linear regression coefficient (b +/- standard error) of BMI on age and anthropometric measurements revealed significant decrease in BMI with increase in age among Munda males and females as well as Pod females. All other measurements more or less increased with increase in BMI. Thus, both intra- and inter-ethnic health differences were observed between and among the two socioeconomically backward populations. Higher gender differentials were found among the Munda and this needs an immediate attention of the government to overcome the health inequality at regional level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Resistance in accessions of cowpea to the coreid pod-bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae).

Laboratory and screenhouse experiments were conducted to identify antibiosis and tolerance in four wild accessions of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana, to Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål, the most damaging pod-sucking bug on cultivated Vigna genotypes in West Africa. The wild accession TVnu 151 showed antibiosis resistance, causing >50% mortality of the nymphs within 3 d of placing them on pods. Nymphs died more quickly on TVnu 151 than on TVnu 72, the wild and resistant control of the V. vexillata species which affected the weights of surviving insects to a much greater degree than TVnu 151. The three other accessions of the subspecies dekindtiana (TVnu 369, TVnu 517, and TVnu 707) did not cause significant mortality to the bugs, but rather extended their developmental time, with surviving adults showing lower weights and slower oviposition rates than those on the susceptible control IT84S-2246. Wild accessions affected male and female bugs differently, resulting in differential survival. This was reflected by the sex ratio which was male biased on the wild accessions (1:0.3-1:0.9), and female biased on IT84S-2246 (1:1.5). No evidence of tolerance was found in the four accessions of V. unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana. Overall, seed traits seemed to be the major resistance component in these wild accessions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Crude protein fractions in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) fresh forage during pod filling.

Crude protein (CP) of forages can be separated into fractions of differentiated abilities to provide available amino acids in the lower gut of ruminants. This knowledge is critical to develop feeding systems and to predict animal responses. We have measured during two growing seasons (1996 to 1997 and 1997 to 1998) the CP fractions of common vetch fresh forage with the objective being to assess the influence of maturity on concentration of CP fractions (as a percentage of total CP) and fraction yields. Fraction B2, which represents true protein of intermediate ruminal degradation rate, was the largest single fraction in common vetch forage (about 40% of CP across seasons and maturity stages). Soluble fractions (A plus B1) were less than 50% of total CP while the unavailable fraction C ranged from 4 to 8% of total CP. As a result, the remaining fraction B3 (true protein of very low degradation rate) only represented 2 to 9% of total CP. Concentration and yield of fraction B3 increased (P < 0.05) from flowering to pod-filling. Results showed that undegraded dietary protein represented a small proportion of total CP in common vetch forage. Moving the harvesting stage from flowering to the pod filling phase allowed for greater yield of undegraded dietary protein.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Histological studies of damage by pod-sucking bugs (Heteroptera: Coreoidea) associated with cowpea Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata in Nigeria.

Histological studies were conducted on cowpea pods fed upon by the coreoid pod-sucking bugs, Anoplocnemis curvipes (Fabricius), Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål, C. shadabi Dolling, Riptortus dentipes (Fabricius) and Mirperus jaculus (Thunberg). Various degrees of tissue and cellular disruption were apparent, especially in the brachysclereids. They were manifested in terms of plasmolysis, cell enlargement and cell wall disintegration depending on the coreoid species involved. The feeding site and its periphery had all the cells of the brachysclereids plasmolysed, with the parenchyma having broken cell walls in the case of A. curvipes. Riptortus dentipes and M. jaculus showed similar patterns of feeding activity but less extensive levels of damage. The Clavigralla spp., however, caused cell enlargement in the brachysclereids, and broken cell walls in both the brachysclereids and the parenchyma. Damage symptoms were observed in cells far away from the feeding sites of the bugs, suggesting the possibility of sucrase activity which has been reported to cause osmotic pump feeding in the Coreidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Antienzymatic activities of two Leguminosae: bean pods and bean bulls. Antiamylase activity].

Amylase inhibitory activities have been sought in the powders of Phaseolus vulgaris pods and of Vicia faba bean hulls. Unlike to the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris pod has no amylase inhibitory activity and the presence of tannin could not be determined. Contrary, Vicia faba bean hull shows an obvious amylase inhibitory activity. It contains an appreciable content of tannins which may be responsible of this activity. The quantities of amylase whose are inhibited increase in some measure with the quantities of enzyme added. They are not in direct ratio to the quantities of extract, then, inhibition may be of no competitive type.

Amylases↗
PubMed1989

[Enzyme inhibitory activities of two Leguminosae: Phaseolus vulgaris L. pods and Vicia faba L. hulls. Trypsin inhibitory activity].

Trypsin inhibitory activities of Phaseolus vulgaris L. pods and Vicia faba L. bean hulls have been studied according to the extraction conditions of the powder: solvent pattern, temperature and pH. The two vegetal powders have a trypsin inhibitory activity quite similar, weak but appreciable. The trypsin inhibitor of Phaseolus vulgaris L. pods is thermosensitive but stable at low pH. Inversely the Vicia faba L. bean hulls one is thermostable but it feels low pH.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1999

Studies on antihypertensive and antispasmodic activities of methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods.

A methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods (AN) caused a dose-dependent (3-30 mg/kg) fall in arterial blood pressure. Treatment of animals with atropine abolished the vasodilator response of acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the plant extract remained unaltered. Phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine (NE), whereas pretreatment of the animal with AN, did not modify the NE response. These results indicate that the antihypertensive effect of plant extract is independent of muscarinic receptor stimulation or adrenoceptor blockade. In the in vitro studies, AN produced a dose-dependent (0.3-3.0 mg/mL) inhibitory effect on force and rate of spontaneous contractions in guinea-pig paired atria. Similarly, it inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum in a concentration-dependent (0.1-3.0 mg/mL) manner. AN also inhibited K(+)-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum at a similar concentration range, which suggests that the antispasmodic action of AN is mediated through calcium channel blockade, and this may also be responsible for the blood pressure lowering effect of AN, observed in the in vivo studies.

Acacia↗
PubMed2000

Review: properties and assembly mechanisms of ND10, PML bodies, or PODs.

Nuclear domain 10 (ND10), also referred to as PML bodies or PODs, are discrete interchromosomal accumulations of several proteins including PML and Sp100. We describe here developments in the visualization of ND10 and the mechanism of ND10 assembly made possible by the identification of proteins that are essential for this process using cell lines that lack individual ND10-associated proteins. PML is critical for the proper localization of all other ND10-associated proteins under physiological conditions. Introducing PML into a PML -/- cell line by transient expression or fusion with PML-producing cells recruited ND10-associated proteins into de novo formed ND10, attesting to its essential nature in ND10 formation. This recruitment includes Daxx, a protein that can bind PML and is highly enriched in condensed chromatin in the absence of PML. The segregation of Daxx from condensed chromatin to ND10 by increased accumulation of Sentrin/SUMO-1 modified PML suggests the presence of a variable equilibrium between these two nuclear sites. These findings identify the basic requirements for ND10 formation and suggest a dynamic mechanism for protein recruitment to these nuclear domains controlled by the SUMO-1 modification state of PML. Additional adapter proteins are suggested to exist by the behavior of Sp100, and Sp100 will provide the basis for their identification. Further information about the dynamic balance of proteins between ND10 and the actual site of functional activity of these proteins will establish whether ND10 function as homeostatic regulators or only in storage of excess proteins destined for turnover.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Fine structural analysis of the morphological changes involved in the blanching, cooking, dehydration and rehydration of green bean pod tissue.

The influence of blanching and cooking on green bean pod tissue (Phaseolus vulgaris var.nanus L.) was studied by transmission electron microscopy and characteristic histological and cytological effects were recorded. The analysis of dehydraded and rehydrated samples (dehydration by hot air, rehydration by boiling) showed that much of the shrinkage after dehydration can be compensated by water absorption during rehydration. The morphological appearance of boiled raw tissue, however, is not reached.

Cooking↗
PubMed1993

Antigenic analysis of bean pod mottle virus using linear and cyclized synthetic peptides.

The antigenic structure of the comovirus bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) was studied using synthetic peptides selected on the basis of the exposed location of certain regions of the viral protein. Three regions of domain A, four regions of domain B and two regions of domain C of BPMV coat protein were studied. Each of four regions were synthesized in the form of linear and cyclized peptides while the others were synthesized as linear peptides only. The peptides were tested for their ability to be recognized by antibodies directed against BPMV. The peptides were also used for producing rabbit antisera, which were tested for their ability to react with various BPMV antigens as well as with the linear and cyclized peptides. All the peptides were found to correspond to epitopes of BPMV coat protein. Several of the antigenic sites of BPMV located on exposed loops of the coat protein occupy positions which correspond to known epitopes in the structurally related picornaviruses. Only in some cases did cyclization sufficiently improve the level of conformational mimicry between peptides and the viral protein to allow cross-reactions between them to be observed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Continuous ethanol production from nonsterilized carob pod extract by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae on mineral kissiris using a two-reactor system.

The continuous production of ethanol from nonsterilized carob pod extract by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae on mineral kissiris using one- and two-reactor systems has been investigated. A maximum ethanol productivity of 9.6 g/L/h was obtained at an initial sugar concentration of 200 g/L and D = 0.4 h-1 with 68% of theoretical yield and 34% of sugar utilization using the one-reactor system. At S0 = 200 g/L, D = 0.05 h-1, 83% of theoretical yield, and 64% of sugar utilization, an ethanol productivity of 2.6 g/L/h was achieved. In the two-reactor system, a maximum ethanol productivity of 11.4 g/L/h was obtained at S0 = 200 g/L and D = 0.4 h-1 with 68.5% of theoretical yield and 41.5% of sugar utilization. The two-reactor system was operated at a constant dilution rate of 0.3 h-1 for 60 d without loss of the original immobilized yeast activity. In this case, the average ethanol productivity, ethanol yield (% of theoretical), and sugar utilization were 10.7 g/L/h, 71.5%, and 48%, respectively.

Biotechnology↗